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Detection of plumes at Redoubt and Etna volcanoes using the GPS SNR method
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/344 (2017)
Pages (printed)
26-39
Issued date
April 5, 2017
Subjects
Detection of plumes at Redoubt and Etna volcanoes
Attenuations in GPS signal to noise ratio (SNR) data
Mitigation of volcanic ash hazards
Abstract
Detection and characterization of volcanic eruptions is important both for public health and aircraft safety. A variety
of ground sensors are used tomonitor volcanic eruptions. Data fromthese ground sensors are subsequently
incorporated into models that predict the movement of ash. Here amethod to detect volcanic plumes using GPS
signals is described. Rather than carrier phase data used by geodesists, the method takes advantage of attenuations
in signal to noise ratio (SNR) data. Two datasets are evaluated: the 2009 Redoubt Volcano eruptions and
the 2013/2015 eruptions at Mt. Etna. SNR-based eruption durations are compared with previously published
seismic, infrasonic, and radar studies at Redoubt Volcano. SNR-based plume detections from Mt. Etna are compared
with L-band radar and tremor observations. To place these SNR observations from Redoubt and Etna in
context, amodel of the propagation of GPS signals through bothwater/water vapor and tephra is developed. Neitherwater
nor fine ash particles will produce the observed attenuation of GPS signals, while scattering caused by
particles N1 cm in diameter potentially could.
of ground sensors are used tomonitor volcanic eruptions. Data fromthese ground sensors are subsequently
incorporated into models that predict the movement of ash. Here amethod to detect volcanic plumes using GPS
signals is described. Rather than carrier phase data used by geodesists, the method takes advantage of attenuations
in signal to noise ratio (SNR) data. Two datasets are evaluated: the 2009 Redoubt Volcano eruptions and
the 2013/2015 eruptions at Mt. Etna. SNR-based eruption durations are compared with previously published
seismic, infrasonic, and radar studies at Redoubt Volcano. SNR-based plume detections from Mt. Etna are compared
with L-band radar and tremor observations. To place these SNR observations from Redoubt and Etna in
context, amodel of the propagation of GPS signals through bothwater/water vapor and tephra is developed. Neitherwater
nor fine ash particles will produce the observed attenuation of GPS signals, while scattering caused by
particles N1 cm in diameter potentially could.
Sponsors
EAR 1360810 and NASA
NNX14AQ14G
NNX14AQ14G
References
Adams, R.J., Perger,W.F., Rose, W.I., Kostinski, 1996. Measurements of the complex dielectric
constant of volcanic ash from 4 to 19 GHz. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 8175–8185.
Agnew, D.C., Larson, K.M., 2008. Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation. GPS Solutions
11 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-006-0038-4.
Aranzulla, M., Cannavò, F., Scollo, S., Puglisi, G., Imme, G., 2013. Volcanic ash detection by
GPS signal. GPS Solutions 17:485–497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-012-0294-
4.
Aranzulla, M., Cannavò, F., Scollo, S., 2014. Detection of volcanic plume by GPS: the 23
November 2013 episode on Mt Etna. Ann. Geophys. 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/
ag-66222014.
Behncke, B., et al., 2014. The 2011–2012 summit activity ofMount Etna: birth, growth and
products of the new SE crater. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 270, 10–21.
Behnke, S., Thomas, R.J., McNutt, S.R., Schneider, D.J., Rison, W., Edens, H.E., 2013. Observations
of volcanic lightning during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano. JVGR 259,
214–234.
38 K.M. Larson et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 344 (2017) 26–39
Black, R.A., Hallett, J., 2012. Rain rate and water content in hurricanes compared with
summer rain in Miami, Florida. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 51 (12), 2218–2235 2012.
Bonaccorso, A., Calvari, S., 2013. Major effusive eruptions and recent lava fountains: balance
between expected and erupted magma volumes at Etna volcano. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 40:6069–6073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058291.
Bonaccorso, A., Calvari, S., Linde, A., Sacks, S., 2014. Eruptive processes leading to themost
explosive lava fountain at Etna volcano: the 23 November 2013 episode. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 41:4912–4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060623.
Bull, K.F., Buurman, H., 2013. An overview of the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska.
JVGR 259, 2–15.
Bull, K., Cameron, C., Coombs, M.L., Diefenbach, A., Lopez, T., McNutt, S., Neal, C., Payne, A.,
Power, J.A., Schneider, D.J., Scott, W.E., Snedigar, S., Thompson, G., Wallace, K.,
Waythomas, C.F., Webley, P., Werner, C.A., 2012. In: Schaefer, Janet R. (Ed.), The
2009 Eruption of Redoubt Volcano, the Report of Investigations 2011-5. Published
by the State of Alaska 55 pages. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70007150.
CCIR, 1986. Attenuation and scattering by precipitation and other atmospheric particles.
