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Ocean stat estimation for climate research
Author(s)
Type
Conference paper
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
Status
Published
Issued date
September 25, 2009
Conference Location
Venice, Italy
Abstract
Spurred by the sustained operation and new development of satellite and in-situ observing systems, global ocean state estimation efforts that gear towards climate applications have flourished in the past decade. A hierarchy of estimation methods is being used to routinely synthesize various observations with global ocean models. Many of the estimation products are available through public data servers. There have been an increasingly large number of applications of these products for a wide range of research topics in physical oceanography as well as other disciplines. These studies often provide important feedback for observing systems design. This white paper describes the approaches used by these estimation systems in synthesizing observations and model dynamics, highlights the applications of their products for climate research, and addresses the challenges ahead in relation to the observing systems. Additional applications to study climate variability using an ensemble of state estimation products are described also by a white paper by Stammer et al.
References
1. Balmaseda, M.A., G.C. Smith, K. Haines, et al. 2007: Historical reconstruction of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation from the ECMWF operational ocean reanalysis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23615, doi:10.1029/2007GL031645.
2. Bahurel P., et al., 2006: MERCATOR OCEAN Global to regional ocean monitoring and forecasting. In “Ocean Weather Forecasting: An Integrated View of Oceanography”, E.P. Chassignet and J. Verron (Eds.), Springer, 381-395.
3. Bryden, H.L., H.R. Longworth, and S.A. Cunningham, 2005: Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 degrees N. Nature, 438, 655-657.
4. Cabanes, C., T. Lee, and L.-L. Fu, 2008: Mechanisms of Interannual Variations of the Meridional Overturning Circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 467-480.
5. Capotondi A., A. Wittenberg , S. Masina, 2006. Spatial and temporal structure of ENSO in 20th century coupled simulations. Ocean Modelling, 15, (3-4), 274-298 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.02.004).
6. Carton, J.A., B.S. Giese, and S.A. Grodsky, 2005: Sea level rise and the warming of the oceans in the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) ocean reanalysis. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09006, doi:10.1029/2004JC002817.
7. Carton, J.A. and A. Santorelli, 2009: Global Decadal Upper-Ocean Heat Content as Viewed in Nine Analyses. J. Clim., 21, 6015-6035.
8. Chao BF, Au AY, Boy JP, et al., 2003: Time-variable gravity signal of an anomalous redistribution of water mass in the extratropic Pacific during 1998-2002, Geochem Geophys. Geosys. 4, Art. No. 1096.
9. Chassignet, E.P., H.E. Hurlburt, E.J. Metzger, O.M. Smedstad, J. Cummings, G.R. Halliwell, R. Bleck, R. Baraille, A.J. Wallcraft, C. Lozano, H.L. Tolman, A. Srinivasan, S. Hankin, P. Cornillon, R. Weisberg, A. Barth, R. He, F. Werner, and J. Wilkin, 2009: U.S. GODAE: Global ocean prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Oceanography, 22(2), 48-59.
10. Cunningham, S.A., T. Kanzow, and D. Rayner, et al., 2007: Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N. Science, 317, 935-938.
11. Dickey, J. O., S. L. Marcus, O. de Viron, and I. Fukumori, 2002. Recent Earth oblateness variations: Unraveling climate and postglacial rebound effects, Science, 298, 1975-1977.
12. Du, Y, T.-D. Qu, and G. Meyers, 2008: Interannual variability of sea surface temperature off Java and Sumatra in a global GCM. J. Clim., 21, 11, 2451-2465.
13. Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M., Marshall, J and W. Gregg, 2001: Interannual variability in phytoplankton abundances in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 2323-2344.
14. Dutkiewicz, S., M.J. Follows, P. Heimbach and J. Marshall, 2006: Controls on ocean productivity and air-sea carbon flux: An adjoint model sensitivity study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02603, doi:10.1029/2005GL024987.
15. Fukumori, I., T. Lee, B. Cheng, and D. Menemenlis, 2004: The origin, pathway, and destination of NINO3 water estimated by a simulated passive tracer and its adjoint. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 582-604.
