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Radioactivity in waters of Mt. Etna (Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/44(2009)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
384-389
Issued date
April 2009
Abstract
Radioactivity in underground waters from Mt. Etna was investigated on the basis of 13 samples. The
samples were collected from springs, wells and galleries around the volcano. Water from nine out of
thirteen intakes is used for consumption. Activity concentration of uranium isotopes 234,238U, radium
isotopes 226,228Ra and radon 222Rn were determined with the use different nuclear spectrometry techniques.
The measurements of radium and radon activity concentration were performed with the use of
a liquid scintillation counter. The determination of uranium isotopes was carried out with the use of
alpha spectrometry. All samples show uranium concentration above Minimum Detectable Activity
(MDA), with the highest total uranium (234U þ 238U) activity concentration equal to 130 mBq/l. For
radium isotopes, all samples except one showed the activity concentration below MDA. Radon activity
concentration was within the range from 1 to 13 Bq/l, hence these waters can be classified as low-radon
waters.
samples were collected from springs, wells and galleries around the volcano. Water from nine out of
thirteen intakes is used for consumption. Activity concentration of uranium isotopes 234,238U, radium
isotopes 226,228Ra and radon 222Rn were determined with the use different nuclear spectrometry techniques.
The measurements of radium and radon activity concentration were performed with the use of
a liquid scintillation counter. The determination of uranium isotopes was carried out with the use of
alpha spectrometry. All samples show uranium concentration above Minimum Detectable Activity
(MDA), with the highest total uranium (234U þ 238U) activity concentration equal to 130 mBq/l. For
radium isotopes, all samples except one showed the activity concentration below MDA. Radon activity
concentration was within the range from 1 to 13 Bq/l, hence these waters can be classified as low-radon
waters.
References
Abdul-Hadi, A., Alhassanieh, O., Ghafar, M., 2001. Disequilibrium of uranium
isotopes in some Syrian groundwater. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 109–113.
Aiuppa, A., Allard, P., D’Alessandro,W., Giammanco, S., Parello, F., Valenza, M., 2004.
Magmatic gas leakage at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy): relationships with the
volcano–tectonic structures, the hydrological pattern and the eruptive activity.
In: Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory. A.G.U. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol.
143, pp. 129–145. doi:10.1029/143GM09.
Anza` , S., Dongarra` , G., Giammanco, S., Gottini, V., Hauser, S., Valenza, M., 1989.
Geochimica dei fluidi dell’Etna: Le acque sotterranee. Miner. Petrogr. Acta 32,
231–251.
Aureli, A., 1973. Idrogeologia del fianco occidentale etneo. Proc. 2nd International
Congress on Underground Waters, Palermo, Italy, pp. 425–487.
Bateman, H., 1910. Solution of a system of differential equations occurring in the
theory of radioactive transformations. Proc. Camb. Philol. Soc. 15, 423–427.
Bonotto, D.M., 1993. Enhancement of Uranium 234 in springwaters of A´ quas da
Prata, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. Water. Resour. Res. 29 (7), 2041–2048.
Bonotto, D.M., Andrews, J.N., 1993. The mechanism of 234U/238U activity ratio
enhancement in karstic limestone groundwater. Chem. Geol. 103, 193–206.
Bonotto, D.M., Andrews, J.N., 2000. The transfer of uranium isotopes 234U and 238U
to the waters interacting with carbonates from Mendip Hills area (England).
Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 965–983.
Chester, D.K., Duncan, A.M., Guest, J.E., Kilburn, C.R.J., 1985. Mount Etna: The
Anatomy of a Volcano. Chapman and Hall, London.
Cizdziel, J., Farmer, D., Hodge, V., Lindley, K., Stetzenbach, K., 2005. 234U/238U isotope
ratios in groundwater from Southern Nevada: a comparison of alpha counting
and magnetic sector ICP-MS. Sci. Total Environ. 350, 248–260.
Cristofolini, R., Lentini, F., Patane` , G., Rasa` , R., 1979. Integrazione di dati geologici,
geofisici e petrologici per al stesura di un profilo crostale in corrispondenza
dell’Etna. Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 98, 239–247.
Currie, L.A., 1968. Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative determination.
Anal. Chem. 40 (3), 586–592.
Da´ vila Rangel, J.I., Lo´ pez Del Rı´o, H., Mireles Garcı´a, F., Quirino Torres, L.L.,
Villalba, M.L., Colmenero Sujo, L., Monterro Cabrera, M.E., 2002. Radioactivity in
bottled waters sold in Mexico. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 931–936.
Dongarra` , G., Gottini, V., Valenza, M., Bonfanti, P., 1993. Progress in hydrogeochemistry
surveying. Acta Vulcanol. 3, 318–321.
D’Alessandro, W., Vita, F., 2003. Groundwater radon measurements in the Mt. Etna
area. J. Environ. Radioact. 65, 187–201.
