The sedimentation of Suminagashi-like floating clay patterns at El Chicho´n crater lake (Chiapas, Mexico)

Abstract

This study describes the traditional Japanese Suminagashi paper marbling technique in an unusual, non-artistic way based on observations in nature (El Chicho´n crater lake, Chiapas, Mexico) and supported by physical processes such as wave action and Marangoni flow. It is the first time that these seemingly unrelated phenomena are linked. We show how clays floating on the surface of the El Chicho´n crater lake bear a strong resemblance to Suminagashi patterns. Clays rise from the lake bottom by vigorous bubbling of gases or thermal convection. After floating on the water surface due to capillary forces, the clays are transported towards the lake shore by wind-generated waves. The clay-covered lake surface is subject to Marangoni flow when the lake becomes very shallow (a few centimetres) near the lake shore. The flat lake bottom and the dynamic alternation between retreat and incurrence of the lake shore consequently result in the precipitation of the clay patterns, preserving the Suminagashi-like designs in the lake sediments. Recognition of similar patterns in the sedimentary record could indicate the presence of a shallow sedimentary environment in the past, possibly pointing to a heated crater lake.