16. Fukumori, I., D. Menemenlis, T. Lee, 2007: A near-uniform basin-wide sea level fluctuation of the Mediterranean Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 338-358.
17. Gemmell, A. G. Smith, K. Haines and J. Blower (2009) Validation of ocean model syntheses against hydrography using a new web application J.Op. Oceangr., submitted.
18. Gross, R.S., I. Fukumori, and D. Menemenlis., 2005: Atmospheric and Oceanic Excitation of Decadal-Scale Earth Orientation Variations. J. Geophys. Res., 110, B09405, doi:10.1029/2004JB003565.
19. Halkides, D., and T. Lee, 2009: Mechanisms controlling seasonal-to-interannual mixed-layer temperature variability in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C02012, doi:10.1029/2008JC004949.
20. Kim, S.-B., T. Lee, and I. Fukumori, 2004: The 1997-99 abrupt change of the upper ocean temperature in the northcentral Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22304, doi:10.1029/2004GL021142.
21. Kim, S.-B., T. Lee, I. Fukumori, 2007: Mechanisms controlling the interannual variation of mixed layer temperature averaged over the NINO3 region. J. Clim., 20, 3822-3843.
22. Köhl, A., D. Stammer, and B. Cornuelle, 2007: Interannual to decadal changes in the ECCO global synthesis. J. Phy. Oceanogr., 37, 313-337.
23. Köhl, A., and D. Stammer, 2008a: Decadal sea level changes in the 50-year GECCO ocean synthesis. J. Clim., 21, 1866-1890.
24. Köhl, A. and D. Stammer, 2008b: Variability of the meridional overturning in the North Atlantic from 50-year GECCO state estimation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1913 -1930.
25. Lee, T., and I. Fukumori, 2003: Interannual to decadal variation of tropical-subtropical exchange in the Pacific Ocean: boundary versus interior pycnocline transports. J. Climate. 16, 4022-4042.
26. Lee, T., and M.J. McPhaden 2008: Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01605, doi:10.1029/2007GL032419.
27. Masina S., P. Di Pietro, A. Navarra A., 2004. Interannual-to-decadal variability of the North Atlantic from an ocean data assimilation system. Climate Dynamics, 23, 531-546. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-004-0453-6.
28. Masuda, S., T. Awaji, N. Sugiura, T. Toyoda, Y. Ishikawa, K. Horiuchi, 2006: Interannual variability of temperature inversions in the subarctic North Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL027865.
29. McKinley, G. M.J. Follows and J. Marshall, 2000: Interannual variability of oxygen fluxes in the North Atlantic. Geo. Res. Letters., 27, 2933-2936.
30. McKinley, G., M.J. Follows and J. Marshall, 2004: Mechanisms of air-sea CO2 flux variability in the Equatorial Pacific and north Atlantic: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol 18,doi:10.1029/2003GB002179.
31. McPhaden, M.J., 2002: Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal timescales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 15, 2632-2647.
32. Oke, P. R., and A. Schiller, 2007: A model-based assessment and design of a tropical Indian Ocean mooring array. J. Clim., 20, 3269-3283.
33. Ponte, R.M., D. Stammer and C. Wunsch, 2001: Improving ocean angular momentum estimates using a model constrained by data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1775-1778.
34. Rabe, B., F.A. Schott, and A. Köhl, 2008: Mean circulation and variability of the tropical Atlantic during 1952-2001 in the GECCO assimilation fields. J. Phy. Oceanpgr., 38, 177-192.
35. Romanova, V., A. Köhl, D. Stammer, C. Klepp, S. Bakan et al., 2009: Surface freshwater fluxes from GECCO and HOAPS. Submitted.
36. Schoenefeldt, R., and F. A. Schott, 2006: Decadal variability of the Indian Ocean cross-equatorial exchange in SODA. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08602, doi:10.1029/2006GL025891.
37. Schott, F.A., W.-Q. Wang, and D. Stammer, 2007: Variability of Pacific subtropical cells in the 50-year ECCO assimilation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05604, doi:10.1029/2006GL028478.
