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Numerical simulation of convection and mixing in magma chambers replenished with CO2-rich magma
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/33 (2006)
Publisher
Agu
Pages (printed)
L21305
Issued date
2006
Abstract
Magma convection and mixing, and periodic refilling,
commonly occur in magma chambers.We show here that the
presence of CO2 in the refilling magma is a very efficient
mean of inducing buoyant-driven plume rise and large scale
convection. Numerical simulations performed with an
appositely developed code for the transient 2D dynamics
of multicomponent compressible to incompressible fluids
reveal several features of the processes of plume rise,
convection and mixing in magma chambers associated with
chamber refilling. A parametric study on CO2 abundance in
the refilling magma shows that progressively larger amounts
of this volatile produce a shift from simple plume rise and
spreading near the chamber top, to complex patterns of flow
circulation and large scale vorticity and mixing. Lower
chamber depth and lower magma viscosity largely enhance
the efficiency of mixing and convection, favoring the
formation of multiple vortexes migrating with time.
commonly occur in magma chambers.We show here that the
presence of CO2 in the refilling magma is a very efficient
mean of inducing buoyant-driven plume rise and large scale
convection. Numerical simulations performed with an
appositely developed code for the transient 2D dynamics
of multicomponent compressible to incompressible fluids
reveal several features of the processes of plume rise,
convection and mixing in magma chambers associated with
chamber refilling. A parametric study on CO2 abundance in
the refilling magma shows that progressively larger amounts
of this volatile produce a shift from simple plume rise and
spreading near the chamber top, to complex patterns of flow
circulation and large scale vorticity and mixing. Lower
chamber depth and lower magma viscosity largely enhance
the efficiency of mixing and convection, favoring the
formation of multiple vortexes migrating with time.
References
Bergantz, G. W. (2000), On the dynamics of magma mixing by reintrusion:
Implications for pluton assembly processes, J. Struct. Geol., 22(9),
1297–1309, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00053-5.
Chau, K. T., and R. H. C. Wong (1996), Uniaxial compressive strength
and point load strength of rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 33(2),
183–188.
Coombs, M. L., J. C. Eichelberger, and M. J. Rutherford (2000), Magma
storage and mixing conditions for the 1953– 1974 eruptions of Southwest
Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 140, 99– 118.
Costa, A. (2005), Viscosity of high crystal content melts: Dependence on
solid fraction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22308, doi:10.1029/
2005GL024303.
Folch, A., M. Vazquez, R. Codina, and J. Martı` (1999), A fractionalstep
finite-element method for the Navier-Stokes equations applied to
magma-chamber withdrawal, Comput. Geosci., 25(3), 263 – 275,
doi:S0098-3004(98)00164-2.
Folch, A., R. Codina, and J. Martı` (2001), Numerical modeling of magma
withdrawal during explosive caldera-forming eruptions, J. Geophys. Res.,
106(B8), 16,163– 16,176.
Hauke, G., and T. J. Hughes (1998), A comparative study of different sets
of variables for solving compressible and incompressible flows, Comput.
Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 153, 1 – 44, doi:S0045-7825(97)00043-1.
Holloway, J. R., and J. G. Blank (1994), Application of experimental results
to C-O-H species in natural melts, in Volatiles in Magmas, Rev. Mineral.,
vol. 30, edited by M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, pp. 187 – 230,
Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C.
Ishii, M., and N. Zuber (1979), Drag coefficient and relative velocity in
bubbly, droplet or particulate flows, AIChE J., 25, 843– 855.
Kuritani, T. (2004), Magmatic differentiation examined with a numerical
model considering multicomponent thermodynamic and momentum, energy
and species transport, Lithos, 74(3 – 4), 117 – 130, doi:10.1016/
j.lithos.2003.12.007.
Lange, R. A. (1994), The effect of H2O, CO2 and F on the density and
viscosity of silicate melts, in Volatiles in magmas, Rev. Mineral., vol. 30,
edited by M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, pp. 331– 369, Mineral. Soc.
of Am., Washington, D. C.
Mashima, H. (2004), Time scale of magma mixing between basalt and
dacite estimated for the Saga-Futagoyama volcanic rocks in northwest
Kyushu, southwest Japan, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 131(3–4), 333–
349, doi:101016/S0377-0273(03)00412-8.