Report 721-2. Vol. V, Propagation in Non-ionized Media, Recommendation and Reports
of the CCIR. Int. Telecomm. Union, Geneva.
Cimarelli, C., Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M.A., Aizawa, K., Yokoo, A., Díaz-Marina, A., Iguchi,
M., Dingwell, D.B., 2016. Multiparametric observation of volcanic lightning:
Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43:4221–4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1002/2015GL067445.
Donnadieu, F., 2012. Volcanological applications of Doppler radars: a review and examples
from a transportable pulse radar in L-band. In: Bech, Joan (Ed.), Doppler Radar
Observations — Weather Radar, Wind Profiler, Ionospheric Radar, and Other Advanced
Applications ISBN: 978-953-51-0496-4, InTech. 10.5772/35940.
Donnadieu, F., Freille, P., Hervier, C., Coltelli, M., Scollo, S., Prestifilippo, M., Valade, S.,
Rivet, S., Cacault, P., 2016. Near source Doppler radar monitoring of tephra plumes
at Etna. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 312, 26–39.
Fee, D., McNutt, S.R., Lopez, T.M., Arnoult, K.M., Szuberla, C.A.L., Olson, J.V., 2013. Combining
local and remote infrasound recordings fromthe 2009 Redoubt Volcano eruption.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259:100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.
09.012.
Fournier, N., Jolly, A.D., 2014. Detecting complex eruption sequence and directionality
from high-rate geodetic observations: the August 6, 2012 Te Maari eruption, Tongariro,
New Zealand. JVGR 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.021.
Grapenthin, R., 2012. Volcano Deformation and Subdaily GPS Products. Doctoral Dissertation.
University of Alaska.
Grapenthin, R., Freymueller, J.T., Kaufman, A.M., 2013. Geodetic observations during the
2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 115–132.
Guffanti,M., Miller, E.K., 2002. Reducing the threat to aviation fromairborne volcanic ash.
Proc. of the 55th Annual International Air Safety Seminar, Nov. 4–7, Dublin, Ireland.
Houlie, N., Briole, P., Nercessian, A., Murakami, M., 2005a. Sounding the plume of the 18
August 2000 eruption of Miyakejima volcano (Japan) using GPS. Geophys. Res. Lett.
32, L05302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021728.
Houlie, N., Briole, P., Nercessian, A.,Murakami,M., 2005b. Volcanic plume aboveMount St.
Helens detected with GPS. Eos. Trans. AGU 30 (30):277–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1029/2005EO300001.
Hulst, Hendrik Christoffel, van de Hulst, Hendrik C., 1957. Light Scattering by Small Particles.
Courier Corporation.
Joseph, A., 2010.What is the difference between SNR and C/N0? InsideGNSS 2010, 20–25
Nov/Dec.
Larson, K.M., 2013a. A new way to detect volcanic plumes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (11):
2657–2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50556.
Larson, K.M., 2013b. A methodology to eliminate snow and ice-contaminated solutions
from GPS coordinate time series. J. Geophys. Res. 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
jgrb.50307.
Larson, K.M., Gutmann, E., Zavorotny, V., Braun, J.,Williams,M., Nievinski, F., 2009. Canwe
measure snow depth with GPS receivers? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36:L17502. http://dx.
doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039430.
Mastin, et al., 2009. A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to
models of volcanic ash cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 186, 10–21.
Mastin, L.G., Schwaiger, H., Schaefer, D.J., Wallace, K.L., Schaefer, J., Denlinger, R.P., 2013.
Injection, transport, and deposition of tephra during event 5 of Redoubt Volcano,
23 March, 2009. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 201–213.
McNutt, S.R., Thompson, G.,West,M.E., Fee, D., Stihler, S., Clare, E., 2013. Local seismic and
infrasound observations of the 2009 explosive eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 63–76.
Oguchi, T., Udagawa, M., Nanba, N., Maki, M., Ishimine, Y., 2009. Measurements of dielectric
constant of volcanic ash erupted from five volcanoes in Japan. IEEE Trans. Geosci.
Remote Sens. 47 (4), 1090–1096.
Ohta, Y., Iguchi, M., 2015. Advective diffusion of volcanic plume captured by dense GNSS
network around the Sakurajima volcano: a case study of the eruption on July 24,
2012. Earth Planets Space 65, 157.
Patanè, D., Aiuppa, A., Aloisi, M., Behncke, B., Cannata, A., Coltelli, M., Di Grazia, G.,
Gambino, S., Gurrieri, S., Mattia, M., Salerno, G., 2013. Insights into magma and fluid
transfer at Mount Etna by a multiparametric approach: a model of the events leading
to the 2011 eruptive cycle. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118:3519–3539. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1002/jgrb.50248.
Peebles, 1998. Radar Principles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York.
