Volcanic unrest of the Colli Albani (central Italy) detected by GPS monitoring test
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Issue/vol(year)
/177 (2009)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
79-87
Date Issued
November 2009
Abstract
The Colli Albani volcanic complex, located in central Italy about 15km SE of Rome, has been dominated by
periodic eruptive histories started about 561 ka and ending with the most recent and voluminous activity
of the Albano maar (<70 ka) phase. Earthquakes of moderate intensity, gas emissions and significant
ground deformations are the recent evidences of a residual activity. We decided to start a monitoring
test by installing as first step three GPS permanent stations on the volcanic structure, in sites easily
accessible. The analysis of about 2 years of GPS observations has evidenced a peculiar velocity pattern
of the Colli Albani stations with respect to those located nearby, but outside the volcano edifice. With
respect to Eurasia, the horizontal velocities are NE directed with magnitudes of 2.2±1.4mm/year (RDPI),
3.0±0.8mm/year (RMPO) and 3.3±1.2mm/year (NEMI). The uplift rates are determined with minor
accuracy and range from 3.3 and 6.0mm/year. We used a non-linear inversion algorithm to determine
the best-fit parameters for a Mogi spherical source based on the Levenberg–Marquardt least squares
approach. The best-fit is obtained with a source at 4.6km depth beneath thewestern flank of the volcano
and a volume variation of 3.6×10−4 km3/year. This result is in agreement with the volume rate retrieved
by PS-InSAR technique and rather different from the rate inferred from leveling surveys. Consequently,
non-linear trends of the hydrothermal system charge cannot be excluded apriori and the continuous GPS
monitoring should be considered a priority in assessing the hazard of the Colli Albani.
periodic eruptive histories started about 561 ka and ending with the most recent and voluminous activity
of the Albano maar (<70 ka) phase. Earthquakes of moderate intensity, gas emissions and significant
ground deformations are the recent evidences of a residual activity. We decided to start a monitoring
test by installing as first step three GPS permanent stations on the volcanic structure, in sites easily
accessible. The analysis of about 2 years of GPS observations has evidenced a peculiar velocity pattern
of the Colli Albani stations with respect to those located nearby, but outside the volcano edifice. With
respect to Eurasia, the horizontal velocities are NE directed with magnitudes of 2.2±1.4mm/year (RDPI),
3.0±0.8mm/year (RMPO) and 3.3±1.2mm/year (NEMI). The uplift rates are determined with minor
accuracy and range from 3.3 and 6.0mm/year. We used a non-linear inversion algorithm to determine
the best-fit parameters for a Mogi spherical source based on the Levenberg–Marquardt least squares
approach. The best-fit is obtained with a source at 4.6km depth beneath thewestern flank of the volcano
and a volume variation of 3.6×10−4 km3/year. This result is in agreement with the volume rate retrieved
by PS-InSAR technique and rather different from the rate inferred from leveling surveys. Consequently,
non-linear trends of the hydrothermal system charge cannot be excluded apriori and the continuous GPS
monitoring should be considered a priority in assessing the hazard of the Colli Albani.
Sponsors
This work has been partially supported by the Dept. of Civil Protection, Project DPC115 V3 Colli Albani.
References
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Amato, A., Chiarabba, C., 1995. Recent uplift of the Alban Hills volcano (Italy), evidence
for magmatic inflation? Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1985–1988.
Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Riguzzi, F., Zanutta, A., 1998. Evidence of
active crustal deformation of the Colli Albani volcanic area (central Italy) by GPS
surveys. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 80, 55–65.
Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Mantovani, E., Pesci, A., Riguzzi, F.,
Serpelloni, E., 2001. Insights into present-day crustal motion in the central
Mediterranean area from GPS survey. Geophys. J. Int. 146, 98–110.
Anzidei, M., Esposito, A., De Giosa, F., 2006. The dark side of the Albano crater lake.
Ann. Geophys. 49 (6), 1275–1287.
