Ionospheric Doppler measurements by means of HF-radar techniques

Studies of the dynamics of the ionosphere and its related phenomena are mainly based on Doppler Drift measurements.
The time variation (ionisation/recombination) of plasma density, thermospheric wind and others can
be observed by means of HF-radars. The technique of Doppler Drift measurements is a quite complex technique
that is now affordable by means of an advanced ionospheric sounder. The combination of vertical sounding and
interferometric Doppler detection discloses the Doppler sources. The echo signal contains the Doppler shift in
frequency imposed on the wave carrier by each point source where the signal is reflected. Other phenomena like
environmental noise and the intrinsic error of the measurements that, together with the change in time of the refractive
index, affect the measurements in various ways impeding to better quantify the results.

BIBL, K. (1998): Evolution of the ionosonde, Ann. Geofis.
41 (5-6), 667-680.
BIBL, K. and B.W. REINISCH (1978): The Universal Digital
Ionosonde, Radio Sci., 13, 519-530.
BIBL, K., W. PFISTER, B.W. REINISCH and G.S. SALES
(1975): Velocities of small and medium scale ionospheric
irregularities deduced from Doppler and arrival
measurements, Adv. Space Res., XV, 405-411.
DAVIES, K. (1990): Ionospheric Radio (P. Peregrinus London).
DOZOIS, C.G. (1983): A high frequency radio technique for measuring plasma drift in the ionosphere (University
of Massachusetts Lowell Center for Atmospheric Research,
Lowell, U.S.), Rep. No. 6.
DYSON, P.L. (1975): Relationship between the rate of
change of the phase path (Doppler shift) and angle of
arrival, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 37, 1151-1154.
HUNSUCKER, R.D. (1991): Radio Technique for Probing the
Terrestrial Ionosphere (Springer Verlag N.Y.).
OPPENHEIM, V.A., W.R. SCHAFER and J.R. BUCK (1999): Discrete-
Time Signal Processing, 2nd edition (New Jersey).
SCALI, J. (1993): A Quality Control Package for the Digisonde
Drift Analysis (DDA), Version 2.0 (University of
Massachusetts Lowell, Center for Atmospheric Research).
SCALI, J., B. REINISCH, C. DOZOIS, K. BIBL, D. KITROSSER,
M. HAINES and T. BULLETT (1995): Digisonde Drift
Analysis (University of Massachusetts Lowell Center
for Atmospheric Research).