Defining a 3D physical model for the hydrothermal circulation at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Issue/vol(year)
/264(2013)
ISSN
0377-0273
Electronic ISSN
1872-6097
Publisher
Elsevier Science Limited
Pages (printed)
172-182
Date Issued
2013
Abstract
Our study is aimed to develop a 3D physical model of the Campi Flegrei geothermal system, in order to achieve a
more accurate and comprehensive representation of the hydrothermal processes occurring in the caldera. The
new model, developed by using the TOUGH2 code simulator, accounts for the caldera rocks' physical properties,
bathymetry and water table topography. In particular, the computational domain is constrained by density values
obtained by tomographic inversion of gravity data collected during several surveys at CF both onshore and offshore
the caldera. Empirical relations between density and porosity and between porosity and permeability, derived
by published data on samples cored in deep wells or collected in outcrops, allowed us to characterize the
main rocks physical parameters controlling the dynamic of the CF geothermal system. We have performed and
compared several simulations investigating the effects of the injection at depth, underneath Solfatara crater, of
a hot gaseous mixture rich in CO2. We show that, with respect to the available literature on 2D axisymmetric
models, the effects of the water table topography together with the bathymetry and the heterogeneous distribution
of the rocks' physical properties, lead to important differences in the hydrothermal circulation of fluids at CF.
These constraints allow the activation of convective cells with different behaviors, which produce variable patterns
of temperature inside the hydrothermal system. As a consequence, the predominant effect is again represented
by a central plume below the Solfatara crater, but with a non-axisymmetric structure and a wider
extension. Additionally, high temperature zones are present near the coastline and in the middle part of the submerged
area of the caldera with a SE–NW alignment.
Moreover, our results indicate that, the submerged part of the CF caldera would deserve a more accurate study
and survey, being affected by phenomenon of heating and degassing. This information could be very useful in
terms of hazard assessment and volcanic risk mitigation in such an active and densely inhabited volcanic and
geothermal area.
more accurate and comprehensive representation of the hydrothermal processes occurring in the caldera. The
new model, developed by using the TOUGH2 code simulator, accounts for the caldera rocks' physical properties,
bathymetry and water table topography. In particular, the computational domain is constrained by density values
obtained by tomographic inversion of gravity data collected during several surveys at CF both onshore and offshore
the caldera. Empirical relations between density and porosity and between porosity and permeability, derived
by published data on samples cored in deep wells or collected in outcrops, allowed us to characterize the
main rocks physical parameters controlling the dynamic of the CF geothermal system. We have performed and
compared several simulations investigating the effects of the injection at depth, underneath Solfatara crater, of
a hot gaseous mixture rich in CO2. We show that, with respect to the available literature on 2D axisymmetric
models, the effects of the water table topography together with the bathymetry and the heterogeneous distribution
of the rocks' physical properties, lead to important differences in the hydrothermal circulation of fluids at CF.
These constraints allow the activation of convective cells with different behaviors, which produce variable patterns
of temperature inside the hydrothermal system. As a consequence, the predominant effect is again represented
by a central plume below the Solfatara crater, but with a non-axisymmetric structure and a wider
extension. Additionally, high temperature zones are present near the coastline and in the middle part of the submerged
area of the caldera with a SE–NW alignment.
Moreover, our results indicate that, the submerged part of the CF caldera would deserve a more accurate study
and survey, being affected by phenomenon of heating and degassing. This information could be very useful in
terms of hazard assessment and volcanic risk mitigation in such an active and densely inhabited volcanic and
geothermal area.
References
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dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.018.
Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., Moretti, R., Avino, R., Granieri, D., Russo, M., Fiebig, J., 2007. The origin
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Chiodini, G., Todesco, M., Caliro, S., Del Gaudio, C., Macedonio, G., Russo, M., 2003. Magma
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composition of soil CO2 efflux, a powerful method to discriminate different
sources feeding soil CO2 degassing in volcanic‐hydrothermal areas. Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett. 274 (3–4), 372–379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.051.
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Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., DeMartino, P., Avino, R., Gherardi, F., 2012. Early signals of newvolcanic
unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera? Insights from geochemical data and physical
simulations. Geology 40, 943–946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G33251.1.