Anzidei, M., Carapezza, M.L., Esposito, A., Giordano, G., Lelli, M., Tarchini, L., 2008. The
Albano Maar Lake high resolution bathymetry and dissolved CO2 budget (Colli
Albani volcano, Italy): constrains to hazard evaluation. J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res. 171 (3/4), 258–268.
Betti, B., Biagi, L., Crespi, M., Riguzzi, F., 1999. GPS sensitivity analysis applied to
non-permanent deformation control networks. J. Geodesy. 73 (3), 158–167.
Beutler, et al., 2007. In: Dach, R., Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P., Meindl, M. (Eds.), Bernese
GPS Software. Astronomical Institute, University of Bern.
Bianchi, I., Piana Agostinetti, N., De Gori, P., Chiarabba, C., 2008. Deep structure of
the Colli Albani volcanic district (central Italy) from receiver functions analysis.
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chemistry, and thermalism. In: Trigila, R. (Ed.), The volcano of the Alban Hills.
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A., in press. Slope dynamics of Lake Albano (Rome, Italy): insights fromhigh
resolution bathymetry, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, doi:10.1002/esp.1832.
Calcara, M., Lombardi, S., Quattrocchi, F., 1995. Geochemical monitoring for seismic
surveillance. In: Trigila, R. (Ed.), The Volcano of the Alban Hills. University of
Rome La Sapienza, Roma, pp. 243–263.
Carapezza, M.L., Badalamenti, B., Cavarra, L., Scalzo, A., 2003. Gas hazard assessment
in a densely inhabited area of Colli Albani Volcano (Cava dei Selci, Roma). J.
Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123, 81–94.
Carapezza, M.L., Tarchini, L., 2007. Accidental gas emission from shallowpressurized
aquifers at Alban Hills volcano (Rome, Italy): geochemical evidence of magmatic
degassing? J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 165, 5–16.
Carapezza, M.L., Lelli, M., Tarchini, L., 2008. Geochemistry of the Albano and Nemi
crater lakes in the volcanic district of Alban Hills (Rome, Italy). J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 178 (2), 297–304.
Cavaliè, O., Doin, M.-P., Lasserre, C., Briole, P., 2007. Ground motion measurement
in the Lake Mead area, Nevada, by differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry
time series analysis: Probing the lithosphere rheological structure. J.
Geophys. Res. 112, B03403, doi:10.1029/2006JB004344.
Chiarabba, C., Malagnini, L., Amato, A., 1994. Three-dimensional velocity structure
and earthquakes relocation in the Alban Hills volcano, central Italy. Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 84 (2), 295–306.
Chiarabba, C., Amato, A., Delaney, P.T., 1997. Crustal structure, evolution and volcanic
unrest of the Alban Hills, Central Italy. Bull. Volcanol. 59, 161–170.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., 2001. Carbon dioxide degassing from the Albani Hills volcanic
region, Central Italy. Chem. Geol. 177, 67–83.
De Rita, D., Funiciello, R., Parotto, M., 1988. GeologicalMapof the Alban Hills Volcanic
Complex. CNR, Rome.
Devoti, R., Riguzzi, F., Cuffaro,M., Doglioni, C., 2008.NewGPS constraints on the kinematics
of the Apennine subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273 (1–2), 163–174.
Feuillet, N., Nostro, C., Chiarabba, C., Cocco, M., 2004. Coupling between earthquake
swarms and volcanic unrest at the Alban Hills Volcano (central
Italy) modeled through elastic stress transfer. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B02308,
doi:10.1029/2003JB002419.
Freda, C., Gaeta, M., Karner, D.B., Marra, F., Renne, P.R., Taddeucci, J., Scarlato, P.,
Christensen, J.N., Dallai, L., 2006. Eruptive history and petrologic evolution of
the Albano multiple maar (Alban Hills, Central Italy). Bull. Volc. 68, 567–591,
doi:10.1007/s00445-005-0033-6.
Freda, C., Gaeta,M., Misiti, V., Mollo, S., Dolfi, D., Scarlato, P., 2008. Magma–carbonate
interaction: an experimental study on ultrapotassic rocks fromAlban Hills (Central
Italy). Lithos 101 (3–4), 397–415.