38. Schott, F.A., L. Stramma, W. Wang , et al., 2008: Pacific Subtropical Cell variability in the SODA 2.0.2/3 assimilation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10607, doi:10.1029/2008GL033757.
39. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, I. Fukumori, and J. Marshall, 2002: State estimation improves prospects for ocean research. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 83, Nr. 27, p. 289, 294--295.
40. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C.N. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2002: The global ocean circulation during 1992 –1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C9), 3118, doi:10.1029/2001JC000888.
41. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, and R. Giering, et al. 2003: Volume, heat, and freshwater transports of the global ocean circulation 1993-2000, estimated from a general circulation model constrained by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3007, doi:10.1029/2001JC001115.
42. Stammer, D., K. Ueyoshi, A. Köhl, W.B. Large, S. Josey, and C. Wunsch, 2004: Estimating Air-Sea Fluxes of Heat, Freshwater and Momentum Through Global Ocean Data Assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05023, doi:10.1029/2003JC002082.
43. Stammer, D. 2005: Adjusting internal model errors through ocean state estimation. J. Phy. Oceanogr., 35, 1143-1153.
44. Sugiura, N., T. Awaji, S. Masuda, et al. 2008: Development of a four-dimensional variational coupled data assimilation system for enhanced analysis and prediction of seasonal to interannual climate variations. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C10017, doi:10.1029/2008JC004741.
45. Toyoda, T., T. Awaji, S. Masuda, N. Sugiura, H. Igarashi, T. Mochizuki, and Y. Ishikawa, 2009: Interannual variability of North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water formation in the 1990s derived from a 4-dimensional variational ocean data assimilation experiment. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.
46. Volkov, D. L., T. Lee, and L.-L. Fu, 2008: Eddy-induced meridional heat transport in the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2008GL035490.
47. Wang, W.-M and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: Interannual variability. J. Phy. Oceanogr., 30, 2989-3008.
48. Wang, O., I. Fukumori, T. Lee, and B. Cheng, 2004: On the cause of eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean T-S variations associated with El Nino. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15310, doi:10.1029/2004GL02472.
49. Wunsch, C. and P. Heimbach, 2006: Estimated decadal changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat flux 1993-2004. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 11, 2012-2024.
50. Wunsch, C., R.M. Ponte, P. Heimbach, 2007: Decadal trends in sea level patterns: 1993-2004. J. Clim., 20, 5889-5911.
51. Zhang, S., M.J. Harrison, A. Rosati et al, 2007: System Design and Evaluation of Coupled Ensemble Data Assimilation for Global Oceanic Studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3541-3564.
2. Bahurel P., et al., 2006: MERCATOR OCEAN Global to regional ocean monitoring and forecasting. In “Ocean Weather Forecasting: An Integrated View of Oceanography”, E.P. Chassignet and J. Verron (Eds.), Springer, 381-395.
3. Bryden, H.L., H.R. Longworth, and S.A. Cunningham, 2005: Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 degrees N. Nature, 438, 655-657.
4. Cabanes, C., T. Lee, and L.-L. Fu, 2008: Mechanisms of Interannual Variations of the Meridional Overturning Circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 467-480.
5. Capotondi A., A. Wittenberg , S. Masina, 2006. Spatial and temporal structure of ENSO in 20th century coupled simulations. Ocean Modelling, 15, (3-4), 274-298 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.02.004).
6. Carton, J.A., B.S. Giese, and S.A. Grodsky, 2005: Sea level rise and the warming of the oceans in the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) ocean reanalysis. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09006, doi:10.1029/2004JC002817.
7. Carton, J.A. and A. Santorelli, 2009: Global Decadal Upper-Ocean Heat Content as Viewed in Nine Analyses. J. Clim., 21, 6015-6035.
8. Chao BF, Au AY, Boy JP, et al., 2003: Time-variable gravity signal of an anomalous redistribution of water mass in the extratropic Pacific during 1998-2002, Geochem Geophys. Geosys. 4, Art. No. 1096.
