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The Frontier Mountain meteorite trap (Antarctica)
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
2 / 37 (2002)
Publisher
Meteoritical Society
Pages (printed)
209-228
Issued date
February 2002
Abstract
The Frontier Mountain blue ice field is an important Antarctic meteorite trap which has
yielded 472 meteorite specimens since its discovery in 1984. Remote sensing analyses and field campaigns from 1993 to 1999 have furnished new glaciological data on ice flow, ice thickness, bedrock topography, ice ablation and surface mass transport by wind, along with detailed descriptions of the field situation at the trap. This solid set of data combined with an updated meteorite distribution map and terrestrial ages available from literature allows us to better describe the nature of the concentration mechanism. In particular, we observe that the meteorite trap forms in a blue ice field
(1) located upstream of an absolute and a shallow sub-ice barriers; (2) characterized by compressive ice flow with horizontal velocities decreasing from 100 to <10 cm/year on approaching the obstacle; (3) undergoing mean ablation rates of 6.5 cm/year; (4) nourished by a limited snow accumulation
zone extending ∼20 km upstream of the blue ice area. We also draw the following conclusions: (1) the origin of the meteorite trap can be explained according to the present-day glaciological situation;
(2) the meteorite concentration develops according to the general principles of the "ice flow model"; (3) the accumulation model can be described as "stagnant ice or slow-moving ice against an absolute and submerged barriers", according to the descriptive schemes present in literature; (4) the Frontier Mountain ice field is an effective trap for meteorites weighing more than ∼200 g; for smaller masses, the combination of wind and glacial drift may remove meteorites in less than a few tens of thousands of years; (5) although the activation age of the Frontier Mountain trap is not yet constrained, we infer that one of the most important findsites may be as old as 50 ka, predating the last glacial maximum.
yielded 472 meteorite specimens since its discovery in 1984. Remote sensing analyses and field campaigns from 1993 to 1999 have furnished new glaciological data on ice flow, ice thickness, bedrock topography, ice ablation and surface mass transport by wind, along with detailed descriptions of the field situation at the trap. This solid set of data combined with an updated meteorite distribution map and terrestrial ages available from literature allows us to better describe the nature of the concentration mechanism. In particular, we observe that the meteorite trap forms in a blue ice field
(1) located upstream of an absolute and a shallow sub-ice barriers; (2) characterized by compressive ice flow with horizontal velocities decreasing from 100 to <10 cm/year on approaching the obstacle; (3) undergoing mean ablation rates of 6.5 cm/year; (4) nourished by a limited snow accumulation
zone extending ∼20 km upstream of the blue ice area. We also draw the following conclusions: (1) the origin of the meteorite trap can be explained according to the present-day glaciological situation;
(2) the meteorite concentration develops according to the general principles of the "ice flow model"; (3) the accumulation model can be described as "stagnant ice or slow-moving ice against an absolute and submerged barriers", according to the descriptive schemes present in literature; (4) the Frontier Mountain ice field is an effective trap for meteorites weighing more than ∼200 g; for smaller masses, the combination of wind and glacial drift may remove meteorites in less than a few tens of thousands of years; (5) although the activation age of the Frontier Mountain trap is not yet constrained, we infer that one of the most important findsites may be as old as 50 ka, predating the last glacial maximum.
References
ANNEXSTAD J. O. AND SCHULTZ L. (1983) Measurements of the
triangulation network at the Allan Hills meteorite icefield. In Antarctic
Earth Science (eds. R. L. Oliver, P. R. James and J. B. Jago), pp.
617–619. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
BENOIT P. H. AND SEARS D. W. G. (2000) The natural
thermoluminescence survey of Antarctic meteorites: Ordinary
chondrites at the Grosvenor Mountains, MacAlpine Hills, Pecora
Escarpment and Queen Alexandra Range, and new data for the Elephant Moraine ice fields. In Workshop on Extraterrestrial
Material from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds. L. Schultz, I. A.
Franchi, A. Reid and M. Zolensky), pp. 11–14. LPI
Contribution No. 997, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
BINDSCHADLER R. A. AND SCAMBOS T. A. (1991) Satellite Image
derived velocity field of an Antarctic Ice Stream. Science 252,
242–252.
CASSIDY W., HARVEY R., SCHUTT J., DELISLE G. AND YANAI K.
(1992) The meteorite collection sites of Antarctica. Meteoritics
27, 490–525.