Funiciello, R., Giordano, G., De Rita, D., 2003. The Albano maar lake (Colli Albani Volcano,
Italy): recent volcanic activity and evidence of pre-Roman Age catastrophic
lahar events. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123 (1), 43–61.
Funning, G.J., Parsons, B., Wright, T.J., Jackson, J.A., Fielding, E.J., 2005. Surface displacements
and source parameters of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake from
Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery. J. Geophys. Res. 110 (B9),
B09406, doi:10.1029/2004JB003338.
Kirchdörfer, M., 1999. Analysis and quasi-static FE modeling of long period impulsive
events associated with explosions at Stromboli volcano (Italy). Annali di
Geofisica 42 (3), 379–390.
Levenberg, K., 1944. A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in
least squares. Quart. Appl. Math. 2, 164–168.
Marquardt, D., 1963. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters,
SIAM. J. Appl. Math. 11, 431–441.
Marra, F., Karner, D.B., 2005. The Albano maar (Alban Hills volcanic district, Italy):
active or dormant volcano? Il Quaternario 18-2, 173–185.
Mariucci, M.T., Pierdominici, S., Pizzino, L., Marra, F., Montone, P., 2008. Looking into a
volcanic area: an overview on the 350mscientific drilling at Colli Albani (Rome,
Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 176 (2), 225–240.
Mogi, K., 1958. Relations between eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformation
of the ground surface around them. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo
36, 99–134.
Moré, J.J, Garbow, B.S., Hillstrom, K. E., 1980, User Guide for MINPACK-1: Argonne
National Laboratory Report ANL-80-74, 49 p.
Okada, Y., 1985. Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a halfspace.
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75, 1135–1154.
Parsons, B., Wright, T., Rowe, P., Andrews, J., Jackson, J., Walker, R., Khatib, M.,
Talebian, M., Bergman, E., Engdahl, E.R., 2006. The 1994 Sefi Dabeh (eastern
Iran) earthquakes revisited: new evidence from satellite radar interferometry
and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust
fault. Geophys. J. Int. 164, 202–217, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02655.x.
Pietrantonio, G., Baiocchi, V., Fabiani,U.,Mazzoni, A., Riguzzi, F., 2008. Morphological
updating on the basis of integrated DTMs: study on the Albano andNemi craters.
J. Appl. Geodesy. 2 (December 4), 239–250.
Pizzino, L., Galli, G., Mancini, C., Quattrocchi, F., Scarlato, P., 2002. Natural gas hazard
(CO2, 222Rn) within a quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonic;
the case of the Ciampino-Marino area, Alban Hills Volcano, Italy. Natural Hazard
27 (3), 257–287.
Riguzzi, F., Baiocchi, V., Mazzoni, A., Pietrantonio, G., 2008.Water level and volume
estimations of the Albano and Nemi lakes (central Italy). Ann. Geophys. 51 (4),
563–573.
Salvi, S., Attori, S., Tolomei, C., Allievi, J., Ferretti, A., Rocca, F., Prati, C., Stramondo, S.,
Feuillet, N., 2004. Inflation rate of the Colli Albani volcanic complex retrieved by
the permanent scatterers SAR interferometry technique. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31,
L12606, doi:10.1029/2004GL020253.
Scrocca, D., 2006. Thrust front segmentation induced by differential slab retreat in
the Apennines (Italy). Terra Nova 18, 154–161.
Selvaggi, G., RING working group, La Rete Integrata Nazionale GPS (RING) dell’INGV:
una infrastruttura aperta per la ricerca scientifica, X Conferenza Nazionale
dell’ASITA, Bolzano (Italy) 14–17 November, 2006.
Serpelloni, E., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Pesci, A., Riguzzi, F., 2001.
Geodetic deformations in the Central-Southern Apennines (Italy) from repeated
GPS surveys. Annali di Geofisica 44 (3), 627–647.
