Geochemical Characterization and Temporal Changes in Parietal Gas Emissions at Mt. Etna (Italy) During the Period July 2000 - July 2003
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Issue/vol(year)
4/16(2005)
Publisher
Chinese Geoscience Union
Pages (printed)
805-841
Date Issued
October 2005
Alternative Location
Abstract
Several types of natural gas emissions (soil gas, low temperature
fumaroles, gas bubbling in mud pools) were collected monthly on Mt. Etna
volcano between July 2000 and July 2003 both from its summit and its
flanks. Samples were analysed for the determination of the concentrations
of CO2, CH4, He, H2, CO as well as the isotopic ratios of 13 14 C/ C of CO2
(δ13C) and He (R/Ra). The analysed gases were chemically divided into two
groups: air-contaminated (from sites closer to the summit vents of Mt. Etna)
and CO2 - rich. Among the latter, samples from the lower SW flank of the
volcano showed high contents of biogenic thermogenic and/or microbial
CH4. Isotopic shift in the δ13C values is caused by input of organic CO2
and/or by interaction between magmatic CO2 and shallow ground water
as a function of water temperature and CO2 flux from depth. Based on a
graphic method applied to δ13
TDIC C of some ground water, the inferred
isotopic composition of the pristine magmatic gas at Mt. Etna is
characterised by δ13C values ranging from -2 to -1 0
00 .
During the period July 2000 - July 2003 significant variations were
observed in many of the investigated parameters almost at all monitored
sites. Seasonal influences were generally found to be negligible, with only a
limited effect of air temperature changes on soil CO2 and ground temperature
in only two of the air-contaminated sites. The largest chemical anomalies
were observed in the air-contaminated sites, probably because of the
strong buffering power of local ground water on gases released through the
most peripheral areas where the CO2-rich sites are located. The anomalous
changes observed during the study period can be explained in terms of progressive gas release from separate batches of magma that ascend towards
the surface in a step-wise manner. Data relevant to the period following
the 2002-03 eruption suggest that magma kept accumulating beneath
the volcano, thus increasing the probability of a new large eruption
at Mt. Etna.
fumaroles, gas bubbling in mud pools) were collected monthly on Mt. Etna
volcano between July 2000 and July 2003 both from its summit and its
flanks. Samples were analysed for the determination of the concentrations
of CO2, CH4, He, H2, CO as well as the isotopic ratios of 13 14 C/ C of CO2
(δ13C) and He (R/Ra). The analysed gases were chemically divided into two
groups: air-contaminated (from sites closer to the summit vents of Mt. Etna)
and CO2 - rich. Among the latter, samples from the lower SW flank of the
volcano showed high contents of biogenic thermogenic and/or microbial
CH4. Isotopic shift in the δ13C values is caused by input of organic CO2
and/or by interaction between magmatic CO2 and shallow ground water
as a function of water temperature and CO2 flux from depth. Based on a
graphic method applied to δ13
TDIC C of some ground water, the inferred
isotopic composition of the pristine magmatic gas at Mt. Etna is
characterised by δ13C values ranging from -2 to -1 0
00 .
During the period July 2000 - July 2003 significant variations were
observed in many of the investigated parameters almost at all monitored
sites. Seasonal influences were generally found to be negligible, with only a
limited effect of air temperature changes on soil CO2 and ground temperature
in only two of the air-contaminated sites. The largest chemical anomalies
were observed in the air-contaminated sites, probably because of the
strong buffering power of local ground water on gases released through the
most peripheral areas where the CO2-rich sites are located. The anomalous
changes observed during the study period can be explained in terms of progressive gas release from separate batches of magma that ascend towards
the surface in a step-wise manner. Data relevant to the period following
the 2002-03 eruption suggest that magma kept accumulating beneath
the volcano, thus increasing the probability of a new large eruption
at Mt. Etna.
Sponsors
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo
References
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(CO ) C
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Volcanol., 58, 455-458.
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during the period 1989-1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences.
Bull. Volcanol., 57, 52-60.
Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1997: Soil CO2 degassing along tectonic structures
of Mount Etna (Sicily): the Pernicana fault. Appl. Geochem., 12, 429-436.
Giammanco, S., S. Inguaggiato, and M. Valenza, 1998a: Soil and fumarole gases of Mount
Etna: geochemistry and relations with volcanic activity. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
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Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1998b: Anomalous soil CO2 degassing in relation
to faults and eruptive fissures on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Bull. Volcanol., 60,
252-259.
Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1999: Geochemical investigations applied to
active fault detection in a volcanic area: The North-East Rift on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy).
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2005-2008.
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(Ed.), Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development. UNITAR,
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measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend. Soc. It.
Min. Petrog., 43, 1151-1158.
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Allard, P., 1997: Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount Etna. Geophys. Res.
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Allard, P., J. Carbonelle, D. Dajlevic, J. Le Bronec, P. Morel, M. C. Robe, J. M. Maurenas, R.
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Allard, P., P. Jean-Baptiste, W. D’Alessandro, F. Parello, B. Parisi, and C. Flehoc, 1997:
Mantle derived helium and carbon in grounwaters and gases of Mount Etna, Italy. Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 148, 501-516.
Anzà, S., B. Badalamenti, S. Giammanco, S. Gurrieri, P. M. Nuccio, and M. Valenza, 1993:
Preliminary study on emanation of CO2 from soils in some areas of Mount Etna (Sicily).
Acta Vulcanol., 3, 189-193.
Aubert, M., and J. C. Baubron, 1988: Identification of a hidden thermal fissure in a volcanic
terrain using a combination of hydrothermal convection indicators and soil-atmosphere
analysis. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 35, 217-225.
Barbier, E., F. Musmeci, and P. Sarocco, 1998: Banca Nazionale Dati Geotermici. Istituto
Internazionale Ricerche Geotermiche, CNR Internal Report.
Baubron, J. C., 1996: Prospection, caractérisation et variabilité temporelle d’émanations
gazeuses diffuses à l'Etna (Sicile, Italie). Années 1993 et 1994. Contract EV5V-CT92-
0177, Rapport BRGM R 38820 dr/hgt 96. 74 p.
Behncke, B., and M. Neri, 2003: The July - August 2001 eruption of Mt Etna (Sicily). Bull.
Volcanol., 65, 461-476.
Bonaccorso, A., R. Velardita, and L. Villari, 1994: Ground deformation modelling of geodynamic
activity associated with the 1991-1993 Etna eruption. Acta Vulcanol., 4, 87-96.
Bonaccorso, A., 1996: Dynamic inversion of ground deformation data for modelling volcanic
sources (Etna 1991-1993). Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 451-454.
Bousquet, J. C., G. Lanzafame, and C. Paquin, 1988: Tectonic stresses and volcanism: in-situ
stress measurements and neotectonic investigations in the Etna area (Italy). Tectonophys.,
149, 219-231.
Bruno, N., T. Caltabiano, and R. Romano, 1999: SO2 emissions at Mt. Etna with particular
reference to the period 1993 - 1995. Bull. Volcanol., 60, 405-411.
Bruno, N., T. Caltabiano, S. Giammanco, and R. Romano, 2001: Degassing of SO2 and CO2
at Mount Etna as an indicator of pre-eruptive ascend and shallow emplacement of magma.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 110, 137-153.
Capasso, G., and S. Inguaggiato, 1998: A simple method for the determination of dissolved
gases in natural waters. An application to thermal waters from Vulcano Island. Appl.
Geochem., 13, 631-642.
Caracausi, A., R. Favara, S. Giammanco, F. Italiano, P. M. Nuccio, A. Paonita, G. Pecoraino,
and A. Rizzo, 2003a: Mount Etna: Geochemical signals of magma ascent and unusually
estensive plumbimg system. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2, 1057, doi:1029/
2002GL015463.
Caracausi, A., F. Italiano, P. M. Nuccio, A. Paonita, and A. Rizzo, 2003b: Evidence of deep
magma degassing and ascent by geochemistry of peripheral gas emissions at Mount
Etna (Italy): Assessment of the magmatic reservoir pressure. J. Geophys. Res., 108,
B10, 2463, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002095.
Cardaci, C., M. Coviello, G. Lombardo, G. Patanè, and R. Scarpa, 1993: Seismic tomography
of Etna volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 56, 357-368.
Carrigan, C., 2000: Plumbing systems. In: Sigurdsson, H., B. F. Houghton, S. R. McNutt, H.
Rymer, and J. Stix (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press, New York,
219-235.
Cataldi, R., F. Mongelli, P. Squarci, L. Taffi, G. Zito, and C. Calore, 1995: Geothermal ranking
of italian territory. Geothermics, 24, 115-129.