Schneider, D.J., Hoblitt, R.P., 2013. Doppler weather radar observations of the 2009 eruption
of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 133–144.
Solheim, F., Vivekanandan, J., Ware, R., Rocken, C., 1999. Propagation delays induced in
GPS signals by dry air, water vapor, hydrometeors, and other particulates.
J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D8), 9663–9670.
Spampinato, L., Sciotto, M., Cannata, A., Cannavò, F., La Spina, A., Palano, M., Salerno, G.G.,
Privitera, E., Caltabiano, T., 2015. Multiparametric study of the February–April 2013
paroxysmal phase of Mt. Etna New South-East crater. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.
16:1932–1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005795.
Ulaby, F., Long, D.G., 2014. Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing. University
of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan 2014.
Van Eaton, A.R., Mastin, L.G., Herzog, M., Schwaiger, H.F., Schneider, D.J., Wallace, K.L.,
Clarke, A.B., 2015. Hail formation triggers rapid ash aggregation in volcanic plumes.
Nat. Commun. 6 (8). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8660.
Wallace, K.L., Schaefer, J.R., Combs, C., 2013. Character, mass, distribution, and origin of
tephra-fall deposits from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska-highlighting
the significance of particle aggregation. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 145–169.
constant of volcanic ash from 4 to 19 GHz. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 8175–8185.
Agnew, D.C., Larson, K.M., 2008. Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation. GPS Solutions
11 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-006-0038-4.
Aranzulla, M., Cannavò, F., Scollo, S., Puglisi, G., Imme, G., 2013. Volcanic ash detection by
GPS signal. GPS Solutions 17:485–497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-012-0294-
4.
Aranzulla, M., Cannavò, F., Scollo, S., 2014. Detection of volcanic plume by GPS: the 23
November 2013 episode on Mt Etna. Ann. Geophys. 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/
ag-66222014.
Behncke, B., et al., 2014. The 2011–2012 summit activity ofMount Etna: birth, growth and
products of the new SE crater. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 270, 10–21.
Behnke, S., Thomas, R.J., McNutt, S.R., Schneider, D.J., Rison, W., Edens, H.E., 2013. Observations
of volcanic lightning during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano. JVGR 259,
214–234.
38 K.M. Larson et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 344 (2017) 26–39
Black, R.A., Hallett, J., 2012. Rain rate and water content in hurricanes compared with
summer rain in Miami, Florida. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 51 (12), 2218–2235 2012.
Bonaccorso, A., Calvari, S., 2013. Major effusive eruptions and recent lava fountains: balance
between expected and erupted magma volumes at Etna volcano. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 40:6069–6073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058291.
Bonaccorso, A., Calvari, S., Linde, A., Sacks, S., 2014. Eruptive processes leading to themost
explosive lava fountain at Etna volcano: the 23 November 2013 episode. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 41:4912–4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060623.
Bull, K.F., Buurman, H., 2013. An overview of the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska.
JVGR 259, 2–15.
Bull, K., Cameron, C., Coombs, M.L., Diefenbach, A., Lopez, T., McNutt, S., Neal, C., Payne, A.,
Power, J.A., Schneider, D.J., Scott, W.E., Snedigar, S., Thompson, G., Wallace, K.,
Waythomas, C.F., Webley, P., Werner, C.A., 2012. In: Schaefer, Janet R. (Ed.), The
2009 Eruption of Redoubt Volcano, the Report of Investigations 2011-5. Published
by the State of Alaska 55 pages. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70007150.
CCIR, 1986. Attenuation and scattering by precipitation and other atmospheric particles.
Report 721-2. Vol. V, Propagation in Non-ionized Media, Recommendation and Reports
of the CCIR. Int. Telecomm. Union, Geneva.
Cimarelli, C., Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M.A., Aizawa, K., Yokoo, A., Díaz-Marina, A., Iguchi,
M., Dingwell, D.B., 2016. Multiparametric observation of volcanic lightning:
Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43:4221–4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1002/2015GL067445.
Donnadieu, F., 2012. Volcanological applications of Doppler radars: a review and examples
from a transportable pulse radar in L-band. In: Bech, Joan (Ed.), Doppler Radar
Observations — Weather Radar, Wind Profiler, Ionospheric Radar, and Other Advanced
Applications ISBN: 978-953-51-0496-4, InTech. 10.5772/35940.
Donnadieu, F., Freille, P., Hervier, C., Coltelli, M., Scollo, S., Prestifilippo, M., Valade, S.,
Rivet, S., Cacault, P., 2016. Near source Doppler radar monitoring of tephra plumes
at Etna. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 312, 26–39.
Fee, D., McNutt, S.R., Lopez, T.M., Arnoult, K.M., Szuberla, C.A.L., Olson, J.V., 2013. Combining
local and remote infrasound recordings fromthe 2009 Redoubt Volcano eruption.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259:100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.