Serpelloni, E., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, 2005. Crustal velocity and
strain-rate fields in Italy and surrounding regions: newresults fromthe analysis
of permanent and non-permanent GPS network. Geophys. J. Int. 161, 861–880.
Sottili, G., Taddeucci, J., Palladino, D.M., Gaeta, M., Scarlato, P., Ventura, G., 2009.
Sub-surface dynamics and eruptive styles of maars in the Colli Albani Volcanic
district, Central Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 180, 189–202.
Tertulliani, A., Riguzzi, F., 1995. Earthquakes in Rome during the past one hundred
years. Ann. Geophys. 38 (5–6), 581–590.
Tizzani, P., Battaglia, M., Zeni, G., Atzori, S., Berardino, P., Lanari, R., 2009. Uplift and
magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements.
Geology 37 (1), 63–66, doi:10.1130/G25318A.1.
Trigila, R. (Ed.), 1995. The volcano of the Alban Hills. Tipografia SGS, Rome.
Tuccimei, P., Giordano, G., Tedeschi, M., 2006. CO2 release variations during the last
2000 years at the Colli Albani volcano (Roma, Italy) from speleothems studies.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 243, 449–462.
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release of the international terrestrial reference frame based on time series of
station positions and earth orientation parameters. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B09401,
doi:10.1029/2007JB004949.
Amato, A., Chiarabba, C., Cocco, M., Di Bona, M., Selvaggi, G., 1994. The 1989–1990
seismic swarm in the Alban Hills volcanic area, central Italy. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 61, 225–237.
Amato, A., Chiarabba, C., 1995. Recent uplift of the Alban Hills volcano (Italy), evidence
for magmatic inflation? Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1985–1988.
Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Riguzzi, F., Zanutta, A., 1998. Evidence of
active crustal deformation of the Colli Albani volcanic area (central Italy) by GPS
surveys. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 80, 55–65.
Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Mantovani, E., Pesci, A., Riguzzi, F.,
Serpelloni, E., 2001. Insights into present-day crustal motion in the central
Mediterranean area from GPS survey. Geophys. J. Int. 146, 98–110.
Anzidei, M., Esposito, A., De Giosa, F., 2006. The dark side of the Albano crater lake.
Ann. Geophys. 49 (6), 1275–1287.
Anzidei, M., Carapezza, M.L., Esposito, A., Giordano, G., Lelli, M., Tarchini, L., 2008. The
Albano Maar Lake high resolution bathymetry and dissolved CO2 budget (Colli
Albani volcano, Italy): constrains to hazard evaluation. J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res. 171 (3/4), 258–268.
Betti, B., Biagi, L., Crespi, M., Riguzzi, F., 1999. GPS sensitivity analysis applied to
non-permanent deformation control networks. J. Geodesy. 73 (3), 158–167.
Beutler, et al., 2007. In: Dach, R., Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P., Meindl, M. (Eds.), Bernese
GPS Software. Astronomical Institute, University of Bern.
Bianchi, I., Piana Agostinetti, N., De Gori, P., Chiarabba, C., 2008. Deep structure of
the Colli Albani volcanic district (central Italy) from receiver functions analysis.
J. Geophys. Res. 113, B09313, doi:10.1029/2007JB005548.
Bianco, G., Devoti, R., Luceri, V., 2003. Combination of loosely constrained solutions.
IERS Tech. Note 30, 107–109.
Boni, C., Bono, P., Lombardi, S., Mastrorillo, L., Percopo, C., 1995. Hydrogeology, fluid
chemistry, and thermalism. In: Trigila, R. (Ed.), The volcano of the Alban Hills.
University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, pp. 221–240.
Bozzano, F.,Mazzanti, P., Anzidei, M., Esposito, C., Floris, M., Bianchi Fasani, G., Esposito,
A., in press. Slope dynamics of Lake Albano (Rome, Italy): insights fromhigh
resolution bathymetry, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, doi:10.1002/esp.1832.
Calcara, M., Lombardi, S., Quattrocchi, F., 1995. Geochemical monitoring for seismic
surveillance. In: Trigila, R. (Ed.), The Volcano of the Alban Hills. University of
Rome La Sapienza, Roma, pp. 243–263.