Costa, A., 2006. Permeability–porosity relationship: a reexamination of the Kozeny–
Carman equation based on a fractal pore-space geometry assumption. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 33, L02318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025134.
Costa, A., Folch, A., Macedonio, G., Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Smith, V.C., 2012. Quantifying volcanic
ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L10310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051605.
De Bonitatibus, A., Latmiral, G., Mirabile, L., Palumbo, A., Sarpi, E., Scalera, A., 1970. Rilievi
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Pozzuoli. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli 79 (97-l), 15.
De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Gans, P.B., Calvert, A., Bohrson, W.A., Spera, F.J., Belkin, H.E., 2001.
New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic Plain
(Italy). Mineral. Petrol. 73, 47–65.
Deino, A.L., Orsi, G., de Vita, S., Piochi, M., 2004. The age of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
caldera-forming eruption (Campi Flegrei caldera— Italy) assessed by 40Ar/39Ar dating
method. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 133 (1–4), 157–170.
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Flegrei: a reconstruction of vertical ground movements during 1905–2009. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 195, 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.05.014.
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exploration of the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) caldera's interiors: data, methods
and results. In: Zollo, A., Capuano, P., Corciulo, M. (Eds.), .
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and water table position within volcanic edifices: implications for volcanic processes
in the Cascade Range. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B12), 2557.
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Judenherc, S., Zollo, A., 2004. The Bay of Naples (Southern Italy): constraints on the volcanic
structures inferred from a dense seismic survey. J. Geophys. Res. 33, B10312.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035550.
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Conjugate Gradient Solvers for the TOUGH2 Family of Codes. Lawrence Berkeley
Nat. Lab. Report LBL 36235.
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polyhedral bodies and translation into magnetic anomalies. Geophysics 44,
730–741.
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trachytic Phreatoplinian eruption: eruptive dynamics,magmawithdrawal
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Byrdina, S., Ramos, D., Vandemeulebrouck, J., Masias, P., Revil, A., Finizola, A., Gonzales
Zuñiga, K., Cruz, V., Antayhua, Y., Macedo, O., 2013. Influence of the regional topography
on the remote emplacement of hydrothermal systems with examples of Ticsani
and Ubinas volcanoes, Southern Peru. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 365, 152–164. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.018.
Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., Moretti, R., Avino, R., Granieri, D., Russo, M., Fiebig, J., 2007. The origin
of the fumaroles of La Solfatara (Campi Flegrei, South Italy). Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta 71 (12), 3040–3055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.04.007.
Cassano, E., La Torre, P., 1987. Geophysics. In: Rosi, M., Sbrana, M. (Eds.), Phlegraean Fields,
Quad. Ric. Sci. , 114 (9), pp. 103–131.
Celico, P., De Vita, P., Nikzad, F., Stanzione, D., Vallario, A., 1992. Schema idrogeologico e
idrogeochimico dei Campi Flegrea (Na). Atti I Convegno Nazionale dei Giovani
Ricercatori in Geologia Applicata, Napoli.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Marini, L., Ventura, G., 2001. CO2
degassing and energy release at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy. J. Geophys.
Res. 106, 16216–16221.
Chiodini, G., Todesco, M., Caliro, S., Del Gaudio, C., Macedonio, G., Russo, M., 2003. Magma
degassing as a trigger of bradyseismic events: the case of Phlegrean Fields (Italy).
Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (8), 1434–1437.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Avino, R., Granieri, D., Schmidt, A., 2008. Carbon isotopic
composition of soil CO2 efflux, a powerful method to discriminate different
sources feeding soil CO2 degassing in volcanic‐hydrothermal areas. Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett. 274 (3–4), 372–379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.051.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Avino, R., Baldini, A., Donnini, M.,
Minopoli, C., 2010. Long-term variations of the Campi Flegrei, Italy, volcanic system
as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity. J. Geophys. Res. 115. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006258 B03205.
Chiodini, G., Avino, R., Caliro, S., Minopoli, C., 2011. Temperature and pressure gas
geoindicators at the Solfatara fumaroles (Campi Flegrei). Ann. Geophys. 54, 151–160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-5002.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., DeMartino, P., Avino, R., Gherardi, F., 2012. Early signals of newvolcanic
unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera? Insights from geochemical data and physical
simulations. Geology 40, 943–946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G33251.1.
