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Mt. Etna tropospheric ash retrieval and sensitivity analysis using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer measurements
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
Status
Published
JCR Journal
N/A or not JCR
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
1/2 (2008)
Publisher
SPIE
Pages (printed)
023550
Issued date
November 21, 2008
Abstract
A retrieval of tropospheric volcanic ash from Mt Etna has been carried out, using
measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The
NASA-MODIS satellite instrument acquires images in the 0.4 to 14 μm spectral range with a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir. The eruption which occurred on 24 November 2006 is considered as a test case in this work. In order to derive the ash plume optical thickness, the particle effective radius and the total mass, the Brightness Temperature Difference procedure has been
applied to MODIS channels 31 (centered at 11 μm) and 32 (centered at 12 μm). Channel 5
(centered at 1.24 μm) has been used to refine the cloud discrimination, exploiting the distinct reflectivity of meteorological and volcanic clouds in the near infrared spectral range. The detection of volcanic ash pixels has been significantly improved by applying an atmospheric water vapor correction to MODIS data. This procedure doubles the number of pixels identified as containing volcanic ash compared to the original method. The retrieved mean ash optical thickness
at 0.55 μm, mean particle effective radius and the total ash mass in the plume are 0.4, 3.5 μm and 3620 tons, respectively. A detailed sensitivity analysis has been carried out to investigate errors in the retrieval caused by the uncertainty in various parameters: surface temperature
and emissivity, plume geometry (altitude and thickness), ash type and atmospheric water vapor. Results show that the largest contributions to retrieval errors are from uncertainty in surface parameters, aerosol type and atmospheric water vapor. The total tropospheric volcanic ash retrieval
errors are estimated to be 30%, 30% and 40% for mean AOT, mean effective radius and
total mass retrieval, respectively.
measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The
NASA-MODIS satellite instrument acquires images in the 0.4 to 14 μm spectral range with a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir. The eruption which occurred on 24 November 2006 is considered as a test case in this work. In order to derive the ash plume optical thickness, the particle effective radius and the total mass, the Brightness Temperature Difference procedure has been
applied to MODIS channels 31 (centered at 11 μm) and 32 (centered at 12 μm). Channel 5
(centered at 1.24 μm) has been used to refine the cloud discrimination, exploiting the distinct reflectivity of meteorological and volcanic clouds in the near infrared spectral range. The detection of volcanic ash pixels has been significantly improved by applying an atmospheric water vapor correction to MODIS data. This procedure doubles the number of pixels identified as containing volcanic ash compared to the original method. The retrieved mean ash optical thickness
at 0.55 μm, mean particle effective radius and the total ash mass in the plume are 0.4, 3.5 μm and 3620 tons, respectively. A detailed sensitivity analysis has been carried out to investigate errors in the retrieval caused by the uncertainty in various parameters: surface temperature
and emissivity, plume geometry (altitude and thickness), ash type and atmospheric water vapor. Results show that the largest contributions to retrieval errors are from uncertainty in surface parameters, aerosol type and atmospheric water vapor. The total tropospheric volcanic ash retrieval
errors are estimated to be 30%, 30% and 40% for mean AOT, mean effective radius and
total mass retrieval, respectively.
References
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Chichon: composition of llume gases and particles,” Science 222, 1018 (1983)
[doi:10.1126/science.222.4627.1018].
[2] R. A. F. Cas and J. V. Wright, Volcanic successions modern and ancient, Chapman &
Hall press (1987).
[3] G. Fiocco, D. Fua, and G. Visconti, “The Mount Pinatubo eruption effects on the atmosphere
and climate,” Proc. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Global Environmental Change 42
(1984).
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 17
[4] C. J. Horwell and P. J. Baxter, “The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review
for volcanic risk mitigation,” Bull. Volcanol. 69 (1), 1-24 (2006) [doi:10.1007/s00445-
006-0052-y].
[5] C. Stewart, D. M. Johnston, G. S. Leonard, C. J. Horwell, T. Thordarson, and S.
J. Cronin, “Contamination of water supplies by volcanic ashfall: a literature review
and simple impact modelling,” J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 158 (3-4), 296-306 (2006)
[doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.002].