DELISLE G. (1993) Global change. Antarctic meteorite traps and the
East Antarctic Ice Sheet. J. Glaciology 39, 397–408.
DELISLE G., FRANCHI I., ROSSI A. AND WIELER R. (1993) Meteorite
finds by EUROMET near Frontier Mountain, North Victoria
Land, Antarctica. Meteoritics 28, 126–129.
DELISLE G., HÖFLE H. C. AND THIERBACH R. (1986) Discovery of
meteorites on a blue ice field near Frontier Mountain, North
Victoria Land, Antarctica. In Workshop on Antarctic Meteorites
(eds. ), pp. 30–33. LPI Technical Report 86-01, Lunar and
Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
DELISLE G. ET AL. (1989) Meteorite finds near the Frontier
Mountain Range in North Victoria Land. Geologisches
Jahrbuch E38, 483–513.
FAURE G. AND BUCHANAN D. (1991) Ablation rates of the ice fields
in the vicinity of the Allan Hills, Victoria Land, Antarctica. In
Contributions to Antarctic Research II (ed. D. H. Elliot), pp.
19–31. Antarctic Research Series 53.
FOLCO L., FRANCHI I. A., MELLINI M. AND PILLINGER C. T. (1995)
Report on activities undertaken by the EUROMET/PNRA
meteorite collection expedition to Frontier Mountain, North
Victoria Land, during the 1993–94 Antarctic field season. In
Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds L.
Schultz, J. O. Annexstad and M. E. Zolensky), pp. 27–29. LPI
Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
FOLCO L., MELLINI M., MENEGHEL M. AND PERCHIAZZI N. (1996)
The 1995/96 PNRA/EUROMET meteorite collection expedition:
New finds from Frontier Mountain and reconnaissance of blue
ice fields in the Rennick Glacier region (North Victoria Land,
Antarctica). In Materiali del Dipartimento di Geografia "G.
Morandini". Convegno Nazionale di Glaciologia Antartica, June
11–12, Padova, Italy.
FOLCO L. AND MELLINI M. (2000) 1990–2000: Ten years of Antarctic
meteorite search by the Italian PNRA. Antarctic Meteorites 25, 8–9.
GANOVEX III (1987) Geological map of North Victoria Land,
Antarctica, 1:500 000—Explanatory notes—German Antarctic
North Victoria Land Expedition 1982/83. Geologisches Jahrbuch
2, 7–79.
GRADY M. M., HUTCHISON R., MCCALL G. J. H. AND ROTHERY D. A.
(1998) Introduction. In Meteorites: Flux with Time and Impact
Effects (eds. M. M. Grady, R. Hutchison, G. J. H. McCall and D. A.
Rothery), pp. 1–5. Geological Society, Special Publications 140,
London, U.K.
GRAHAM A. L. AND ANNEXSTAD J. O. (1989) Antarctic meteorites.
Antarct. Sci. 1, 3–14.
GUNN B. M. AND WARREN G. (1962) Geology of Victoria Land
between the Mawson and Mulock Glaciers, Antarctica. Bull. N.
Z. Geol. Surv. 71, 1–157.
HALLIDAY I., BLACKWELL A. T. AND GRIFFIN A. A. (1989) The flux
of meteorites to Earth's surface. Meteoritics 24, 173–178.
HARVEY R. P. (1995) Moving targets: The effects of supply, wind
movement, and search losses on Antarctic meteorite size
distribution. In Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot
Deserts (eds. L. Schultz, J. O. Annexstad, and M. E. Zolensky),
pp. 34–36. LPI Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary
Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
HARVEY R. P. AND CASSIDY W. A. (1989) A statistical comparison of
Antarctic finds and modern falls: Mass frequency distributions
and relative abundance by type. Meteoritics 24, 9–14.
HÖFLE H-C. (1989) The glacial history of the Outback Nunataks Area
in Western North Victoria Land. Geologisches Jahrbuch E38,
335–355.
HUSS G. R. (1990) Meteorite infall as a function of mass: Implications
for the accumulation of meteorites on Antarctic ice. Meteoritics
25, 41–56.
IKEDA Y. AND KIMURA M. (1992) Mass distribution of Antarctic
ordinary chondrites and the estimation of the fall-to-specimen
ratios. Meteoritics 27, 435–441.
JULL A. J. T., CLOUDT S. AND CIELASZYK E. (1998) In Meteorites:
Flux with Time and Impact Effects (eds. M. M. Grady, R.