Firestone R., 1996. Table of Isotopes. Part 2: A¼151–272. Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, University of California, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Ferrara V., 1975. Idrogeologia del versante orientale dell’Etna. Proc. 3rd Int.l
Congress on Underground Waters, Palermo, Italy, pp. 91–144.
Giammanco, S., Gurrieri, S., Valenza, M., 1995. Soil CO2 degassing on Mt. Etna (Sicily)
during the period 1989–1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic
influences. Bull. Volcanol. 57, 52–60.
Giammanco, S., Valenza, M., Pignato, S., Giammanco, G., 1996. Mg, Fe, Mn and V
concentrations in the ground waters of Mount Etna (Sicily). Water Res. 2,
378–386.
Godoy, J.M., Godoy, M.L., 2006. Natural radioactivity in Brazilian groundwater. J.
Environ. Radioact. 85, 71–83.
Koz1owska, B., Walencik, A., Dorda, J., Przylibski, T.A., 2007. Uranium, radium and
40K isotopes in bottled mineral waters from Outer Carpathians, Poland. Radiat.
Meas. 42, 1380–1386.
Kralik, C., Friedrich, M., Vojir, F., 2003. Natural radionuclides in bottled water in
Austria. J. Environ. Radioact. 65, 233–241.
L’Annunziata, M.F., 1998. Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. 0-12-
436255-9.
Martı´n Sa´ nchez, A., Rubio Montero, M.P., Go´mez Escobar, V., Jurado Vargas, M.,
1999. Radioactivity in bottled mineral waters. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50,
1049–1055.
National Research Council, 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water.
National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
Ogniben, L., 1966. Lineamenti idrogeologici dell’Etna. Riv. Min. Sic 100–102, 1–24.
388 B. Kozłowska et al. / Radiation Measurements 44 (2009) 384–389
Osmond, J.K., Cowart, J.B., 1976. The theory and uses of natural uranium isotopic
variations in hydrology. Atomic Energy Rev. 14 (4), 621–679.
Polish Norm PN-89/ZN-70072, 1989. Radium isotopes determination in water with
LSC method. Wydawnictwa Normalizacyjne ‘‘Alfa’’, Warsaw (in Polish).
Schiliro` , F., 1988. Proposta metodologica per una zonazione geologico-tecnica del
centro abitato di Maletto. Geologia Tecnica 3/88, 32–53.
Sill, C.W., 1987. Precipitation of actinides as fluorides or hydroxides for high resolution
alpha spectrometry. Nuclear Chem. Waste Manag. 7, 201–215.
Suomela, J., 1993a. Method for Determination of Radon-222 in Water by Liquid
Scintillation Counting. SSI-rapport 93-13, ISO Norm: ISO/TC147/SC3/WG6Work.
Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Suomela, J., 1993b. Method for Determination of U-Isotopes in Water. Swedish
Radiation Protection Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Suksi J., 2001. Natural uranium as a tracer in radionuclide geosphere transport
studies. Academic dissertation. University of Helsinki, Finland.
Vesterbacka, P., Makelainen, I., Arvela, H., 2005. Natural radioactivity in drinking
water in private wells in Finland. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 113 (2), 223–232.
Erratum RPD 114 (4), 556.
Walencik A., Koz1owska B., Dorda J., ZipperW. Natural radioactivity in underground
water from the Outer Carpathians in Poland with the use of nuclear spectrometry
techniques. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, in press.
WHO, 2004. Drinking Water Directions, Radiological Aspects (Chapter 9).
isotopes in some Syrian groundwater. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55, 109–113.
Aiuppa, A., Allard, P., D’Alessandro,W., Giammanco, S., Parello, F., Valenza, M., 2004.
Magmatic gas leakage at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy): relationships with the
volcano–tectonic structures, the hydrological pattern and the eruptive activity.
In: Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory. A.G.U. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol.
143, pp. 129–145. doi:10.1029/143GM09.
Anza` , S., Dongarra` , G., Giammanco, S., Gottini, V., Hauser, S., Valenza, M., 1989.
Geochimica dei fluidi dell’Etna: Le acque sotterranee. Miner. Petrogr. Acta 32,
231–251.
Aureli, A., 1973. Idrogeologia del fianco occidentale etneo. Proc. 2nd International
Congress on Underground Waters, Palermo, Italy, pp. 425–487.
Bateman, H., 1910. Solution of a system of differential equations occurring in the
theory of radioactive transformations. Proc. Camb. Philol. Soc. 15, 423–427.
Bonotto, D.M., 1993. Enhancement of Uranium 234 in springwaters of A´ quas da
Prata, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. Water. Resour. Res. 29 (7), 2041–2048.
Bonotto, D.M., Andrews, J.N., 1993. The mechanism of 234U/238U activity ratio
enhancement in karstic limestone groundwater. Chem. Geol. 103, 193–206.
Bonotto, D.M., Andrews, J.N., 2000. The transfer of uranium isotopes 234U and 238U
to the waters interacting with carbonates from Mendip Hills area (England).
Appl. Radiat. Isot. 52, 965–983.