[6] L. Gurioli, M. T. Pareschi, E. Zanella, R. Lanza, E. Deluca, and M. Bisson, “Interaction
of pyroclastic density currentswith human settlements: Evidence fromancient Pompeii,”
Geology 33 (6), 441444 (2005) [doi:10.1130/G21294.1].
[7] T. J. Casadevall, (ed.), “Volcanic ash and aviation safety,” Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 2047,
450 (1994).
[8] G. L.Hufford,L. J. Salinas, J. J. Simpson, and E.G. Barske,&D. C. Pieri, “Operational
implications or airborne volcanic ash,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 81 (4), 745755 (2000)
[doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0745:OIOAVA>2.3.CO;2].
[9] A. J. Prata, “Observation of volcanic ash clouds using AVHRR-2 radiances,” Int. J. Rem.
Sens. 10 (4-5), 751-761 (1989) [doi:10.1080/01431168908903916].
[10] A. J. Prata, “Radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds,” Geophys. Res. Lett.
16(11), 1293-1296 (1989) [doi:10.1029/GL016i011p01293].
[11] S. Wen and W. I. Rose, “Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic
clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5,” J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D3), 5421-5431 (1994)
[doi:10.1029/93JD03340].
[12] A. J. Prata and I. F. Grant, “Determination of mass loadings and plume heights of volcanic
ash clouds from satellite data,” CSIROAtmosph. Res. Tech. Pap. 48, 39, Commonw.
Sci. and Ind. res. Organ.,Melburne, Victoria, Australia (2001).
[13] T. Yu, W. I. Rose, and A. J. Prata, “Atmospheric correction for satellite-based volcanic
ash mapping and retrievals using “split window” IR data from GOES and AVHRR,” J.
Geophys. Res. 107 (D16), 4311 (2002) [doi:10.1029/2001JD000706].
[14] N. A., Krotkov,A. J. Krueger, P. K. Bhartia, “Ultraviolet optical model of volcanic clouds
for remote sensing of ash and sulfur dioxide,” J. Geophys. Res., 102 (D18), 21891-21904
(1997), [doi:10.1029/97JD01690]
[15] N. A., Krotkov, O. Torres, C. Seftor, A. J. Krueger, A. Kostinski, W. I. Rose, G. J. S.
Bluth, D. Schneider, and S. J. Schaefer, “Comparison of TOMS and AVHRR volcanic
ash retrievals from the August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(4)
455458 (1999) [doi:10.1029/1998GL900278]
[16] L. E. Holasek andW. I Rose, “Anatomy of 1986 Augustine volcano eruptions as recorded
by multispectral image processing of digital AVHRR weather satellite data,” Bull. Volcanol.
53 420-435 (1991) [doi:10.1007/BF00258183].
[17] D. J. Shneider,W. I. Rose, L. R. Coke, G. J. S. Bluth, I. Sprod, andA. J. Krueger, “Early
evolution of stratospheric volcanic eruption cloud as observed with TOMS and AVHRR,”
J. Geophys. Res. 104, 4037-4050 (1999) [doi:10.1029/1998JD200073].
[18] A. Bonfiglio, M. Macchiato, N. Pergola, and C. Pietrapertosa, & V. Tramutoli,
“AVHRR automated detection of volcanic clouds,” Int. J. Rem. Sens. 26 (1), 927 (2005)
[doi:10.1080/0143116042000274122].
[19] W. Rose and G.C. Mayberry, “Use of GOES thermal infrared imagery for eruption scale
measurements, SoufriereHills,Montserrat,”Geoph. Res. Lett. 27 (19), 3097-3100 (2000)
[doi:10.1029/1999GL008459].
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 18
[20] G. P. Ellrod, B. H. Connell, and D. W. Hillger, Improved detection of airborne volcanic
ash using multispectral infrared satellite data, J. Geophys. Res. 108 (D12), 4356-4369
(2003) [doi:10.1029/2002JD002802].
[21] D. W. Hillger and J. D. Clark, “Principal component image analysis of MODIS
for volcanic ash. Part I: Most Important Bands and Implications for Future
GOES Imagers,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 41 (10), 985-1001 (2002) [doi:10.1175/1520-
0450(2002)041<1003:PCIAOM>2.0.CO;2].