Hutchison, G. J. H. McCall and D. A. Rothery), pp. 1–5.
Geological Society, Special Publications 140, London, U.K.
KOEBERL C. (1989) Iridium enrichment in volcanic dust from blue
ice fields, Antarctica, and possible relevance to the K/T boundary
event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 92, 317–322.
KOEBERL C., YANAI K., CASSIDY W. A. AND SCHUTT J. W. (1988)
Investigation of dust bands from blue ice fields in the Lewis Cliff
(Beardmore) area, Antarctica: A progress report. Antarctic
Meteorites 1, 291–309.
LINDSTROM M. M. AND SCORE R. (1995) Populations, pairing and
rare meteorites in the U.S. Antarctic meteorite collection. In
Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds. L.
Schultz, J. O. Annexstad and M. E. Zolensky), pp. 43–45. LPI
Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
NAGATA T. (1978) A possible mechanism of concentration of
meteorites within the Meteorite Ice Field in Antarctica. Mem.
Natl. Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue 8, 70–92.
NISHIIZUMI K. (1995) Terrestrial ages of meteorites from cold and
hot regions. In Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot
Deserts (eds. L. Schultz, J. O. Annexstad and M. E. Zolensky),
pp. 53–55. LPI Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary
Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
NISHIIZUMI K., ELMORE D. AND KUBIK P. W. (1989) Update on
terrestrial ages of Antarctic meteorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
93, 299–313.
OERLEMANS J. AND VAN DER VEEN C. J. (1984) Ice Sheets and
Climate. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
217 pp.
ORHEIM O. AND LUCCHITTA B. K. (1988) Snow and ice studies by
Thematic Mapper and multispectral scanner Landsat images.
Annals Glaciology 9, 109–118.
OROMBELLI G., BARONI C. AND DENTON G. H. (1990) Late Cenozoic
glacial history of the Terra Nova Bay region, northern Victoria
Land, Antarctica. Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. 13, 139–163.
PALLADINO A. F., FOLCO L. AND MELLINI M. (1996) GIS applications
to the Frontier Mountain meteorite trap (North Victoria Land,
Antarctica). In Materiali del Dipartimento di Geografia "G.
Morandini". Convegno Nazionale di Glaciologia Antartica, June
11–12, Padova, Italy.
PERCHIAZZI N., FOLCO L. AND MELLINI M. (1999) Volcanic ash bands
in the Frontier Mountain and Lichen Hills blue-ice fields, northern
Victoria Land. Antarctic Sci. 11, 353–361.
REMY F., SHAEFFER P. AND LEGRESY B. (1999) Ice flow processes
derived from the ERS-1 high resolution map of the Antarctica
and Greenland ice sheets. Geophysical J. Intl. 139, 645–656
SCHERER P., ANNEXSTAD J. AND NEUPERT U. (1997) Allan Hills
88019: An Antarctic H-chondrite with a very long terrestrial
age. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 769–773.
SCHULTZ L. AND ANNEXSTAD J. (1984) Ablation and ice movement
at the Allan Hills Main Icefield between 1978 and 1981. In Field
and Laboratory Investigations of Meteorites from Victoria Land,
Antarctica (eds. U. B. Marvin and B. Mason), pp. 17–22.
Smithsonian Contribution to Earth Sciences 26.
SCHULTZ L., ANNEXSTAD J. AND DELISLE G. (1990) Ice movement
and mass balance at the Allan Hills Icefield. Antarctic J. USA
25, 94–95.
SCHUTT J., SCHULTZ L., ZINNER L. AND ZOLENSKY M. (1986) Search
for meteorites in the Allan Hills region 1985–86. Antarctic J.
USA 21, 82–83.
TERRIBILINI D., EUGSTER O., HERZOG G. F. AND SCHNABEL C.
(2000) Evidence for common breakup events of the
acapulcoites-lodranites and chondrites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci.
35, 1043–1050.
TABACCO I. E., BIANCHI C., CHIAPPINI M., PASSERINI A., ZIRIZZOTTI
A. AND ZUCCHERETTI E. (1999) Latest improvements for the echo
sounding system of the Italian radar glaciological group and
measurements in Antarctica. Ann. Geofis. 42, 271–276.
VAN DER VEEN C. J. (1999) Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics.
A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 462 pp.
WARREN S. G. (1982) Optical properties of snow. Rev. Geophysics
20, 67–89.