Chester, D.K., Duncan, A.M., Guest, J.E., Kilburn, C.R.J., 1985. Mount Etna: The
Anatomy of a Volcano. Chapman and Hall, London.
Cizdziel, J., Farmer, D., Hodge, V., Lindley, K., Stetzenbach, K., 2005. 234U/238U isotope
ratios in groundwater from Southern Nevada: a comparison of alpha counting
and magnetic sector ICP-MS. Sci. Total Environ. 350, 248–260.
Cristofolini, R., Lentini, F., Patane` , G., Rasa` , R., 1979. Integrazione di dati geologici,
geofisici e petrologici per al stesura di un profilo crostale in corrispondenza
dell’Etna. Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 98, 239–247.
Currie, L.A., 1968. Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative determination.
Anal. Chem. 40 (3), 586–592.
Da´ vila Rangel, J.I., Lo´ pez Del Rı´o, H., Mireles Garcı´a, F., Quirino Torres, L.L.,
Villalba, M.L., Colmenero Sujo, L., Monterro Cabrera, M.E., 2002. Radioactivity in
bottled waters sold in Mexico. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 56, 931–936.
Dongarra` , G., Gottini, V., Valenza, M., Bonfanti, P., 1993. Progress in hydrogeochemistry
surveying. Acta Vulcanol. 3, 318–321.
D’Alessandro, W., Vita, F., 2003. Groundwater radon measurements in the Mt. Etna
area. J. Environ. Radioact. 65, 187–201.
Firestone R., 1996. Table of Isotopes. Part 2: A¼151–272. Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, University of California, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Ferrara V., 1975. Idrogeologia del versante orientale dell’Etna. Proc. 3rd Int.l
Congress on Underground Waters, Palermo, Italy, pp. 91–144.
Giammanco, S., Gurrieri, S., Valenza, M., 1995. Soil CO2 degassing on Mt. Etna (Sicily)
during the period 1989–1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic
influences. Bull. Volcanol. 57, 52–60.
Giammanco, S., Valenza, M., Pignato, S., Giammanco, G., 1996. Mg, Fe, Mn and V
concentrations in the ground waters of Mount Etna (Sicily). Water Res. 2,
378–386.
Godoy, J.M., Godoy, M.L., 2006. Natural radioactivity in Brazilian groundwater. J.
Environ. Radioact. 85, 71–83.
Koz1owska, B., Walencik, A., Dorda, J., Przylibski, T.A., 2007. Uranium, radium and
40K isotopes in bottled mineral waters from Outer Carpathians, Poland. Radiat.
Meas. 42, 1380–1386.
Kralik, C., Friedrich, M., Vojir, F., 2003. Natural radionuclides in bottled water in
Austria. J. Environ. Radioact. 65, 233–241.
L’Annunziata, M.F., 1998. Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. 0-12-
436255-9.
Martı´n Sa´ nchez, A., Rubio Montero, M.P., Go´mez Escobar, V., Jurado Vargas, M.,
1999. Radioactivity in bottled mineral waters. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50,
1049–1055.
National Research Council, 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water.
National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
Ogniben, L., 1966. Lineamenti idrogeologici dell’Etna. Riv. Min. Sic 100–102, 1–24.
388 B. Kozłowska et al. / Radiation Measurements 44 (2009) 384–389
Osmond, J.K., Cowart, J.B., 1976. The theory and uses of natural uranium isotopic
variations in hydrology. Atomic Energy Rev. 14 (4), 621–679.
Polish Norm PN-89/ZN-70072, 1989. Radium isotopes determination in water with
LSC method. Wydawnictwa Normalizacyjne ‘‘Alfa’’, Warsaw (in Polish).
Schiliro` , F., 1988. Proposta metodologica per una zonazione geologico-tecnica del
centro abitato di Maletto. Geologia Tecnica 3/88, 32–53.
Sill, C.W., 1987. Precipitation of actinides as fluorides or hydroxides for high resolution
alpha spectrometry. Nuclear Chem. Waste Manag. 7, 201–215.
Suomela, J., 1993a. Method for Determination of Radon-222 in Water by Liquid
Scintillation Counting. SSI-rapport 93-13, ISO Norm: ISO/TC147/SC3/WG6Work.
Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Suomela, J., 1993b. Method for Determination of U-Isotopes in Water. Swedish
Radiation Protection Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Suksi J., 2001. Natural uranium as a tracer in radionuclide geosphere transport
studies. Academic dissertation. University of Helsinki, Finland.
Vesterbacka, P., Makelainen, I., Arvela, H., 2005. Natural radioactivity in drinking
water in private wells in Finland. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 113 (2), 223–232.
Erratum RPD 114 (4), 556.
Walencik A., Koz1owska B., Dorda J., ZipperW. Natural radioactivity in underground
water from the Outer Carpathians in Poland with the use of nuclear spectrometry
techniques. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, in press.
WHO, 2004. Drinking Water Directions, Radiological Aspects (Chapter 9).
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