[22] I. M. Watson, V. J. Realmuto, W. I. Rose, A. J. Prata, G. J. S. Bluth, Y. Gu, C. E. Bader,
and T. Yu, “Thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic emissions using the moderate
resolution imaging spectroradiometer,” J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 135 (1-2), 75-89 15 July
(2004) [doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.017].
[23] A. Tupper, S. Carn, J. Davey, Y. Kamada, R. Potts, and F. Prata, “An evaluation of volcanic
cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruption in the western Ring
of Fire,” Rem. Sens. Environ. 91, 2746 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.004].
[24] A. Berk, L. S. Bernstein, and D. C. Robertson, “MODTRAN: A Moderate Resolution
Model for LOWTRAN7,” Rep. GL-TR-89-0122 Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, MA
(1989).
[25] G. P. Anderson, F. X. Kneizys, J. H. Chetwynd, J. Wang, M. L. Hoke, L. S. Rithman,
L. M. Kimball, R. A. McClatchey, E. P. Shettle., S. A. Clought, W. O. Gallery, L. W.
Abreu, and J. E. A. Selby, “FASCODE/MODTRAN/LOWTRAN: Past/Present/Future”,
18th Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models, 6-8 June (1995).
[26] W. L. Barnes, T. S. Pagano, and V. V. Salomonson, “Prelaunch characteristics of the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS-AM1,” IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Rem. Sens. 36 (4), 1088-1100 (1998) [doi:10.1109/36.700993].
[27] “MODIS home page”, http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[28] P. Allard, J. Carbonelle, D. Dajlevic, J. Le Bronec, P. Morel, M.C. Robe, J.M. Maurenas,
R.F. Pierret, D. Martins, J.C. Sabroux, and P. Zettwoog, “Eruptive and diffuse emission
of CO2 from Mount Etna,“ Nature 351, 387 (1991) [doi:10.1038/351387a0].
[29] D. Andronico, S. Branca, S. Calvari, M. Burton, T. Caltabiano, R. A. Corsaro, P. Del
Carlo, G. Garfi, L. Lodato, L. Miraglia, F. Mur, M. Neri, E. Pecora, M. Pompilio, G.
Salerno, and L. Spampinato, “A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002-03 Etna eruption:
insights into a complex plumbing system,” Bull. Volcanol. 67 314-330 (2005)
[doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8].
[30] C. Spinetti, M.F. Buongiorno, F. Doumaz , M. Musacchio, V. Lombardo, A. Harris, A.
Steffke, and S. Amici, “Rapporto eruzione Etna 21-24 Novembre 2006,” (Nov. 24, 2006)
http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/RPTVG200611224Roma.pdf.
[31] E. De Beni, G. Norini, and M. Polacci, “Aggiornamento dellattivit eruttiva (24
Novembre 2006, ore 13:00),” (Nov. 24, 2006) http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/ RPTVGALT20061124
1300.pdf
[32] B. Behncke and M. Neri, “The July-August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily),” Bull.
Volcanol. 65 461-476, (2003) [doi:1010.1007/s00445-004-0372-8].
[33] C. Spinetti, D. Andronico, J. Taddeucci, A. Cristaldi, and M. F. Buongiorno, “Ash plumes
at MT. Etna during the 2006 eruption: observations from satellite to microscope,” presented
at 24th IUGG Conference, 2-13 July 2007, Perugia (Italy), Poster Session VS015.
[34] G. C. Mayberry,W. I. Rose, and G. J. S. Bluth, “Dinamics of the volcanic and meteorological
clouds produced by the December 26, 1997 eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano,
Montserrat, 1995-99,” edited by T. Druitt and P. Kokelaar, Mem. Geol. Soc. Lond. 21,
539-555 (2002).
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 19
[35] S. Pugnaghi, S. Teggi, S. Corradini, M. F. Buongiorno, M. P. Bogliolo, and L. Merucci,
“Estimation of SO2 abundance in the eruptive plume of Mt. Etna using two MIVIS thermal
infrared channels: a case study from the Sicily-1997 campaign,” Bull. Volcanol. 64
328-337 (2002) [doi:10.1007/s00445-002-0211-8].