WELTEN K. C., ALDERLIESTEN C., VAN DER BORG K., LINDER L.,
LOEKEN T. AND SCHULTZ L. (1997) Lewis Cliff 86360: An
Antarctic L-chondrite with a terrestrial age of 2.35 million years.
Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 775–780.
WELTEN K. C., NISHIIZUMI K., MASARIK J., CAFFEE M. W., JULL
A. J. T., KLANDRUD S. E. AND WIELER R. (2001) Cosmic-ray
exposure history of two Frontier Mountain H-chondrite showers
from spallation and neutron-capture products. Meteorit. Planet.
Sci. 36, 301–318.
WHILLANS I. M. AND CASSIDY W. A. (1983) Catch a falling star:
Meteorites on old ice. Science 222, 55–57.
WIELER R., CAFFEE M. W. AND NISHIIZUMI K. (1995) Exposure and
terrestrial ages of H-chondrites from Frontier Mountain. In
Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds. L.
Schultz, J. O. Annexstad, and M. E. Zolensky), pp. 70–72. LPI
Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
YOKOYAMA K. (1975) Net accumulation by stake measurements.
JARE data Report 28 (Glaciol.), 62–82.
ZIBORDI G., MELONI G.P. AND FREZZOTTI M. (1996) Snow and ice
reflectance spectra of the Nansen Ice Sheet surfaces. Cold Regions
Sci. Tech. 24, 147–151.
ZOLENSKY M. (1988) The flux of meteorites to Antarctica. In
Meteorites: Flux with Time and Impact Effects (eds. M. M. Grady,
R. Hutchison, G. J. H. McCall and D. A. Rothery), pp. 93–104.
Geological Society, Special Publications 140, London, U.K.
triangulation network at the Allan Hills meteorite icefield. In Antarctic
Earth Science (eds. R. L. Oliver, P. R. James and J. B. Jago), pp.
617–619. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
BENOIT P. H. AND SEARS D. W. G. (2000) The natural
thermoluminescence survey of Antarctic meteorites: Ordinary
chondrites at the Grosvenor Mountains, MacAlpine Hills, Pecora
Escarpment and Queen Alexandra Range, and new data for the Elephant Moraine ice fields. In Workshop on Extraterrestrial
Material from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds. L. Schultz, I. A.
Franchi, A. Reid and M. Zolensky), pp. 11–14. LPI
Contribution No. 997, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
BINDSCHADLER R. A. AND SCAMBOS T. A. (1991) Satellite Image
derived velocity field of an Antarctic Ice Stream. Science 252,
242–252.
CASSIDY W., HARVEY R., SCHUTT J., DELISLE G. AND YANAI K.
(1992) The meteorite collection sites of Antarctica. Meteoritics
27, 490–525.
DELISLE G. (1993) Global change. Antarctic meteorite traps and the
East Antarctic Ice Sheet. J. Glaciology 39, 397–408.
DELISLE G., FRANCHI I., ROSSI A. AND WIELER R. (1993) Meteorite
finds by EUROMET near Frontier Mountain, North Victoria
Land, Antarctica. Meteoritics 28, 126–129.
DELISLE G., HÖFLE H. C. AND THIERBACH R. (1986) Discovery of
meteorites on a blue ice field near Frontier Mountain, North
Victoria Land, Antarctica. In Workshop on Antarctic Meteorites
(eds. ), pp. 30–33. LPI Technical Report 86-01, Lunar and
Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
DELISLE G. ET AL. (1989) Meteorite finds near the Frontier
Mountain Range in North Victoria Land. Geologisches
Jahrbuch E38, 483–513.
FAURE G. AND BUCHANAN D. (1991) Ablation rates of the ice fields
in the vicinity of the Allan Hills, Victoria Land, Antarctica. In
Contributions to Antarctic Research II (ed. D. H. Elliot), pp.
19–31. Antarctic Research Series 53.
FOLCO L., FRANCHI I. A., MELLINI M. AND PILLINGER C. T. (1995)
Report on activities undertaken by the EUROMET/PNRA
meteorite collection expedition to Frontier Mountain, North
Victoria Land, during the 1993–94 Antarctic field season. In
Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds L.
Schultz, J. O. Annexstad and M. E. Zolensky), pp. 27–29. LPI
Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
FOLCO L., MELLINI M., MENEGHEL M. AND PERCHIAZZI N. (1996)
The 1995/96 PNRA/EUROMET meteorite collection expedition:
New finds from Frontier Mountain and reconnaissance of blue
ice fields in the Rennick Glacier region (North Victoria Land,
Antarctica). In Materiali del Dipartimento di Geografia "G.