09.012.
Fournier, N., Jolly, A.D., 2014. Detecting complex eruption sequence and directionality
from high-rate geodetic observations: the August 6, 2012 Te Maari eruption, Tongariro,
New Zealand. JVGR 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.021.
Grapenthin, R., 2012. Volcano Deformation and Subdaily GPS Products. Doctoral Dissertation.
University of Alaska.
Grapenthin, R., Freymueller, J.T., Kaufman, A.M., 2013. Geodetic observations during the
2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 115–132.
Guffanti,M., Miller, E.K., 2002. Reducing the threat to aviation fromairborne volcanic ash.
Proc. of the 55th Annual International Air Safety Seminar, Nov. 4–7, Dublin, Ireland.
Houlie, N., Briole, P., Nercessian, A., Murakami, M., 2005a. Sounding the plume of the 18
August 2000 eruption of Miyakejima volcano (Japan) using GPS. Geophys. Res. Lett.
32, L05302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021728.
Houlie, N., Briole, P., Nercessian, A.,Murakami,M., 2005b. Volcanic plume aboveMount St.
Helens detected with GPS. Eos. Trans. AGU 30 (30):277–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1029/2005EO300001.
Hulst, Hendrik Christoffel, van de Hulst, Hendrik C., 1957. Light Scattering by Small Particles.
Courier Corporation.
Joseph, A., 2010.What is the difference between SNR and C/N0? InsideGNSS 2010, 20–25
Nov/Dec.
Larson, K.M., 2013a. A new way to detect volcanic plumes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (11):
2657–2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50556.
Larson, K.M., 2013b. A methodology to eliminate snow and ice-contaminated solutions
from GPS coordinate time series. J. Geophys. Res. 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
jgrb.50307.
Larson, K.M., Gutmann, E., Zavorotny, V., Braun, J.,Williams,M., Nievinski, F., 2009. Canwe
measure snow depth with GPS receivers? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36:L17502. http://dx.
doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039430.
Mastin, et al., 2009. A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to
models of volcanic ash cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 186, 10–21.
Mastin, L.G., Schwaiger, H., Schaefer, D.J., Wallace, K.L., Schaefer, J., Denlinger, R.P., 2013.
Injection, transport, and deposition of tephra during event 5 of Redoubt Volcano,
23 March, 2009. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 201–213.
McNutt, S.R., Thompson, G.,West,M.E., Fee, D., Stihler, S., Clare, E., 2013. Local seismic and
infrasound observations of the 2009 explosive eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 63–76.
Oguchi, T., Udagawa, M., Nanba, N., Maki, M., Ishimine, Y., 2009. Measurements of dielectric
constant of volcanic ash erupted from five volcanoes in Japan. IEEE Trans. Geosci.
Remote Sens. 47 (4), 1090–1096.
Ohta, Y., Iguchi, M., 2015. Advective diffusion of volcanic plume captured by dense GNSS
network around the Sakurajima volcano: a case study of the eruption on July 24,
2012. Earth Planets Space 65, 157.
Patanè, D., Aiuppa, A., Aloisi, M., Behncke, B., Cannata, A., Coltelli, M., Di Grazia, G.,
Gambino, S., Gurrieri, S., Mattia, M., Salerno, G., 2013. Insights into magma and fluid
transfer at Mount Etna by a multiparametric approach: a model of the events leading
to the 2011 eruptive cycle. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118:3519–3539. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1002/jgrb.50248.
Peebles, 1998. Radar Principles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York.
Schneider, D.J., Hoblitt, R.P., 2013. Doppler weather radar observations of the 2009 eruption
of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 133–144.
Solheim, F., Vivekanandan, J., Ware, R., Rocken, C., 1999. Propagation delays induced in
GPS signals by dry air, water vapor, hydrometeors, and other particulates.
J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D8), 9663–9670.
Spampinato, L., Sciotto, M., Cannata, A., Cannavò, F., La Spina, A., Palano, M., Salerno, G.G.,
Privitera, E., Caltabiano, T., 2015. Multiparametric study of the February–April 2013
paroxysmal phase of Mt. Etna New South-East crater. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.
16:1932–1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005795.
Ulaby, F., Long, D.G., 2014. Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing. University
of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan 2014.
Van Eaton, A.R., Mastin, L.G., Herzog, M., Schwaiger, H.F., Schneider, D.J., Wallace, K.L.,
Clarke, A.B., 2015. Hail formation triggers rapid ash aggregation in volcanic plumes.
Nat. Commun. 6 (8). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8660.
Wallace, K.L., Schaefer, J.R., Combs, C., 2013. Character, mass, distribution, and origin of
tephra-fall deposits from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska-highlighting
the significance of particle aggregation. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 145–169.
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