Site effects “on the rock”: the case of Castelvecchio Subequo (L’Aquila, central Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Issue/vol(year)
3/9 (2011)
Publisher
Springer
Pages (printed)
841-868
Date Issued
2011
Abstract
The April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake was responsible for an “anomalous”, relatively high degree of
damage (i.e. Is 7 MCS scale) at Castelvecchio Subequo (CS). Indeed, the village is located at source-to-site
distance of about 40 km, and it is surrounded by other inhabited centres to which considerably lower
intensities, i.e. Is 5-6, have been attributed. Moreover, the damage was irregularly distributed within CS,
being mainly concentrated in the uppermost portion of the old village. Geophysical investigations (ambient
seismic noise and weak ground motions analyses) revealed that site effects occurred at CS. Amplifications of
the ground motion, mainly striking NE-SW, have been detected at the uppermost portion of the carbonate
ridge on which the village is built. Geological/structural and geomechanical field surveys defined that the CS
ridge is affected by sets of fractures, joints and shear planes – mainly roughly NW-SE and N-S trending –
that are related to the deformation zone of the Subequana valley fault system and to transfer faults linking
northward the mentioned tectonic feature with the Middle Aterno Valley fault system. In particular, our
investigations highlight that seismic amplifications occur where joints set NW-SE trending are open. On the
other hand, no amplification is seen in portions of the ridge where the bedrock is densely fractured but no
open joints occur. The fracture opening seems related to the toppling tendency of the bedrock slabs, owing to
the local geomorphic setting. These investigations suggest that the detected amplification of the ground
motion is probably related to the polarization of the seismic waves along the Castelvecchio Subequo ridge,
with the consequent oscillation of the rock slabs perpendicularly to the fractures azimuth.
damage (i.e. Is 7 MCS scale) at Castelvecchio Subequo (CS). Indeed, the village is located at source-to-site
distance of about 40 km, and it is surrounded by other inhabited centres to which considerably lower
intensities, i.e. Is 5-6, have been attributed. Moreover, the damage was irregularly distributed within CS,
being mainly concentrated in the uppermost portion of the old village. Geophysical investigations (ambient
seismic noise and weak ground motions analyses) revealed that site effects occurred at CS. Amplifications of
the ground motion, mainly striking NE-SW, have been detected at the uppermost portion of the carbonate
ridge on which the village is built. Geological/structural and geomechanical field surveys defined that the CS
ridge is affected by sets of fractures, joints and shear planes – mainly roughly NW-SE and N-S trending –
that are related to the deformation zone of the Subequana valley fault system and to transfer faults linking
northward the mentioned tectonic feature with the Middle Aterno Valley fault system. In particular, our
investigations highlight that seismic amplifications occur where joints set NW-SE trending are open. On the
other hand, no amplification is seen in portions of the ridge where the bedrock is densely fractured but no
open joints occur. The fracture opening seems related to the toppling tendency of the bedrock slabs, owing to
the local geomorphic setting. These investigations suggest that the detected amplification of the ground
motion is probably related to the polarization of the seismic waves along the Castelvecchio Subequo ridge,
with the consequent oscillation of the rock slabs perpendicularly to the fractures azimuth.
