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Paleoseismicity of Two Historically Quiescent Faults in Australia: Implications for Fault Behavior in Stable Continental Regions
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.2. Tettonica attiva
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
5 / 93 (2003)
Publisher
Seismological Society of America
Pages (printed)
1913-1934
Issued date
October 2003
Abstract
Paleoseismic studies of two historically aseismic Quaternary faults in Australia confirm that cratonic faults in stable continental regions (SCR) typically have a long-term behavior characterized by episodes of activity separated by quiescent intervals of at least 10,000 and commonly 100,000 years or more. Studies of the approximately 30-km-long Roopena fault in South Australia and the approximately 30-km-long Hyden fault in Western Australia document multiple Quaternary surface-faulting events that are unevenly spaced in time. The episodic clustering of events on cratonic SCR faults may be related to temporal fluctuations of fault-zone fluid pore pressures in a volume of strained crust. The long-term slip rate on cratonic SCR faults is extremely low, so the geomorphic expression of many cratonic SCR
faults is subtle, and scarps may be difficult to detect because they are poorly preserved.
Both the Roopena and Hyden faults are in areas of limited or no significant seismicity; these and other faults that we have studied indicate that many potentially
hazardous SCR faults cannot be recognized solely on the basis of instrumental data
or historical earthquakes. Although cratonic SCR faults may appear to be nonhazardous
because they have been historically aseismic, those that are favorably oriented for movement in the current stress field can and have produced unexpected damaging earthquakes. Paleoseismic studies of modern and prehistoric SCR faulting events provide the basis for understanding of the long-term behavior of these faults and ultimately contribute to better seismic-hazard assessments.
faults is subtle, and scarps may be difficult to detect because they are poorly preserved.
Both the Roopena and Hyden faults are in areas of limited or no significant seismicity; these and other faults that we have studied indicate that many potentially
hazardous SCR faults cannot be recognized solely on the basis of instrumental data
or historical earthquakes. Although cratonic SCR faults may appear to be nonhazardous
because they have been historically aseismic, those that are favorably oriented for movement in the current stress field can and have produced unexpected damaging earthquakes. Paleoseismic studies of modern and prehistoric SCR faulting events provide the basis for understanding of the long-term behavior of these faults and ultimately contribute to better seismic-hazard assessments.
References
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Sediments by the Use of Photon-Stimulated Luminescence,
Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
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Coast Geol. Surv. Bull. 13, 18–41.
Bierman, P. R., and M. Caffee (2002). Cosmogenic exposure and erosion
history of Australian bedrock landforms, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 114,
787–803.
Bierman, P. R., and J. Turner (1995). 01Be and 62Al evidence for exceptionally
low rates of Australian bedrock erosion and the likely existence
of pre-Pleistocene landscapes, Quat. Res. 44, 378–382.
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New York.
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mechanism based on rapid sealing of faults, Nature, 358, 574–576.
Bucknam, R. C., and R. E. Anderson (1979). Estimation of fault-scarp ages
from a scarp-height-slope-angle relationship, Geology 7, 11–14.
Camelbeeck, T., and M. Meghraoui (1998). Geological and geophysical
evidence for large palaeo-earthquakes with surface faulting in the
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shock sequence: analysis of teleseismic, local, and field observations
of the Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes of January 22, 1988,
J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6867–6882.
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intraplate stress field, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,245–20,255.
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(1998). Topography, boundary forces, and the Indo-Australian intraplate
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resulting from earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone, Federal
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of September 29, 1993 in southern India, Tectonophysics 287, 299–
313.
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J. Geophys. Res. 102, 24459–24467.
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and propagation of strong ground motion for North American earthquakes,
Seism. Soc. Am. Bull. 82, 1–23.
Hickman, S., R. Sibson, and R. Bruhn (1995). Introduction to special section:
mechanical involvement of fluids in faulting, J. Geophys. Res.
100, 12,831–12,840.
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Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and
Postglacial Rebound, S. Gregersen and P. W. Basham, (Editors), Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 299–327.