Misiti, V., C. Freda, J. Taddeucci, C. Romano, P. Scarlato, A. Longo,
P. Papale, and B. T. Poe (2006), The effect of H2O on the viscosity of
K-trachytic melts at magmatic temperatures, Chem. Geol., doi:10.1016/
j.chemgeo.2006.06.007, in press.
Oldenburg, C. M., F. J. Spera, D. A. Yuen, and G. Sewell (1989), Dynamic
mixing in magma bodies: Theory, simulations, and implications, J. Geophys.
Res., 94(B7), 9215–9236.
Pallister, J. S., R. P. Hoblitt, and A. G. Reyes (1992), A basalt trigger for
the 1991 eruptions of Pinatubo volcano?, Nature, 356, 426–428,
doi:10.1038/356426a0.
Papale, P. (2005), Determination of total H2O and CO2 budgets in evolving
magmas from melt inclusion data, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03208,
doi:10.1029/2004JB003033.
Papale, P., R. Moretti, and D. Barbato (2006), The compositional dependence
of the saturation surface of H2O+CO2 fluids in silicate melts,
Chem. Geol., 229(1– 3), 78–95, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.01.013.
Phillips, J. C., and A. W. Woods (2002), Suppression of large-scale magma
mixing by melt-volatile separation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 204(1– 2),
47– 60.
Roche, O., and T. H. Druitt (2001), Onset of caldera collapse during ignimbrite
eruptions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191(3 – 4), 191 – 202,
doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00428-9.
Romano, C., D. Giordano, P. Papale, V. Mincione, D. B. Dingwell, and
M. Rosi (2003), The dry and hydrous viscosities of silicate melts from
Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields, Chem. Geol., 202(1–2), 23–38,
doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00208-0.
Snyder, D. (1997), The mixing and mingling of magmas, Endeavour, 21(1),
19– 22.
Sparks, S. R. J., H. Sigurdsson, and L. Wilson (1977), Magma mixing: A
mechanism for triggering acid explosive eruptions, Nature, 267, 315– 318.
Spera, F. J., C. M. Oldenburg, U. R. Christensen, and M. Todesco (1995),
Simulation of convection in the system KAlSi2O6 –CaMg Si2O6: Implications
for compositionally zoned magma bodies, Am. Mineral., 80,
1188–1207.
Trial, A. F., F. J. Spera, J. Greer, and D. A. Yuen (1992), Simulations of
magma withdrawal from compositionally zoned bodies, J. Geophys. Res.,
97(B5), 6713– 6733.
Venetzky, D. Y., and M. J. Rutherford (1997), Preeruption conditions
and timing of dacite-andesite magma mixing in the 2.2 ka eruption at
Mount Rainier, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B9), 20,069– 20,086.
Zhang, Z. X. (2002), An empirical relation between mode I fracture toughness
and the tensile strength of rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 39(3),
401– 406.
Implications for pluton assembly processes, J. Struct. Geol., 22(9),
1297–1309, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00053-5.
Chau, K. T., and R. H. C. Wong (1996), Uniaxial compressive strength
and point load strength of rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 33(2),
183–188.
Coombs, M. L., J. C. Eichelberger, and M. J. Rutherford (2000), Magma
storage and mixing conditions for the 1953– 1974 eruptions of Southwest
Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 140, 99– 118.
Costa, A. (2005), Viscosity of high crystal content melts: Dependence on
solid fraction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22308, doi:10.1029/
2005GL024303.
Folch, A., M. Vazquez, R. Codina, and J. Martı` (1999), A fractionalstep
finite-element method for the Navier-Stokes equations applied to
magma-chamber withdrawal, Comput. Geosci., 25(3), 263 – 275,
doi:S0098-3004(98)00164-2.
Folch, A., R. Codina, and J. Martı` (2001), Numerical modeling of magma
withdrawal during explosive caldera-forming eruptions, J. Geophys. Res.,
106(B8), 16,163– 16,176.
Hauke, G., and T. J. Hughes (1998), A comparative study of different sets
of variables for solving compressible and incompressible flows, Comput.
Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 153, 1 – 44, doi:S0045-7825(97)00043-1.
Holloway, J. R., and J. G. Blank (1994), Application of experimental results
to C-O-H species in natural melts, in Volatiles in Magmas, Rev. Mineral.,
vol. 30, edited by M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, pp. 187 – 230,
Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C.
Ishii, M., and N. Zuber (1979), Drag coefficient and relative velocity in
bubbly, droplet or particulate flows, AIChE J., 25, 843– 855.
Kuritani, T. (2004), Magmatic differentiation examined with a numerical
model considering multicomponent thermodynamic and momentum, energy
and species transport, Lithos, 74(3 – 4), 117 – 130, doi:10.1016/
j.lithos.2003.12.007.
Lange, R. A. (1994), The effect of H2O, CO2 and F on the density and
viscosity of silicate melts, in Volatiles in magmas, Rev. Mineral., vol. 30,
edited by M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, pp. 331– 369, Mineral. Soc.
of Am., Washington, D. C.
Mashima, H. (2004), Time scale of magma mixing between basalt and
dacite estimated for the Saga-Futagoyama volcanic rocks in northwest
Kyushu, southwest Japan, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 131(3–4), 333–
349, doi:101016/S0377-0273(03)00412-8.
Misiti, V., C. Freda, J. Taddeucci, C. Romano, P. Scarlato, A. Longo,
P. Papale, and B. T. Poe (2006), The effect of H2O on the viscosity of
K-trachytic melts at magmatic temperatures, Chem. Geol., doi:10.1016/
j.chemgeo.2006.06.007, in press.
Oldenburg, C. M., F. J. Spera, D. A. Yuen, and G. Sewell (1989), Dynamic
mixing in magma bodies: Theory, simulations, and implications, J. Geophys.
Res., 94(B7), 9215–9236.
Pallister, J. S., R. P. Hoblitt, and A. G. Reyes (1992), A basalt trigger for
the 1991 eruptions of Pinatubo volcano?, Nature, 356, 426–428,
doi:10.1038/356426a0.
Papale, P. (2005), Determination of total H2O and CO2 budgets in evolving
magmas from melt inclusion data, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03208,
doi:10.1029/2004JB003033.
Papale, P., R. Moretti, and D. Barbato (2006), The compositional dependence
of the saturation surface of H2O+CO2 fluids in silicate melts,
Chem. Geol., 229(1– 3), 78–95, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.01.013.
Phillips, J. C., and A. W. Woods (2002), Suppression of large-scale magma
mixing by melt-volatile separation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 204(1– 2),
47– 60.
Roche, O., and T. H. Druitt (2001), Onset of caldera collapse during ignimbrite
eruptions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191(3 – 4), 191 – 202,
doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00428-9.
Romano, C., D. Giordano, P. Papale, V. Mincione, D. B. Dingwell, and
M. Rosi (2003), The dry and hydrous viscosities of silicate melts from
Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields, Chem. Geol., 202(1–2), 23–38,
doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00208-0.
Snyder, D. (1997), The mixing and mingling of magmas, Endeavour, 21(1),
19– 22.
Sparks, S. R. J., H. Sigurdsson, and L. Wilson (1977), Magma mixing: A
mechanism for triggering acid explosive eruptions, Nature, 267, 315– 318.
Spera, F. J., C. M. Oldenburg, U. R. Christensen, and M. Todesco (1995),
Simulation of convection in the system KAlSi2O6 –CaMg Si2O6: Implications
for compositionally zoned magma bodies, Am. Mineral., 80,
1188–1207.
Trial, A. F., F. J. Spera, J. Greer, and D. A. Yuen (1992), Simulations of
magma withdrawal from compositionally zoned bodies, J. Geophys. Res.,
97(B5), 6713– 6733.
Venetzky, D. Y., and M. J. Rutherford (1997), Preeruption conditions
and timing of dacite-andesite magma mixing in the 2.2 ka eruption at
Mount Rainier, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B9), 20,069– 20,086.
Zhang, Z. X. (2002), An empirical relation between mode I fracture toughness
and the tensile strength of rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 39(3),
401– 406.
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