[36] S. Corradini, S. Pugnaghi, S. Teggi, M. F. Buongiorno, and M. P. Bogliolo, Will
ASTER see the Etna SO2 plume?, Int. J. Rem. Sens. 24 (6), 12071218 (2003)
[doi:10.1080/01431160210153084].
[37] S. Pugnaghi, G. Gangale, S. Corradini, and M. F. Buongiorno, “Mt. Etna sulfur dioxide
flux monitoring using ASTER-TIR data and atmospheric observations,” J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res. 152 7490 (2006) [doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.10.004].
[38] Oxford University, Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics Dept., EODG group Mie
Code, “Light scattering routines,” (2006) http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/code/mie/index.html.
[39] F. E. Volz, “Infrared optical constants of ammonium sulfate, Sahara dust, volcanic
pumice and fly ash,” Appl. Optic. 12 564-568 (1973).
[40] “NASA emissivities database,” http://speclib.jpl.nasa.gov/
[41] J. B. Pollack, O. B. Toon, and B. N. Khare, “Optical properties of some terrestrial rocks
and glasses”, Proc. Icarus 19 372-389 (1973) [doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90115-2].
[42] G. Gangale, “Controllo del flusso di SO2 dell’Etna utilizzando dati ASTER e profili
atmosferici,” Degree Thesis, Univ. Modena and Reggio Emilia (2005).
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 20
Chichon: composition of llume gases and particles,” Science 222, 1018 (1983)
[doi:10.1126/science.222.4627.1018].
[2] R. A. F. Cas and J. V. Wright, Volcanic successions modern and ancient, Chapman &
Hall press (1987).
[3] G. Fiocco, D. Fua, and G. Visconti, “The Mount Pinatubo eruption effects on the atmosphere
and climate,” Proc. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Global Environmental Change 42
(1984).
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 17
[4] C. J. Horwell and P. J. Baxter, “The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review
for volcanic risk mitigation,” Bull. Volcanol. 69 (1), 1-24 (2006) [doi:10.1007/s00445-
006-0052-y].
[5] C. Stewart, D. M. Johnston, G. S. Leonard, C. J. Horwell, T. Thordarson, and S.
J. Cronin, “Contamination of water supplies by volcanic ashfall: a literature review
and simple impact modelling,” J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 158 (3-4), 296-306 (2006)
[doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.002].
[6] L. Gurioli, M. T. Pareschi, E. Zanella, R. Lanza, E. Deluca, and M. Bisson, “Interaction
of pyroclastic density currentswith human settlements: Evidence fromancient Pompeii,”
Geology 33 (6), 441444 (2005) [doi:10.1130/G21294.1].
[7] T. J. Casadevall, (ed.), “Volcanic ash and aviation safety,” Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 2047,
450 (1994).
[8] G. L.Hufford,L. J. Salinas, J. J. Simpson, and E.G. Barske,&D. C. Pieri, “Operational
implications or airborne volcanic ash,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 81 (4), 745755 (2000)
[doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0745:OIOAVA>2.3.CO;2].
[9] A. J. Prata, “Observation of volcanic ash clouds using AVHRR-2 radiances,” Int. J. Rem.
Sens. 10 (4-5), 751-761 (1989) [doi:10.1080/01431168908903916].
[10] A. J. Prata, “Radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds,” Geophys. Res. Lett.
16(11), 1293-1296 (1989) [doi:10.1029/GL016i011p01293].
[11] S. Wen and W. I. Rose, “Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic
clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5,” J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D3), 5421-5431 (1994)
[doi:10.1029/93JD03340].
[12] A. J. Prata and I. F. Grant, “Determination of mass loadings and plume heights of volcanic
ash clouds from satellite data,” CSIROAtmosph. Res. Tech. Pap. 48, 39, Commonw.
Sci. and Ind. res. Organ.,Melburne, Victoria, Australia (2001).
[13] T. Yu, W. I. Rose, and A. J. Prata, “Atmospheric correction for satellite-based volcanic
ash mapping and retrievals using “split window” IR data from GOES and AVHRR,” J.