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The earthquakes of stable continental regions, Electric Power Res.
Institute Rept., TR-102261-V1, Palo Alto, California.
Kenner, S. J., and P. Segall (2000). A mechanical model for intraplate
earthquakes: application to the New Madrid seismic zone, Science
289, 2329–2332.
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surface faulting associated with the intraplate Guinea, West Africa,
earthquake of 22 December 1983, Seism. Soc. Am. Bull. 77, 1579–
1601.
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Machette, M. N. (1998). Contrasts between short-and long-term record of
seismicity in the Rio Grande Rift—Important implications for seismic
hazard assessments in area of slow extension, Utah Geol. Surv. Misc.
Pub. 98-2, 84–95.
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of the 1986 Marryat Creek, Australia, earthquakes: implications
for paleoseismicity in stable continental regions, U.S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. 2032-B.
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A 50,000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea Graben,
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rate for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term
variations, Radiat. Meas. 23, 497–500.
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disequilibrium from some Australian luminescence dating
sites, Quat. Sci. Rev. (Quaternary Geochronology) 14, 439–448.
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a review Radiat. Meas. 27, 893–922.
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dose in luminescence dating: the Australian slide method, Ancient
TL 11, 1–5.
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of Pakistan, Afghanistan, northwestern India, and southeastern
Iran, Seism. Soc. Am. Bull. 69, 773–823.
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in central Sudan, Nature 215, 263–265.
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central India, earthquake: an example of fault reactivation in
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Killari and Ter, central India and implications for paleoseismicity in
the shield region, Tectonophysics, 308, 67–81.
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of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas fault in southern California,
J. Geophys. Res. 94, 603–623.
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friction within major fault zones, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 13,065–
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first surface faulting from a historical earthquake in North America,
Nature, 352, 617–619.
Aitken, M. J. (1985). Luminescence Dating, Academic, London.
Aitken, M. J. (1998). Introduction to Optical Dating: The Dating of Quaternary
Sediments by the Use of Photon-Stimulated Luminescence,
Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
Bates, D. A. (1941). Geological effects of the [Accra] earthquake, Gold
Coast Geol. Surv. Bull. 13, 18–41.
Bierman, P. R., and M. Caffee (2002). Cosmogenic exposure and erosion
history of Australian bedrock landforms, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 114,
787–803.
Bierman, P. R., and J. Turner (1995). 01Be and 62Al evidence for exceptionally
low rates of Australian bedrock erosion and the likely existence
of pre-Pleistocene landscapes, Quat. Res. 44, 378–382.
Birkeland, P. W. (1999). Soils and Geomorphology, Oxford Univ. Press,
New York.
Blanpied, M. L., D. A. Lockner, and J. D. Byerlee (1992). An earthquake
mechanism based on rapid sealing of faults, Nature, 358, 574–576.
Bucknam, R. C., and R. E. Anderson (1979). Estimation of fault-scarp ages
from a scarp-height-slope-angle relationship, Geology 7, 11–14.
Camelbeeck, T., and M. Meghraoui (1998). Geological and geophysical
evidence for large palaeo-earthquakes with surface faulting in the
Roer Graben (northwest Europe), Geophys. J. Int. 132, 347–362.
Chin, R. J., A. H. Hickman, and R. Thom (1984). Hyden geological map,
Geol. Surv. West. Aust., 1:250,000-scale Geological Series Sheet SI
50–4.
Choy, G. L., and J. R. Bowman (1990). Rupture process of a multiple main
shock sequence: analysis of teleseismic, local, and field observations
of the Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes of January 22, 1988,
J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6867–6882.
Coblentz, D. D., and R. M. Richardson (1995). Statistical trends in the
intraplate stress field, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,245–20,255.
Coblentz, D. D., S. Zhou, R. R. Hillis, R. M. Richardson, and M. Sandiford
(1998). Topography, boundary forces, and the Indo-Australian intraplate
stress field, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 919–931.
Crone, A. J., and K. V. Luza (1990). Style and timing of Holocene surface
faulting on the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, Geol. Soc. Am.