Morandini". Convegno Nazionale di Glaciologia Antartica, June
11–12, Padova, Italy.
FOLCO L. AND MELLINI M. (2000) 1990–2000: Ten years of Antarctic
meteorite search by the Italian PNRA. Antarctic Meteorites 25, 8–9.
GANOVEX III (1987) Geological map of North Victoria Land,
Antarctica, 1:500 000—Explanatory notes—German Antarctic
North Victoria Land Expedition 1982/83. Geologisches Jahrbuch
2, 7–79.
GRADY M. M., HUTCHISON R., MCCALL G. J. H. AND ROTHERY D. A.
(1998) Introduction. In Meteorites: Flux with Time and Impact
Effects (eds. M. M. Grady, R. Hutchison, G. J. H. McCall and D. A.
Rothery), pp. 1–5. Geological Society, Special Publications 140,
London, U.K.
GRAHAM A. L. AND ANNEXSTAD J. O. (1989) Antarctic meteorites.
Antarct. Sci. 1, 3–14.
GUNN B. M. AND WARREN G. (1962) Geology of Victoria Land
between the Mawson and Mulock Glaciers, Antarctica. Bull. N.
Z. Geol. Surv. 71, 1–157.
HALLIDAY I., BLACKWELL A. T. AND GRIFFIN A. A. (1989) The flux
of meteorites to Earth's surface. Meteoritics 24, 173–178.
HARVEY R. P. (1995) Moving targets: The effects of supply, wind
movement, and search losses on Antarctic meteorite size
distribution. In Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot
Deserts (eds. L. Schultz, J. O. Annexstad, and M. E. Zolensky),
pp. 34–36. LPI Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary
Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
HARVEY R. P. AND CASSIDY W. A. (1989) A statistical comparison of
Antarctic finds and modern falls: Mass frequency distributions
and relative abundance by type. Meteoritics 24, 9–14.
HÖFLE H-C. (1989) The glacial history of the Outback Nunataks Area
in Western North Victoria Land. Geologisches Jahrbuch E38,
335–355.
HUSS G. R. (1990) Meteorite infall as a function of mass: Implications
for the accumulation of meteorites on Antarctic ice. Meteoritics
25, 41–56.
IKEDA Y. AND KIMURA M. (1992) Mass distribution of Antarctic
ordinary chondrites and the estimation of the fall-to-specimen
ratios. Meteoritics 27, 435–441.
JULL A. J. T., CLOUDT S. AND CIELASZYK E. (1998) In Meteorites:
Flux with Time and Impact Effects (eds. M. M. Grady, R.
Hutchison, G. J. H. McCall and D. A. Rothery), pp. 1–5.
Geological Society, Special Publications 140, London, U.K.
KOEBERL C. (1989) Iridium enrichment in volcanic dust from blue
ice fields, Antarctica, and possible relevance to the K/T boundary
event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 92, 317–322.
KOEBERL C., YANAI K., CASSIDY W. A. AND SCHUTT J. W. (1988)
Investigation of dust bands from blue ice fields in the Lewis Cliff
(Beardmore) area, Antarctica: A progress report. Antarctic
Meteorites 1, 291–309.
LINDSTROM M. M. AND SCORE R. (1995) Populations, pairing and
rare meteorites in the U.S. Antarctic meteorite collection. In
Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds. L.
Schultz, J. O. Annexstad and M. E. Zolensky), pp. 43–45. LPI
Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
NAGATA T. (1978) A possible mechanism of concentration of
meteorites within the Meteorite Ice Field in Antarctica. Mem.
Natl. Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue 8, 70–92.
NISHIIZUMI K. (1995) Terrestrial ages of meteorites from cold and
hot regions. In Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot
Deserts (eds. L. Schultz, J. O. Annexstad and M. E. Zolensky),
pp. 53–55. LPI Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary
Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
NISHIIZUMI K., ELMORE D. AND KUBIK P. W. (1989) Update on
terrestrial ages of Antarctic meteorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
93, 299–313.
OERLEMANS J. AND VAN DER VEEN C. J. (1984) Ice Sheets and
Climate. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
217 pp.
ORHEIM O. AND LUCCHITTA B. K. (1988) Snow and ice studies by
Thematic Mapper and multispectral scanner Landsat images.
Annals Glaciology 9, 109–118.
