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Controls of conduit geometry and wallrock elasticity on lava dome eruptions
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/ 260 (2007)
Publisher
elsevier
Pages (printed)
137–151
Issued date
2007
Alternative Location
Abstract
Many lava dome building eruptions show periodic to complex non-periodic pulsatory activity. Typical time-scales associated with
this activity range from hours to decades. Previous studies modelled the ascent of magma using a set of transient 1-D transport
equations, accounting for degassing induced crystallization kinetics, gas exsolution and viscosity increase due to crystal growth.
These models assumed flow in a cylindrical conduit with a fixed cross-section area. Since several observations suggest that extrusions
are mainly fed by dykes, with cylindrical geometries developing only at shallow levels, here we generalised the model to the flow
geometry represented by an elliptical dyke with major and minor semi-axes changing with depth. Quasi-static elastic deformation of
the dyke is accounted by an analytical solution that couples cross-section area with the magmatic overpressure. The effects of the main
dyke geometrical parameters and boundary conditions on the eruption dynamics were investigated. The presence of a deformable
dyke can lead to a more complex periodic behaviour with a wider range of time-scales and cyclicity patterns with respect to a uniform
cylindrical conduit. There is a regime where the period of pulsations is controlled by the elasticity of the dyke and a regime where the
period is controlled by the volume of the magma chamber. Intermediate regimes are possible. Periodic variations in discharge rate are
also possible for both fixed pressure in dyke source region and fixed influx rate into the dyke. Our study emphasizes the strong nonlinearities
and complex behaviours of lava dome eruptions. From a forecasting and hazard perspective, intrinsic uncertainties in
governing parameters may make volcanic systems in some circumstances unpredictable. On the other hand, lava dome systems may
also develop episodic and systematic behaviours so that behaviour becomes predictable for a while.
this activity range from hours to decades. Previous studies modelled the ascent of magma using a set of transient 1-D transport
equations, accounting for degassing induced crystallization kinetics, gas exsolution and viscosity increase due to crystal growth.
These models assumed flow in a cylindrical conduit with a fixed cross-section area. Since several observations suggest that extrusions
are mainly fed by dykes, with cylindrical geometries developing only at shallow levels, here we generalised the model to the flow
geometry represented by an elliptical dyke with major and minor semi-axes changing with depth. Quasi-static elastic deformation of
the dyke is accounted by an analytical solution that couples cross-section area with the magmatic overpressure. The effects of the main
dyke geometrical parameters and boundary conditions on the eruption dynamics were investigated. The presence of a deformable
dyke can lead to a more complex periodic behaviour with a wider range of time-scales and cyclicity patterns with respect to a uniform
cylindrical conduit. There is a regime where the period of pulsations is controlled by the elasticity of the dyke and a regime where the
period is controlled by the volume of the magma chamber. Intermediate regimes are possible. Periodic variations in discharge rate are
also possible for both fixed pressure in dyke source region and fixed influx rate into the dyke. Our study emphasizes the strong nonlinearities
and complex behaviours of lava dome eruptions. From a forecasting and hazard perspective, intrinsic uncertainties in
governing parameters may make volcanic systems in some circumstances unpredictable. On the other hand, lava dome systems may
also develop episodic and systematic behaviours so that behaviour becomes predictable for a while.
References
Barmin, A., Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 1999. Periodic behavior in lava
dome eruptions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 199, 173–184.
Beauducel, F., Cornet, F.H., Suhanto, E., Duquesnoy, T., Kasser, M.,
2000. Constraints on magma flux from displacements data at
Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (B4),
8193–8203.
Blundy, J.D., Cashman, K.V., Humphreys, M.C.S., 2006. Magma
heating by decompression-driven crystallisation beneath andesite
volcanoes. Nature 443, 76–80. doi:10.1038/nature05100.
Cashman, K.V., 1992. Groundmass crystallization of Mount St. Helens
dacite, 1980–1986: a tool for interpreting shallow magmatic
processes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 109, 431–449.
Cashman, K.V., 2004. Volatile controls on magma ascent and
degassing. The State of the Planet: Frontiers and Challenges
in Geophysics American Geophysical Union Monograph, 150,
pp. 109–124.