Geophys. Res. 107 (D16), 4311 (2002) [doi:10.1029/2001JD000706].
[14] N. A., Krotkov,A. J. Krueger, P. K. Bhartia, “Ultraviolet optical model of volcanic clouds
for remote sensing of ash and sulfur dioxide,” J. Geophys. Res., 102 (D18), 21891-21904
(1997), [doi:10.1029/97JD01690]
[15] N. A., Krotkov, O. Torres, C. Seftor, A. J. Krueger, A. Kostinski, W. I. Rose, G. J. S.
Bluth, D. Schneider, and S. J. Schaefer, “Comparison of TOMS and AVHRR volcanic
ash retrievals from the August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(4)
455458 (1999) [doi:10.1029/1998GL900278]
[16] L. E. Holasek andW. I Rose, “Anatomy of 1986 Augustine volcano eruptions as recorded
by multispectral image processing of digital AVHRR weather satellite data,” Bull. Volcanol.
53 420-435 (1991) [doi:10.1007/BF00258183].
[17] D. J. Shneider,W. I. Rose, L. R. Coke, G. J. S. Bluth, I. Sprod, andA. J. Krueger, “Early
evolution of stratospheric volcanic eruption cloud as observed with TOMS and AVHRR,”
J. Geophys. Res. 104, 4037-4050 (1999) [doi:10.1029/1998JD200073].
[18] A. Bonfiglio, M. Macchiato, N. Pergola, and C. Pietrapertosa, & V. Tramutoli,
“AVHRR automated detection of volcanic clouds,” Int. J. Rem. Sens. 26 (1), 927 (2005)
[doi:10.1080/0143116042000274122].
[19] W. Rose and G.C. Mayberry, “Use of GOES thermal infrared imagery for eruption scale
measurements, SoufriereHills,Montserrat,”Geoph. Res. Lett. 27 (19), 3097-3100 (2000)
[doi:10.1029/1999GL008459].
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 18
[20] G. P. Ellrod, B. H. Connell, and D. W. Hillger, Improved detection of airborne volcanic
ash using multispectral infrared satellite data, J. Geophys. Res. 108 (D12), 4356-4369
(2003) [doi:10.1029/2002JD002802].
[21] D. W. Hillger and J. D. Clark, “Principal component image analysis of MODIS
for volcanic ash. Part I: Most Important Bands and Implications for Future
GOES Imagers,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 41 (10), 985-1001 (2002) [doi:10.1175/1520-
0450(2002)041<1003:PCIAOM>2.0.CO;2].
[22] I. M. Watson, V. J. Realmuto, W. I. Rose, A. J. Prata, G. J. S. Bluth, Y. Gu, C. E. Bader,
and T. Yu, “Thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic emissions using the moderate
resolution imaging spectroradiometer,” J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 135 (1-2), 75-89 15 July
(2004) [doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.017].
[23] A. Tupper, S. Carn, J. Davey, Y. Kamada, R. Potts, and F. Prata, “An evaluation of volcanic
cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruption in the western Ring
of Fire,” Rem. Sens. Environ. 91, 2746 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.004].
[24] A. Berk, L. S. Bernstein, and D. C. Robertson, “MODTRAN: A Moderate Resolution
Model for LOWTRAN7,” Rep. GL-TR-89-0122 Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, MA
(1989).
[25] G. P. Anderson, F. X. Kneizys, J. H. Chetwynd, J. Wang, M. L. Hoke, L. S. Rithman,
L. M. Kimball, R. A. McClatchey, E. P. Shettle., S. A. Clought, W. O. Gallery, L. W.
Abreu, and J. E. A. Selby, “FASCODE/MODTRAN/LOWTRAN: Past/Present/Future”,
18th Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric Transmission Models, 6-8 June (1995).
[26] W. L. Barnes, T. S. Pagano, and V. V. Salomonson, “Prelaunch characteristics of the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS-AM1,” IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Rem. Sens. 36 (4), 1088-1100 (1998) [doi:10.1109/36.700993].