Bull. 102, 1–17.
Crone, A. J., M. N. Machette, and J. R. Bowman (1992). Geologic investigations
of the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes: implications for paleoseismicity in stable continental regions, U.S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. 2032-A.
Crone, A. J., M. N. Machette, and J. R. Bowman (1997a). Episodic nature
of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by paleoseismicity
studies of Australian and North American Quaternary
faults, Aust. J. Earth Sci. 44, 203–214.
Crone, A. J., M. N. Machette, L.-A. Bradley, and S. A. Mahan (1997b).
Late Quaternary surface faulting on the Cheraw fault, southeastern
Colorado, U.S. Geol. Surv. Geol. Invest. Map I-2591.
Dalgarno, C. R., J. E. Johnson, B. G. Forbes, and B. P. Thompson (1968).
Port Augusta Geological Map, S.A. Geological Atlas Series Sheet SI
53-4 Zone 5, Geol. Surv. South Aust., scale 1:250,000.
Denham, D. (1988). Australian seismicity: the puzzle of the not-so-stable
continent, Seism. Res. Lett. 59, 235–240.
Dorbath, C., L. Dorbath, R. Gaulon, T. George, P. Mourgue, M. Ramdani,
B. Robineau, and B. Tadili (1984). Seismotectonics of the Guinean
earthquake of December 22, 1983, Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 971–974.
Dunham, M. N. E. (1992). The geomorphological nature and age of the
linear escarpments of northeastern Eyre Peninsula, Honours Degree
Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 43 p.
Ellis, M., J. Gomberg, and E. Schweig (2001). Indian earthquake may serve
as analog for New Madrid earthquakes, EOS 82, no. 32, 345, 350.
Everingham, I. B. (1968). Seismicity of Western Australia Aust. Bur. Min.
Res., Geol. & Geophys. Rept. 132.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) (1985). An assessment
of damage and casualties for six cities in the central United States
resulting from earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Central United States Earthquake
Preparedness Project, contract EMK-C-0057.
Goes, S. D. B. (1996). Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes—An analysis
of historic and paleoseismic catalogs, J. Geophys. Res. 101,
5739–5749.
Gordon, F. R., and J. D. Lewis (1980). The Meckering and Calingiri earthquakes
October 1968 and March 1970, Geol. Surv. West. Aust. Bull.
126.
Goudie, A. (1973) Duricrusts in Tropical and Subtropical Landscapes,
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 174 p.
Gupta, H. K., B. K. Rastogi, I. Mohan, C. V. R. K. Rao, S. V. S. Sarma,
and R. U. M. Rao (1998). An investigation into the Latur earthquake
of September 29, 1993 in southern India, Tectonophysics 287, 299–
313.
Hacker, B. R. (1997). Diagenesis and fault valve seismicity of crustal faults,
J. Geophys. Res. 102, 24459–24467.
Hanks, T. C., and A. C. Johnston (1992). Common features of the excitation
and propagation of strong ground motion for North American earthquakes,
Seism. Soc. Am. Bull. 82, 1–23.
Hickman, S., R. Sibson, and R. Bruhn (1995). Introduction to special section:
mechanical involvement of fluids in faulting, J. Geophys. Res.
100, 12,831–12,840.
Johnston, A. C. (1989). The seismicity of ‘stable continental interiors’, in
Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and
Postglacial Rebound, S. Gregersen and P. W. Basham, (Editors), Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 299–327.
Johnston, A. C., K. J. Coppersmith, L. R. Kanter, and C. A. Cornell (1994).
The earthquakes of stable continental regions, Electric Power Res.
Institute Rept., TR-102261-V1, Palo Alto, California.
Kenner, S. J., and P. Segall (2000). A mechanical model for intraplate
earthquakes: application to the New Madrid seismic zone, Science
289, 2329–2332.
Langer, C. J., M. G. Bonilla, and G. A. Bollinger (1987). Aftershocks and
surface faulting associated with the intraplate Guinea, West Africa,
earthquake of 22 December 1983, Seism. Soc. Am. Bull. 77, 1579–
1601.