Christiansen, R.L., Peterson, D.W., 1981. Chronology of the 1980
eruptive activity. In: Lipman, P.W., Mullineaux, D.R. (Eds.), The
1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, vol. 1250. S. Geological
Survey Professional Paper, Washington (844 pp.).
Costa, A., 2005. Viscosity of high crystal content melts: dependence
on solid fraction. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L22308. doi:10.1029/
2005GL02430 (further comments available at http://arxiv.org/abs/
physics/0512173).
Costa, A., 2006. Permeability–porosity relationship: a re-examination of
the Kozeny–Carman equation based on fractal pore-space geometry.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L02318. doi:10.1029/2005GL025134.
Costa, A., Macedonio, G., 2003. Viscous heating in fluids with
temperature-dependent viscosity: implications for magma flows.
Nonlinear Process. Geophys. 10, 545–555.
Costa, A., Macedonio, G., 2005. Viscous heating effects in fluids with
temperature-dependent viscosity: triggering of secondary flows.
J. Fluid Mech. 540, 21–38.
Delaney, P.T., Gartner, A.E., 1997. Physical processes of shallow
mafic dike emplacement near the San Rafael Swell, Utah. Geol.
Soc. Am. Bull. 109, 1177–1192.
Delaney, P.T., Pollard, D.D., 1981. Deformation of host rocks and flow
of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing
intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico. Geol. U.S. Geological
Survey Professional Paper, vol. 1202 (60 pp.).
Denlinger, R., Hoblitt, R.P., 1999. Cyclic eruptive behavior of silicic
volcanoes. Geology 27, 459–462.
Dirksen,O.,Humphreys,M.C.S., Pletchov, P.,Melnik,O.,Demyanchuk,
Y., Sparks, R.S.J.,Mahony, S., 2006. The 2001–2004 dome-forming
eruption of ShiveluchVolcano,Kamchatka: observation, petrological
investigation and numerical modelling. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
155, 201–226. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.029.
Green, D.N., Neuberg, J., 2006. Waveform classification of volcanic
low-frequency earthquake swarms and its implication at Soufrière
Hills Volcano, Montserrat. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 153 (1–2),
51–63. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.08.003.
Hess, K.U., Dingwell, D.B., 1996. Viscosities of hydrous leucogranite
melts: a non-Arrhenian model. Am. Mineral. 81, 1297–1300.
Hort, M., 1998. Abrupt change in magma liquidus temperature
because of volatile loss or magma mixing: effects of nucleation,
crystal growth and thermal history of the magma. J. Petrol. 39,
1063–1076.
Humphreys, M.C.S., Blundy, J.D., Sparks, R.S.J., 2006. Magma
evolution and open-system processes at Shiveluch Volcano: insights
from phenocryst zoning. J. Petrol. 47, 2303–2334. doi:10.1093/
petrology/egl045.
Jaeger, J.C., Cook, N.G.W., 1976. Fundamental of Rock Mechanics, 2
ed. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London.
Kirkpatrick, R., 1976. Towards a kinetic model for the crystallization
of magma bodies. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2565–2571.
Landau, L., Lifschitz, E., 1994. Physique Theorique—Mecanique des
Fluides, 3 ed. MIR, Moscow.
Lister, J.R., Kerr, R.C., 1991. Fluid mechanical models of crack
propagation and their application to magma transport in dykes.
J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10049–10077.
Llewellin, E.W., Manga, M., 2005. Bubble suspension rheology and
implications for conduit flow. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 143,
205–217.
Mason, R.M., Starostin, A.B., Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 2006. From
Vulcanian explosions to sustained explosive eruptions: the role of
diffusive mass transfer in conduit flow dynamics. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 153, 148–165. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.08.011.
Massol, H., Jaupart, C., Pepper, D.W., 2001. Ascent and decompression
of viscous vesicular magma in a volcanic conduit. J. Geophys.
Res. 106 (B8), 16223–16240. doi:10.1029/2001JB000385.
Mastin, G.L., Pollard, D.D., 1988. Surface deformation and shallow
dike intrusion processes at Inyo Craters, Long Valley, California.
J. Geophys. Res. 93 (B11), 13221–13235.
Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 1999. Nonlinear dynamics of lava dome
extrusion. Nature 402, 37–41.
Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 2005. Controls on conduit magma flow
dynamics during lava dome building eruptions. J. Geophys. Res.
110 (B022). doi:10.1029/2004JB003183.
Mériaux, C., Jaupart, C., 1995. Simple fluid dynamic models of
volcanic rift zones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 136, 223–240.
Muskhelishvili, N., 1963. Some Basic Problems in the Mathematical
Theory of Elasticity. Noordhof, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Nakada, S., Eichelberger, J.C., 2004. Looking into a volcano: drilling
Unzen. Geotimes 49 (3), 14–17.
Nakada, S., Shimizu, H., Ohta, K., 1999. Overview of the 1990–1995
eruption at Unzen Volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 89, 1–22.
Navon, O., Lyakhovsky, V., 1998. Vesiculation processes in silicic
magmas. In: Gilbert, J., Sparks, R.S.J. (Eds.), The Physics of
Explosive Volcanic Eruption. Special Publication, vol. 145.
Geological Society, London, pp. 27–50.
Ohba, T., Kitade, Y., 2005. Subvolcanic hydrothermal systems:
implications from hydrothermal minerals in hydrovolcanic ash.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 145, 249–262. doi:10.1016/j.
jvolgeores.2005.02.002.
Roman, D.C., 2005. Numerical models of volcanotectonic earthquake
triggering on non-ideally oriented faults. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32.
doi:10.1029/2004GL021549.
Roman, D.C., Neuberg, J., Luckett, R.R., 2006. Assessing the
likelihood of volcanic eruption through analysis of volcanotectonic
earthquake fault-plane solutions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 248,
244–252. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.029.
Rubin, A.M., 1995. Propagation of magma-filled cracks. Annu. Rev.
Planet. Sci. 23, 287–336 Sparks, R.S.J., et al., 1998. Magma production and growth of the lava
dome of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat: November 1995
to December 1997. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3421–3424.
Sparks, R.S.J., Young, S.R., 2002. The eruption of Soufrière Hills
volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999): overview of scientific results.
Mem. Geol. Soc. London 21, 45–69.
Sparks, R.S.J., Baker, L., Brown, R.J., Field, M., Schumacher, J.,
Stripp, G.,Walters, A.L., 2006. Dynamics of kimberlite volcanism.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 155, 18–48.
Sturton, S., Neuberg, J., 2006. The effects of conduit length and
acoustic velocity on conduit resonance: implications for lowfrequency
events. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 151 (4), 319–339.
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.009.
Swanson, D.A., Holcomb, R.T., 1999. Regularities in growth of the
Mount St. Helens dacite dome 1980–1986. In: Fink, J.H. (Ed.),
Lava flows and domes: emplacement mechanisms and hazards
implications. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 3–24.
Troise, C., Pingue, F., De Natale, G., 2003. Coulomb stress changes at
calderas: modeling the seismicity at Campi Flegrei (southern Italy).
J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B6). doi:10.1029/2002JB002006.
Voight, B., et al., 1999. Magma flow instability and cyclic activity at
Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Science 283, 1138–1142.
Voight, B., et al., 2006. Unprecedented pressure increase in deep
magma reservoir triggered by lava-dome collapse. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 33, L03312. doi:10.1029/2005GL024870.
Wadge, G., Mattioli, G.S., Herd, R.A., 2006. Ground deformation at
Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat during 1998–2000 measured
by radar interferometry and GPS. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 152,
157–173.
Williams, S.N., Self, S., 1983. The October 1902 Plinian eruption of
Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 16,
33–56.
Yokoyama, I., Yamashita, H., Watanabe, H., Okada, H., 1981.
Geophysical characteristics of dacite volcanism — 1977–1978
eruption of Usu volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 9, 335–358
dome eruptions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 199, 173–184.
Beauducel, F., Cornet, F.H., Suhanto, E., Duquesnoy, T., Kasser, M.,
2000. Constraints on magma flux from displacements data at
Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (B4),
8193–8203.
Blundy, J.D., Cashman, K.V., Humphreys, M.C.S., 2006. Magma
heating by decompression-driven crystallisation beneath andesite
volcanoes. Nature 443, 76–80. doi:10.1038/nature05100.