[27] “MODIS home page”, http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[28] P. Allard, J. Carbonelle, D. Dajlevic, J. Le Bronec, P. Morel, M.C. Robe, J.M. Maurenas,
R.F. Pierret, D. Martins, J.C. Sabroux, and P. Zettwoog, “Eruptive and diffuse emission
of CO2 from Mount Etna,“ Nature 351, 387 (1991) [doi:10.1038/351387a0].
[29] D. Andronico, S. Branca, S. Calvari, M. Burton, T. Caltabiano, R. A. Corsaro, P. Del
Carlo, G. Garfi, L. Lodato, L. Miraglia, F. Mur, M. Neri, E. Pecora, M. Pompilio, G.
Salerno, and L. Spampinato, “A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002-03 Etna eruption:
insights into a complex plumbing system,” Bull. Volcanol. 67 314-330 (2005)
[doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8].
[30] C. Spinetti, M.F. Buongiorno, F. Doumaz , M. Musacchio, V. Lombardo, A. Harris, A.
Steffke, and S. Amici, “Rapporto eruzione Etna 21-24 Novembre 2006,” (Nov. 24, 2006)
http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/RPTVG200611224Roma.pdf.
[31] E. De Beni, G. Norini, and M. Polacci, “Aggiornamento dellattivit eruttiva (24
Novembre 2006, ore 13:00),” (Nov. 24, 2006) http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/ RPTVGALT20061124
1300.pdf
[32] B. Behncke and M. Neri, “The July-August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily),” Bull.
Volcanol. 65 461-476, (2003) [doi:1010.1007/s00445-004-0372-8].
[33] C. Spinetti, D. Andronico, J. Taddeucci, A. Cristaldi, and M. F. Buongiorno, “Ash plumes
at MT. Etna during the 2006 eruption: observations from satellite to microscope,” presented
at 24th IUGG Conference, 2-13 July 2007, Perugia (Italy), Poster Session VS015.
[34] G. C. Mayberry,W. I. Rose, and G. J. S. Bluth, “Dinamics of the volcanic and meteorological
clouds produced by the December 26, 1997 eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano,
Montserrat, 1995-99,” edited by T. Druitt and P. Kokelaar, Mem. Geol. Soc. Lond. 21,
539-555 (2002).
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 19
[35] S. Pugnaghi, S. Teggi, S. Corradini, M. F. Buongiorno, M. P. Bogliolo, and L. Merucci,
“Estimation of SO2 abundance in the eruptive plume of Mt. Etna using two MIVIS thermal
infrared channels: a case study from the Sicily-1997 campaign,” Bull. Volcanol. 64
328-337 (2002) [doi:10.1007/s00445-002-0211-8].
[36] S. Corradini, S. Pugnaghi, S. Teggi, M. F. Buongiorno, and M. P. Bogliolo, Will
ASTER see the Etna SO2 plume?, Int. J. Rem. Sens. 24 (6), 12071218 (2003)
[doi:10.1080/01431160210153084].
[37] S. Pugnaghi, G. Gangale, S. Corradini, and M. F. Buongiorno, “Mt. Etna sulfur dioxide
flux monitoring using ASTER-TIR data and atmospheric observations,” J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res. 152 7490 (2006) [doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.10.004].
[38] Oxford University, Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics Dept., EODG group Mie
Code, “Light scattering routines,” (2006) http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/code/mie/index.html.
[39] F. E. Volz, “Infrared optical constants of ammonium sulfate, Sahara dust, volcanic
pumice and fly ash,” Appl. Optic. 12 564-568 (1973).
[40] “NASA emissivities database,” http://speclib.jpl.nasa.gov/
[41] J. B. Pollack, O. B. Toon, and B. N. Khare, “Optical properties of some terrestrial rocks
and glasses”, Proc. Icarus 19 372-389 (1973) [doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90115-2].
[42] G. Gangale, “Controllo del flusso di SO2 dell’Etna utilizzando dati ASTER e profili
atmosferici,” Degree Thesis, Univ. Modena and Reggio Emilia (2005).
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, 023550 (2008) Page 20
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Corradini_JARS-Vol2-023550.pdf
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2.79 MB
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Adobe PDF
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