Carapezza, M.L., Badalamenti, B., Cavarra, L., Scalzo, A., 2003. Gas hazard assessment
in a densely inhabited area of Colli Albani Volcano (Cava dei Selci, Roma). J.
Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123, 81–94.
Carapezza, M.L., Tarchini, L., 2007. Accidental gas emission from shallowpressurized
aquifers at Alban Hills volcano (Rome, Italy): geochemical evidence of magmatic
degassing? J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 165, 5–16.
Carapezza, M.L., Lelli, M., Tarchini, L., 2008. Geochemistry of the Albano and Nemi
crater lakes in the volcanic district of Alban Hills (Rome, Italy). J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 178 (2), 297–304.
Cavaliè, O., Doin, M.-P., Lasserre, C., Briole, P., 2007. Ground motion measurement
in the Lake Mead area, Nevada, by differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry
time series analysis: Probing the lithosphere rheological structure. J.
Geophys. Res. 112, B03403, doi:10.1029/2006JB004344.
Chiarabba, C., Malagnini, L., Amato, A., 1994. Three-dimensional velocity structure
and earthquakes relocation in the Alban Hills volcano, central Italy. Bull. Seismol.
Soc. Am. 84 (2), 295–306.
Chiarabba, C., Amato, A., Delaney, P.T., 1997. Crustal structure, evolution and volcanic
unrest of the Alban Hills, Central Italy. Bull. Volcanol. 59, 161–170.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., 2001. Carbon dioxide degassing from the Albani Hills volcanic
region, Central Italy. Chem. Geol. 177, 67–83.
De Rita, D., Funiciello, R., Parotto, M., 1988. GeologicalMapof the Alban Hills Volcanic
Complex. CNR, Rome.
Devoti, R., Riguzzi, F., Cuffaro,M., Doglioni, C., 2008.NewGPS constraints on the kinematics
of the Apennine subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273 (1–2), 163–174.
Feuillet, N., Nostro, C., Chiarabba, C., Cocco, M., 2004. Coupling between earthquake
swarms and volcanic unrest at the Alban Hills Volcano (central
Italy) modeled through elastic stress transfer. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B02308,
doi:10.1029/2003JB002419.
Freda, C., Gaeta, M., Karner, D.B., Marra, F., Renne, P.R., Taddeucci, J., Scarlato, P.,
Christensen, J.N., Dallai, L., 2006. Eruptive history and petrologic evolution of
the Albano multiple maar (Alban Hills, Central Italy). Bull. Volc. 68, 567–591,
doi:10.1007/s00445-005-0033-6.
Freda, C., Gaeta,M., Misiti, V., Mollo, S., Dolfi, D., Scarlato, P., 2008. Magma–carbonate
interaction: an experimental study on ultrapotassic rocks fromAlban Hills (Central
Italy). Lithos 101 (3–4), 397–415.
Funiciello, R., Giordano, G., De Rita, D., 2003. The Albano maar lake (Colli Albani Volcano,
Italy): recent volcanic activity and evidence of pre-Roman Age catastrophic
lahar events. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123 (1), 43–61.
Funning, G.J., Parsons, B., Wright, T.J., Jackson, J.A., Fielding, E.J., 2005. Surface displacements
and source parameters of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake from
Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery. J. Geophys. Res. 110 (B9),
B09406, doi:10.1029/2004JB003338.
Kirchdörfer, M., 1999. Analysis and quasi-static FE modeling of long period impulsive
events associated with explosions at Stromboli volcano (Italy). Annali di
Geofisica 42 (3), 379–390.
Levenberg, K., 1944. A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in
least squares. Quart. Appl. Math. 2, 164–168.
Marquardt, D., 1963. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters,
SIAM. J. Appl. Math. 11, 431–441.
Marra, F., Karner, D.B., 2005. The Albano maar (Alban Hills volcanic district, Italy):
active or dormant volcano? Il Quaternario 18-2, 173–185.