Cashman, K.V., 1992. Groundmass crystallization of Mount St. Helens
dacite, 1980–1986: a tool for interpreting shallow magmatic
processes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 109, 431–449.
Cashman, K.V., 2004. Volatile controls on magma ascent and
degassing. The State of the Planet: Frontiers and Challenges
in Geophysics American Geophysical Union Monograph, 150,
pp. 109–124.
Christiansen, R.L., Peterson, D.W., 1981. Chronology of the 1980
eruptive activity. In: Lipman, P.W., Mullineaux, D.R. (Eds.), The
1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, vol. 1250. S. Geological
Survey Professional Paper, Washington (844 pp.).
Costa, A., 2005. Viscosity of high crystal content melts: dependence
on solid fraction. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L22308. doi:10.1029/
2005GL02430 (further comments available at http://arxiv.org/abs/
physics/0512173).
Costa, A., 2006. Permeability–porosity relationship: a re-examination of
the Kozeny–Carman equation based on fractal pore-space geometry.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L02318. doi:10.1029/2005GL025134.
Costa, A., Macedonio, G., 2003. Viscous heating in fluids with
temperature-dependent viscosity: implications for magma flows.
Nonlinear Process. Geophys. 10, 545–555.
Costa, A., Macedonio, G., 2005. Viscous heating effects in fluids with
temperature-dependent viscosity: triggering of secondary flows.
J. Fluid Mech. 540, 21–38.
Delaney, P.T., Gartner, A.E., 1997. Physical processes of shallow
mafic dike emplacement near the San Rafael Swell, Utah. Geol.
Soc. Am. Bull. 109, 1177–1192.
Delaney, P.T., Pollard, D.D., 1981. Deformation of host rocks and flow
of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing
intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico. Geol. U.S. Geological
Survey Professional Paper, vol. 1202 (60 pp.).
Denlinger, R., Hoblitt, R.P., 1999. Cyclic eruptive behavior of silicic
volcanoes. Geology 27, 459–462.
Dirksen,O.,Humphreys,M.C.S., Pletchov, P.,Melnik,O.,Demyanchuk,
Y., Sparks, R.S.J.,Mahony, S., 2006. The 2001–2004 dome-forming
eruption of ShiveluchVolcano,Kamchatka: observation, petrological
investigation and numerical modelling. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
155, 201–226. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.029.
Green, D.N., Neuberg, J., 2006. Waveform classification of volcanic
low-frequency earthquake swarms and its implication at Soufrière
Hills Volcano, Montserrat. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 153 (1–2),
51–63. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.08.003.
Hess, K.U., Dingwell, D.B., 1996. Viscosities of hydrous leucogranite
melts: a non-Arrhenian model. Am. Mineral. 81, 1297–1300.
Hort, M., 1998. Abrupt change in magma liquidus temperature
because of volatile loss or magma mixing: effects of nucleation,
crystal growth and thermal history of the magma. J. Petrol. 39,
1063–1076.
Humphreys, M.C.S., Blundy, J.D., Sparks, R.S.J., 2006. Magma
evolution and open-system processes at Shiveluch Volcano: insights
from phenocryst zoning. J. Petrol. 47, 2303–2334. doi:10.1093/
petrology/egl045.
Jaeger, J.C., Cook, N.G.W., 1976. Fundamental of Rock Mechanics, 2
ed. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London.
Kirkpatrick, R., 1976. Towards a kinetic model for the crystallization
of magma bodies. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2565–2571.
Landau, L., Lifschitz, E., 1994. Physique Theorique—Mecanique des
Fluides, 3 ed. MIR, Moscow.
Lister, J.R., Kerr, R.C., 1991. Fluid mechanical models of crack
propagation and their application to magma transport in dykes.
J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10049–10077.
Llewellin, E.W., Manga, M., 2005. Bubble suspension rheology and
implications for conduit flow. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 143,
205–217.
Mason, R.M., Starostin, A.B., Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 2006. From
Vulcanian explosions to sustained explosive eruptions: the role of
diffusive mass transfer in conduit flow dynamics. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 153, 148–165. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.08.011.
Massol, H., Jaupart, C., Pepper, D.W., 2001. Ascent and decompression
of viscous vesicular magma in a volcanic conduit. J. Geophys.