Lewis, J. D., N. A. Daetwyler, J. A. Bunting, and J. S. Moncrieff (1981).
The Cadoux earthquake, 2 June 1979, Geol. Surv. West. Aust. Rept.
11.
Machette, M. N. (1985). Calcic soils of the southwestern United States,
Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Paper 203.
Machette, M. N. (1998). Contrasts between short-and long-term record of
seismicity in the Rio Grande Rift—Important implications for seismic
hazard assessments in area of slow extension, Utah Geol. Surv. Misc.
Pub. 98-2, 84–95.
Machette, M. N., A. J. Crone, and J. R. Bowman (1993). Geologic investigations
of the 1986 Marryat Creek, Australia, earthquakes: implications
for paleoseismicity in stable continental regions, U.S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. 2032-B.
Marco, S., M. Stein, and A. Agnon (1996). Long-term earthquake clustering—
A 50,000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea Graben,
J. Geophys. Res. 101, 6179–6191.
McCue, K. (1990). Australia’s large earthquakes and Recent fault scarps,
J. Struct. Geol. 12, 761–766.
McCue, K., B. C. Barlow, D. Denham, T. Jones, G. Gibson, and M. Michael-
Leiba (1987). Another chip off the old Australian block, EOS, 68,
609, 612.
Miles, K. R. (1954). The geology and iron ore resources of the Middleback
Range area, Geol. Surv. of South Aust. Bull. 33, 1–247.
Myers, J. S. (1990). Precambrian tectonic evolution of part of Gondwana,
southwestern Australia, Geology 18, 537–540.
Nambi, K. S. V., and M. J. Aitken (1986). Annual dose conversion factors
for TL and ESR dating, Archaeometry 28, 202–205.
Oldham, R. D. (1926). The Cutch (Kachh) earthquake of 16th June 1819
with a revision of the great earthquake of 12th June 1897, Geol. Surv.
India Memoir XLVI, 1–77.
Plumb, K. A. (1979). The tectonic evolution of Australia, Earth-Sci. Rev.
14, 205–249.
Prescott, J. R., and J. T. Hutton (1994). Cosmic ray contributions to dose
rate for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term
variations, Radiat. Meas. 23, 497–500.
Prescott, J. R., and J. T. Hutton (1995). Environmental dose rates and radioactive
disequilibrium from some Australian luminescence dating
sites, Quat. Sci. Rev. (Quaternary Geochronology) 14, 439–448.
Prescott, J. R., and G. B. Robertson (1997). Sediment dating by luminescence:
a review Radiat. Meas. 27, 893–922.
Prescott, J. R., D. J. Huntley, and J. T. Hutton (1993). Estimation of equivalent
dose in luminescence dating: the Australian slide method, Ancient
TL 11, 1–5.
Quittmeyer, R. C., and K. H. Jacob (1979). Historical and modern seismicity
of Pakistan, Afghanistan, northwestern India, and southeastern
Iran, Seism. Soc. Am. Bull. 69, 773–823.
Qureshi, I. R., and A. A. Sadig (1967). Earthquakes and associated faulting
in central Sudan, Nature 215, 263–265.
Rajendran, C. P., K. Rajendran, and B. John (1996). The 1993 Killari (Latur),
central India, earthquake: an example of fault reactivation in
Precambrian crust, Geology 24, 651–654.
Rajendran, C. P., and K. Rajendran (1999). Geological investigations at
Killari and Ter, central India and implications for paleoseismicity in
the shield region, Tectonophysics, 308, 67–81.
Sibson, R. H. (1992). Implications of fault-valve behaviour for rupture nucleation
and recurrence, Tectonophysics 211, 283–293.
Sieh, K., M. Stuiver, and D. Brillinger (1989). A more precise chronology
of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas fault in southern California,
J. Geophys. Res. 94, 603–623.
Sleep, N. H. (1995). Ductile creep, compaction, and rate and state dependent
friction within major fault zones, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 13,065–
13,080.
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