Mariucci, M.T., Pierdominici, S., Pizzino, L., Marra, F., Montone, P., 2008. Looking into a
volcanic area: an overview on the 350mscientific drilling at Colli Albani (Rome,
Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 176 (2), 225–240.
Mogi, K., 1958. Relations between eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformation
of the ground surface around them. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo
36, 99–134.
Moré, J.J, Garbow, B.S., Hillstrom, K. E., 1980, User Guide for MINPACK-1: Argonne
National Laboratory Report ANL-80-74, 49 p.
Okada, Y., 1985. Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a halfspace.
Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75, 1135–1154.
Parsons, B., Wright, T., Rowe, P., Andrews, J., Jackson, J., Walker, R., Khatib, M.,
Talebian, M., Bergman, E., Engdahl, E.R., 2006. The 1994 Sefi Dabeh (eastern
Iran) earthquakes revisited: new evidence from satellite radar interferometry
and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust
fault. Geophys. J. Int. 164, 202–217, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02655.x.
Pietrantonio, G., Baiocchi, V., Fabiani,U.,Mazzoni, A., Riguzzi, F., 2008. Morphological
updating on the basis of integrated DTMs: study on the Albano andNemi craters.
J. Appl. Geodesy. 2 (December 4), 239–250.
Pizzino, L., Galli, G., Mancini, C., Quattrocchi, F., Scarlato, P., 2002. Natural gas hazard
(CO2, 222Rn) within a quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonic;
the case of the Ciampino-Marino area, Alban Hills Volcano, Italy. Natural Hazard
27 (3), 257–287.
Riguzzi, F., Baiocchi, V., Mazzoni, A., Pietrantonio, G., 2008.Water level and volume
estimations of the Albano and Nemi lakes (central Italy). Ann. Geophys. 51 (4),
563–573.
Salvi, S., Attori, S., Tolomei, C., Allievi, J., Ferretti, A., Rocca, F., Prati, C., Stramondo, S.,
Feuillet, N., 2004. Inflation rate of the Colli Albani volcanic complex retrieved by
the permanent scatterers SAR interferometry technique. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31,
L12606, doi:10.1029/2004GL020253.
Scrocca, D., 2006. Thrust front segmentation induced by differential slab retreat in
the Apennines (Italy). Terra Nova 18, 154–161.
Selvaggi, G., RING working group, La Rete Integrata Nazionale GPS (RING) dell’INGV:
una infrastruttura aperta per la ricerca scientifica, X Conferenza Nazionale
dell’ASITA, Bolzano (Italy) 14–17 November, 2006.
Serpelloni, E., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Pesci, A., Riguzzi, F., 2001.
Geodetic deformations in the Central-Southern Apennines (Italy) from repeated
GPS surveys. Annali di Geofisica 44 (3), 627–647.
Serpelloni, E., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, 2005. Crustal velocity and
strain-rate fields in Italy and surrounding regions: newresults fromthe analysis
of permanent and non-permanent GPS network. Geophys. J. Int. 161, 861–880.
Sottili, G., Taddeucci, J., Palladino, D.M., Gaeta, M., Scarlato, P., Ventura, G., 2009.
Sub-surface dynamics and eruptive styles of maars in the Colli Albani Volcanic
district, Central Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 180, 189–202.
Tertulliani, A., Riguzzi, F., 1995. Earthquakes in Rome during the past one hundred
years. Ann. Geophys. 38 (5–6), 581–590.
Tizzani, P., Battaglia, M., Zeni, G., Atzori, S., Berardino, P., Lanari, R., 2009. Uplift and
magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements.
Geology 37 (1), 63–66, doi:10.1130/G25318A.1.
Trigila, R. (Ed.), 1995. The volcano of the Alban Hills. Tipografia SGS, Rome.
Tuccimei, P., Giordano, G., Tedeschi, M., 2006. CO2 release variations during the last
2000 years at the Colli Albani volcano (Roma, Italy) from speleothems studies.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 243, 449–462.
Turcotte, D.L., Schubert, G., 1982. Geodynamics. Wiley, New York.
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