Costa, A., 2006. Permeability–porosity relationship: a reexamination of the Kozeny–
Carman equation based on a fractal pore-space geometry assumption. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 33, L02318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025134.
Costa, A., Folch, A., Macedonio, G., Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Smith, V.C., 2012. Quantifying volcanic
ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L10310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051605.
De Bonitatibus, A., Latmiral, G., Mirabile, L., Palumbo, A., Sarpi, E., Scalera, A., 1970. Rilievi
sismici per riflessione: strutturali, ecografici (fumarole) e batimetrici nel Golfo di
Pozzuoli. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli 79 (97-l), 15.
De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Gans, P.B., Calvert, A., Bohrson, W.A., Spera, F.J., Belkin, H.E., 2001.
New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic Plain
(Italy). Mineral. Petrol. 73, 47–65.
Deino, A.L., Orsi, G., de Vita, S., Piochi, M., 2004. The age of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
caldera-forming eruption (Campi Flegrei caldera— Italy) assessed by 40Ar/39Ar dating
method. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 133 (1–4), 157–170.
DelGaudio,C.,Aquino, I., Ricciardi, G.P., Ricco, C., Scandone, R., 2010. UnrestepisodesatCampi
Flegrei: a reconstruction of vertical ground movements during 1905–2009. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 195, 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.05.014.
Deutsch, C.V., Journel, A.G., 1998. Geostatistical Software Library and User's Guide, 2nd ed.
Oxford University Press, New York.
Di Vito, M.A., Isaia, R., Orsi, G., Southon, J., de Vita, S., D'Antonio, M., Pappalardo, L., Piochi,
M., 1999. Volcanism and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 91, 221–246.
Giberti, G., Yven, B., Zamora, M., Vanorio, T., 2006. Database on laboratory measured data
on physical properties of rocks of Campi Flegrei volcanic area (Italy), In Geophysical
exploration of the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) caldera's interiors: data, methods
and results. In: Zollo, A., Capuano, P., Corciulo, M. (Eds.), .
Hansen, P.C., 1992. Analysis of discrete ill-posed problems by means of the L-curve. SIAM
Rev. 34, 561–580.
Hurwitz, S., Kipp, K., Ingebritsen, S.E., Reid, M.E., 2003. Groundwater flow, heat transport,
and water table position within volcanic edifices: implications for volcanic processes
in the Cascade Range. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B12), 2557.
Imbò, G., Bonasia, V., Gasparini, P., 1964. Rilievo gravimetrico dell'isola di Procida. Ann.
Oss. Ves. 6, 117–138.
Judenherc, S., Zollo, A., 2004. The Bay of Naples (Southern Italy): constraints on the volcanic
structures inferred from a dense seismic survey. J. Geophys. Res. 33, B10312.
Maino, A., Tribalto, G., 1971. Rilevamento gravimetrico di dettaglio dell'isola d'Ischia,
Napoli. Boll. Serv. Geol. Ital. 92, 109–122.
Mangiacapra, A., Moretti, R., Rutherford, M., Civetta, L., Orsi, G., Papale, P., 2008. The deep
magmatic system of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L21304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035550.
Moridis, G., Pruess, K., 1998. Flow and Transport Simulations using T2CG1, A Package of
Conjugate Gradient Solvers for the TOUGH2 Family of Codes. Lawrence Berkeley
Nat. Lab. Report LBL 36235.
Okabe, M., 1979. Analytical expression for gravity anomalies due to homogeneous
polyhedral bodies and translation into magnetic anomalies. Geophysics 44,
730–741.
Orsi, G., D'Antonio, M., de Vita, S., Gallo, G., 1992. The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, a largemagnitude
trachytic Phreatoplinian eruption: eruptive dynamics,magmawithdrawal
and caldera collapse. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 53, 275–287.
Orsi, G., Civetta, L., D'Antonio, M., Di Girolamo, P., Piochi, M., 1995. Step-filling and development
of a three-layer magma chamber: the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff case history.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 67, 291–312.
Orsi, G., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M.A., 1996. The restless, resurgent Campi Flegrea nested caldera
(Italy), constraints on its evolution and configuration. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 74,
179–214.
Orsi, G., Di Vito, M.A., Isaia, R., 2004. Volcanic hazard assessment at the restless Campi
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