Res. 106 (B8), 16223–16240. doi:10.1029/2001JB000385.
Mastin, G.L., Pollard, D.D., 1988. Surface deformation and shallow
dike intrusion processes at Inyo Craters, Long Valley, California.
J. Geophys. Res. 93 (B11), 13221–13235.
Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 1999. Nonlinear dynamics of lava dome
extrusion. Nature 402, 37–41.
Melnik, O., Sparks, R.S.J., 2005. Controls on conduit magma flow
dynamics during lava dome building eruptions. J. Geophys. Res.
110 (B022). doi:10.1029/2004JB003183.
Mériaux, C., Jaupart, C., 1995. Simple fluid dynamic models of
volcanic rift zones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 136, 223–240.
Muskhelishvili, N., 1963. Some Basic Problems in the Mathematical
Theory of Elasticity. Noordhof, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Nakada, S., Eichelberger, J.C., 2004. Looking into a volcano: drilling
Unzen. Geotimes 49 (3), 14–17.
Nakada, S., Shimizu, H., Ohta, K., 1999. Overview of the 1990–1995
eruption at Unzen Volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 89, 1–22.
Navon, O., Lyakhovsky, V., 1998. Vesiculation processes in silicic
magmas. In: Gilbert, J., Sparks, R.S.J. (Eds.), The Physics of
Explosive Volcanic Eruption. Special Publication, vol. 145.
Geological Society, London, pp. 27–50.
Ohba, T., Kitade, Y., 2005. Subvolcanic hydrothermal systems:
implications from hydrothermal minerals in hydrovolcanic ash.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 145, 249–262. doi:10.1016/j.
jvolgeores.2005.02.002.
Roman, D.C., 2005. Numerical models of volcanotectonic earthquake
triggering on non-ideally oriented faults. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32.
doi:10.1029/2004GL021549.
Roman, D.C., Neuberg, J., Luckett, R.R., 2006. Assessing the
likelihood of volcanic eruption through analysis of volcanotectonic
earthquake fault-plane solutions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 248,
244–252. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.029.
Rubin, A.M., 1995. Propagation of magma-filled cracks. Annu. Rev.
Planet. Sci. 23, 287–336 Sparks, R.S.J., et al., 1998. Magma production and growth of the lava
dome of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat: November 1995
to December 1997. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3421–3424.
Sparks, R.S.J., Young, S.R., 2002. The eruption of Soufrière Hills
volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999): overview of scientific results.
Mem. Geol. Soc. London 21, 45–69.
Sparks, R.S.J., Baker, L., Brown, R.J., Field, M., Schumacher, J.,
Stripp, G.,Walters, A.L., 2006. Dynamics of kimberlite volcanism.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 155, 18–48.
Sturton, S., Neuberg, J., 2006. The effects of conduit length and
acoustic velocity on conduit resonance: implications for lowfrequency
events. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 151 (4), 319–339.
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.009.
Swanson, D.A., Holcomb, R.T., 1999. Regularities in growth of the
Mount St. Helens dacite dome 1980–1986. In: Fink, J.H. (Ed.),
Lava flows and domes: emplacement mechanisms and hazards
implications. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 3–24.
Troise, C., Pingue, F., De Natale, G., 2003. Coulomb stress changes at
calderas: modeling the seismicity at Campi Flegrei (southern Italy).
J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B6). doi:10.1029/2002JB002006.
Voight, B., et al., 1999. Magma flow instability and cyclic activity at
Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Science 283, 1138–1142.
Voight, B., et al., 2006. Unprecedented pressure increase in deep
magma reservoir triggered by lava-dome collapse. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 33, L03312. doi:10.1029/2005GL024870.
Wadge, G., Mattioli, G.S., Herd, R.A., 2006. Ground deformation at
Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat during 1998–2000 measured
by radar interferometry and GPS. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 152,
157–173.
Williams, S.N., Self, S., 1983. The October 1902 Plinian eruption of
Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 16,
33–56.
Yokoyama, I., Yamashita, H., Watanabe, H., Okada, H., 1981.
Geophysical characteristics of dacite volcanism — 1977–1978
eruption of Usu volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 9, 335–358
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