9. Chassignet, E.P., H.E. Hurlburt, E.J. Metzger, O.M. Smedstad, J. Cummings, G.R. Halliwell, R. Bleck, R. Baraille, A.J. Wallcraft, C. Lozano, H.L. Tolman, A. Srinivasan, S. Hankin, P. Cornillon, R. Weisberg, A. Barth, R. He, F. Werner, and J. Wilkin, 2009: U.S. GODAE: Global ocean prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Oceanography, 22(2), 48-59.
10. Cunningham, S.A., T. Kanzow, and D. Rayner, et al., 2007: Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N. Science, 317, 935-938.
11. Dickey, J. O., S. L. Marcus, O. de Viron, and I. Fukumori, 2002. Recent Earth oblateness variations: Unraveling climate and postglacial rebound effects, Science, 298, 1975-1977.
12. Du, Y, T.-D. Qu, and G. Meyers, 2008: Interannual variability of sea surface temperature off Java and Sumatra in a global GCM. J. Clim., 21, 11, 2451-2465.
13. Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M., Marshall, J and W. Gregg, 2001: Interannual variability in phytoplankton abundances in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 2323-2344.
14. Dutkiewicz, S., M.J. Follows, P. Heimbach and J. Marshall, 2006: Controls on ocean productivity and air-sea carbon flux: An adjoint model sensitivity study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02603, doi:10.1029/2005GL024987.
15. Fukumori, I., T. Lee, B. Cheng, and D. Menemenlis, 2004: The origin, pathway, and destination of NINO3 water estimated by a simulated passive tracer and its adjoint. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 582-604.
16. Fukumori, I., D. Menemenlis, T. Lee, 2007: A near-uniform basin-wide sea level fluctuation of the Mediterranean Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 338-358.
17. Gemmell, A. G. Smith, K. Haines and J. Blower (2009) Validation of ocean model syntheses against hydrography using a new web application J.Op. Oceangr., submitted.
18. Gross, R.S., I. Fukumori, and D. Menemenlis., 2005: Atmospheric and Oceanic Excitation of Decadal-Scale Earth Orientation Variations. J. Geophys. Res., 110, B09405, doi:10.1029/2004JB003565.
19. Halkides, D., and T. Lee, 2009: Mechanisms controlling seasonal-to-interannual mixed-layer temperature variability in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C02012, doi:10.1029/2008JC004949.
20. Kim, S.-B., T. Lee, and I. Fukumori, 2004: The 1997-99 abrupt change of the upper ocean temperature in the northcentral Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22304, doi:10.1029/2004GL021142.
21. Kim, S.-B., T. Lee, I. Fukumori, 2007: Mechanisms controlling the interannual variation of mixed layer temperature averaged over the NINO3 region. J. Clim., 20, 3822-3843.
22. Köhl, A., D. Stammer, and B. Cornuelle, 2007: Interannual to decadal changes in the ECCO global synthesis. J. Phy. Oceanogr., 37, 313-337.
23. Köhl, A., and D. Stammer, 2008a: Decadal sea level changes in the 50-year GECCO ocean synthesis. J. Clim., 21, 1866-1890.
24. Köhl, A. and D. Stammer, 2008b: Variability of the meridional overturning in the North Atlantic from 50-year GECCO state estimation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1913 -1930.
25. Lee, T., and I. Fukumori, 2003: Interannual to decadal variation of tropical-subtropical exchange in the Pacific Ocean: boundary versus interior pycnocline transports. J. Climate. 16, 4022-4042.
26. Lee, T., and M.J. McPhaden 2008: Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01605, doi:10.1029/2007GL032419.
27. Masina S., P. Di Pietro, A. Navarra A., 2004. Interannual-to-decadal variability of the North Atlantic from an ocean data assimilation system. Climate Dynamics, 23, 531-546. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-004-0453-6.
28. Masuda, S., T. Awaji, N. Sugiura, T. Toyoda, Y. Ishikawa, K. Horiuchi, 2006: Interannual variability of temperature inversions in the subarctic North Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL027865.
29. McKinley, G. M.J. Follows and J. Marshall, 2000: Interannual variability of oxygen fluxes in the North Atlantic. Geo. Res. Letters., 27, 2933-2936.