OROMBELLI G., BARONI C. AND DENTON G. H. (1990) Late Cenozoic
glacial history of the Terra Nova Bay region, northern Victoria
Land, Antarctica. Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. 13, 139–163.
PALLADINO A. F., FOLCO L. AND MELLINI M. (1996) GIS applications
to the Frontier Mountain meteorite trap (North Victoria Land,
Antarctica). In Materiali del Dipartimento di Geografia "G.
Morandini". Convegno Nazionale di Glaciologia Antartica, June
11–12, Padova, Italy.
PERCHIAZZI N., FOLCO L. AND MELLINI M. (1999) Volcanic ash bands
in the Frontier Mountain and Lichen Hills blue-ice fields, northern
Victoria Land. Antarctic Sci. 11, 353–361.
REMY F., SHAEFFER P. AND LEGRESY B. (1999) Ice flow processes
derived from the ERS-1 high resolution map of the Antarctica
and Greenland ice sheets. Geophysical J. Intl. 139, 645–656
SCHERER P., ANNEXSTAD J. AND NEUPERT U. (1997) Allan Hills
88019: An Antarctic H-chondrite with a very long terrestrial
age. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 769–773.
SCHULTZ L. AND ANNEXSTAD J. (1984) Ablation and ice movement
at the Allan Hills Main Icefield between 1978 and 1981. In Field
and Laboratory Investigations of Meteorites from Victoria Land,
Antarctica (eds. U. B. Marvin and B. Mason), pp. 17–22.
Smithsonian Contribution to Earth Sciences 26.
SCHULTZ L., ANNEXSTAD J. AND DELISLE G. (1990) Ice movement
and mass balance at the Allan Hills Icefield. Antarctic J. USA
25, 94–95.
SCHUTT J., SCHULTZ L., ZINNER L. AND ZOLENSKY M. (1986) Search
for meteorites in the Allan Hills region 1985–86. Antarctic J.
USA 21, 82–83.
TERRIBILINI D., EUGSTER O., HERZOG G. F. AND SCHNABEL C.
(2000) Evidence for common breakup events of the
acapulcoites-lodranites and chondrites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci.
35, 1043–1050.
TABACCO I. E., BIANCHI C., CHIAPPINI M., PASSERINI A., ZIRIZZOTTI
A. AND ZUCCHERETTI E. (1999) Latest improvements for the echo
sounding system of the Italian radar glaciological group and
measurements in Antarctica. Ann. Geofis. 42, 271–276.
VAN DER VEEN C. J. (1999) Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics.
A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 462 pp.
WARREN S. G. (1982) Optical properties of snow. Rev. Geophysics
20, 67–89.
WELTEN K. C., ALDERLIESTEN C., VAN DER BORG K., LINDER L.,
LOEKEN T. AND SCHULTZ L. (1997) Lewis Cliff 86360: An
Antarctic L-chondrite with a terrestrial age of 2.35 million years.
Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 775–780.
WELTEN K. C., NISHIIZUMI K., MASARIK J., CAFFEE M. W., JULL
A. J. T., KLANDRUD S. E. AND WIELER R. (2001) Cosmic-ray
exposure history of two Frontier Mountain H-chondrite showers
from spallation and neutron-capture products. Meteorit. Planet.
Sci. 36, 301–318.
WHILLANS I. M. AND CASSIDY W. A. (1983) Catch a falling star:
Meteorites on old ice. Science 222, 55–57.
WIELER R., CAFFEE M. W. AND NISHIIZUMI K. (1995) Exposure and
terrestrial ages of H-chondrites from Frontier Mountain. In
Workshop on Meteorites from Cold and Hot Deserts (eds. L.
Schultz, J. O. Annexstad, and M. E. Zolensky), pp. 70–72. LPI
Technical Report 95-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston,
Texas, USA.
YOKOYAMA K. (1975) Net accumulation by stake measurements.
JARE data Report 28 (Glaciol.), 62–82.
ZIBORDI G., MELONI G.P. AND FREZZOTTI M. (1996) Snow and ice
reflectance spectra of the Nansen Ice Sheet surfaces. Cold Regions
Sci. Tech. 24, 147–151.
ZOLENSKY M. (1988) The flux of meteorites to Antarctica. In
Meteorites: Flux with Time and Impact Effects (eds. M. M. Grady,
R. Hutchison, G. J. H. McCall and D. A. Rothery), pp. 93–104.
Geological Society, Special Publications 140, London, U.K.
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