Chiodini, G., W. D’Alessandro, and F. Parello, 1996: Geochemistry of gases and waters discharged
by the mud volcanoes at Paternò, Mt. Etna (Italy). Bull. Volcanol., 58, 51-58.
Condomines, M., J. C. Tanguy, and V. Michaud, 1995: Magma dynamics at Mt. Etna: constraints
from U-Th-Ra-Pb radioactive disequilibria and Sr isotopes in historical lavas.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 132, 25-41.
D’Alessandro, W., R. De Domenico, F. Parello, and M. Valenza, 1992: Soil degassing in
tectonically active areas of Mt. Etna. Acta Vulcanol., 2, 175-183.
D’Alessandro, W., S. De Gregorio, G. Dongarrà, S. Gurrieri, F. Parello, and B. Parisi, 1997a:
Chemical and isotopic characterization of the gases of Mount Etna (Italy). J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res., 78, 65-76.
D’Alessandro, W., S. Giammanco, F. Parello, and M. Valenza, 1997b: CO2 output and
δ13
(CO ) C
2
from Mount Etna as indicators of degassing of shallow asthenosphere. Bull.
Volcanol., 58, 455-458.
De Gregorio, S., I. S. Diliberto, S. Giammanco, S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 2002: Tectonic
control over large-scale diffuse degassing in eastern Sicily (Italy). Geofluids, 2, 273-284.
Deines, P., 1970: The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonates from the Oka
Carbonatite complex, Quebec, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 34, 1199-1225.
Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1995: Soil CO2 degassing on Mt. Etna (Sicily)
during the period 1989-1993: discrimination between climatic and volcanic influences.
Bull. Volcanol., 57, 52-60.
Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1997: Soil CO2 degassing along tectonic structures
of Mount Etna (Sicily): the Pernicana fault. Appl. Geochem., 12, 429-436.
Giammanco, S., S. Inguaggiato, and M. Valenza, 1998a: Soil and fumarole gases of Mount
Etna: geochemistry and relations with volcanic activity. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
81, 297-310.
Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1998b: Anomalous soil CO2 degassing in relation
to faults and eruptive fissures on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Bull. Volcanol., 60,
252-259.
Giammanco, S., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza, 1999: Geochemical investigations applied to
active fault detection in a volcanic area: The North-East Rift on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy).
Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2005-2008.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1991: Chemical techniques in geothermal exploration. In: D’Amore, F.
(Ed.), Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development. UNITAR,
119-144.
Gurrieri, S., and M. Valenza, 1988: Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for
measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend. Soc. It.
Min. Petrog., 43, 1151-1158.
Gurrieri, S., S. De Gregorio, I. S. Diliberto, S. Giammanco, and M. Valenza, 1998: Soil gas
emissions and tectonics in volcanic areas of Italy and Hawaii. In: Arehart, G. B., and J.
R. Hulston (Eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, 773-776.
Grassa, F., G. Capasso, E. Faber, S. Inguaggiato, and M. Valenza, 2004: Molecular and isotopic
composizion of free hydrocarbon gases from Sicily, Italy. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L06607, doi:10.1029/2003GL019362.
Gvirtzman, Z., and A. Nur, 1999: The formation of Mount Etna as the consequence of slab
rollback. Nature, 401, 782-785.
Hirn, A., R. Nicolich, J. Gallart, M. Laigle, and L. Cernobori, 1997: Roots of Etna volcano in
faults of great earthquakes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 148, 171-191.
Hinkle, M., 1990: Factors affecting concentrations of helium and carbon dioxide in soil gases.
In: Durrance, E. M., E. M. Galimov, M. E. Hinkle, G. M. Reimer, R. Sugisaki and S. S.
Augustithis (Eds.), Geochemistry of gaseous elements and compounds. Theophrastus
Pub., Athens, 421-448.
Inguaggiato, S., G. Pecoraino, and F. D’Amore, 2000: Chemical and isotopical characterisation
of fluid manifestations of Ischia island (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 99, 151-178.
INGV-CT (Research staff of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di
Catania, Italy), 2001: Multidisciplinary approach yelds insight into Mt. Etna eruption.
EOS Trans. AGU, 82, 653-656.
Lee, H. F., T. F. Yang, T. F. Lan, S. R. Song, and S. Tsao, 2005: Fumarolic gas compositions
of the Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 16, 843-864.
Marty B., T. Trull, P. Lussiez, I. Basile, and J. C. Tanguy, 1994: He, Ar, O, Sr and Nd isotope
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