30. McKinley, G., M.J. Follows and J. Marshall, 2004: Mechanisms of air-sea CO2 flux variability in the Equatorial Pacific and north Atlantic: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol 18,doi:10.1029/2003GB002179.
31. McPhaden, M.J., 2002: Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal timescales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 15, 2632-2647.
32. Oke, P. R., and A. Schiller, 2007: A model-based assessment and design of a tropical Indian Ocean mooring array. J. Clim., 20, 3269-3283.
33. Ponte, R.M., D. Stammer and C. Wunsch, 2001: Improving ocean angular momentum estimates using a model constrained by data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1775-1778.
34. Rabe, B., F.A. Schott, and A. Köhl, 2008: Mean circulation and variability of the tropical Atlantic during 1952-2001 in the GECCO assimilation fields. J. Phy. Oceanpgr., 38, 177-192.
35. Romanova, V., A. Köhl, D. Stammer, C. Klepp, S. Bakan et al., 2009: Surface freshwater fluxes from GECCO and HOAPS. Submitted.
36. Schoenefeldt, R., and F. A. Schott, 2006: Decadal variability of the Indian Ocean cross-equatorial exchange in SODA. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08602, doi:10.1029/2006GL025891.
37. Schott, F.A., W.-Q. Wang, and D. Stammer, 2007: Variability of Pacific subtropical cells in the 50-year ECCO assimilation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05604, doi:10.1029/2006GL028478.
38. Schott, F.A., L. Stramma, W. Wang , et al., 2008: Pacific Subtropical Cell variability in the SODA 2.0.2/3 assimilation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10607, doi:10.1029/2008GL033757.
39. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, I. Fukumori, and J. Marshall, 2002: State estimation improves prospects for ocean research. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 83, Nr. 27, p. 289, 294--295.
40. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, R. Giering, C. Eckert, P. Heimbach, J. Marotzke, A. Adcroft, C.N. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2002: The global ocean circulation during 1992 –1997, estimated from ocean observations and a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C9), 3118, doi:10.1029/2001JC000888.
41. Stammer, D., C. Wunsch, and R. Giering, et al. 2003: Volume, heat, and freshwater transports of the global ocean circulation 1993-2000, estimated from a general circulation model constrained by World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3007, doi:10.1029/2001JC001115.
42. Stammer, D., K. Ueyoshi, A. Köhl, W.B. Large, S. Josey, and C. Wunsch, 2004: Estimating Air-Sea Fluxes of Heat, Freshwater and Momentum Through Global Ocean Data Assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05023, doi:10.1029/2003JC002082.
43. Stammer, D. 2005: Adjusting internal model errors through ocean state estimation. J. Phy. Oceanogr., 35, 1143-1153.
44. Sugiura, N., T. Awaji, S. Masuda, et al. 2008: Development of a four-dimensional variational coupled data assimilation system for enhanced analysis and prediction of seasonal to interannual climate variations. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C10017, doi:10.1029/2008JC004741.
45. Toyoda, T., T. Awaji, S. Masuda, N. Sugiura, H. Igarashi, T. Mochizuki, and Y. Ishikawa, 2009: Interannual variability of North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water formation in the 1990s derived from a 4-dimensional variational ocean data assimilation experiment. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.
46. Volkov, D. L., T. Lee, and L.-L. Fu, 2008: Eddy-induced meridional heat transport in the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2008GL035490.
47. Wang, W.-M and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: Interannual variability. J. Phy. Oceanogr., 30, 2989-3008.
48. Wang, O., I. Fukumori, T. Lee, and B. Cheng, 2004: On the cause of eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean T-S variations associated with El Nino. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15310, doi:10.1029/2004GL02472.
49. Wunsch, C. and P. Heimbach, 2006: Estimated decadal changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat flux 1993-2004. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 11, 2012-2024.
50. Wunsch, C., R.M. Ponte, P. Heimbach, 2007: Decadal trends in sea level patterns: 1993-2004. J. Clim., 20, 5889-5911.
51. Zhang, S., M.J. Harrison, A. Rosati et al, 2007: System Design and Evaluation of Coupled Ensemble Data Assimilation for Global Oceanic Studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3541-3564.
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