References
Anzidei M, Boschi E, Cannelli V, Devoti R, Esposito A, Galvani A, Melini D, Pietrantonio G, Riguzzi F, Sepe V, Serpelloni E (2009) Coseismic deformation of the destructive April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (central Italy) from GPS data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L17307. doi:10.1029/2009GL039145
Athanasopoulos G.A., Pelekis P.C., Leonidou E.A. (1999) Effects of surface topography on seismic ground response in Egion (Greece) 15 June 1995 earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 18:135 149
Atzori S, Hunstad I, Chini M, Salvi S, Tolomei C, Bignami C, Stramondo S, Trasatti E, Antonioli A, Boschi E (2009) Finite fault inversion of DInSAR coseismic displacement of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L15305
Bagh S, Chiaraluce L, De Gori P, Moretti M, Govoni A, Chiarabba C, Di Bartolomeo P, Romanelli M (2007) Background seismicity in the Central Apennines of Italy: The Abruzzo region case study. Tectonophysics 444:80-92
Bard, P. Y. (1982) Diffracted waves and displacement fields over twodimensional elevated topographies. Geophys. J. Int. 71:731–760
Bard P. Y., Tucker B. E. (1985) Underground and ridge site effects: A comparison of observation and theory, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75:905–922
Bindi D, Castro R, Franceschina G, Luzi L, Pacor F (2004) The 1997 - 1998 Umbria - Marche sequence (central Italy): Source, Path and Site effects estimated from strong motion data recorded in the epicentral area. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B04312. doi:10.1029/2003JB002857
Bindi D, Pacor F, Luzi L, Massa M, and Ameri G (2009) The Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake: source, path and site effects from spectral analysis of strong motion data. Geophysical Journal International, 179: 1573–1579
Boncio P, Lavecchia G, Pace B (2004) Defining a model of 3D seismogenic sources for Seismic Hazard Assessment applications: The case of central Apennines (Italy). J. Seismol. 8:407-425
Boncio P, Pizzi A, Brozzetti F, Pomposo G, Lavecchia G, Di Naccio D, Ferrarini F (2010) Coseismic ground deformation of the 6 April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (central Italy, Mw6.3). Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L06308.
Boore D. M. (1972) A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 62:275–284
Boore DM (1983) Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motion based on seismological models of the radiated spectra. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 73:1865–1894
Boore DM (2003) Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure Appl. Geophys. 160:635–676
Borcherdt RD (1970) Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay: Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 60:29-61
Bosi C, Bertini T (1970) La geologia della media valle dell’Aterno. Mem. Soc. Geol. It. 9:719-777
Bouchon M., Barker J. S. (1996) Seismic response of a hill: The example of Tarzana, California. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86:66–72
Calamita F, Pizzi A, Scisciani V, De Girolamo C, Coltorti M, Pieruccini P, Turco E (2000) Caratterizzazione delle faglie quaternarie nella dorsale appenninica umbro-marchigiana-abruzzese. CNR-Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti, Roma
Cavinato GP, De Celles PG (1999) Extensional basins in the tectonically bimodal central Apennines fold-thrust belt, Italy: response to corner flow above a subducting slab in retrograde motion. Geology. 27:955-958
Çelebi, M. (1987) Topographical and geological amplifications determined from strong motion and aftershock records of the 3 March 1985 Chile earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 77:1147–1167
Chávez-García F., Sánchez L. R., Hatzfeld D. (1996) Topographic site effects and HVSR. A comparison between observation and theory. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86:1559–1573
Devoti R, Riguzzi F, Cuffaro M, Doglioni C (2008) New GPS constraints on the kinematics of the Apennines subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273:163-174
Emergeo Working Group (2010) Evidence for surface rupture associated with the Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake sequence of April 2009 (central Italy). Terra Nova 22:43-51
Faccioli E., Vanini M., Frassine L. (2002) “Complex” site effects in earthquake ground motion, including topography. 12th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Barbican Center, London, UK
Falcucci E, Gori S, Moro M, Galadini F, Marzorati S, Ladina C, Piccarreda D, Fredi P (2009) Evidenze di fagliazione normale tardo-olocenica nel settore compreso fra la conca Subequana e la Media Valle dell'Aterno, a sud dell'area epicentrale del terremoto di L'Aquila del 6 Aprile 2009. Implicazioni sismotettoniche. Riassunti estesi delle comunicazioni, GNGTS 28° Convegno Nazionale, 16-19 Nov., Trieste (Italy)
Falcucci E, Gori S, Moro M, Pisani AR, Melini D, Galadini F, Fredi P (in press) The 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Italy): what next in the region? Hints from stress diffusion analysis and normal fault activity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
Falcucci E, Gori S, Peronace E, Fubelli G, Moro M, Saroli M, Giaccio B, Messina P, Naso G, Scardia G, Sposato A, Voltaggio M, Galli P, Galadini F (2009) The Paganica fault and surface coseismic ruptures caused by the 6 April, 2009, earthquake (L’Aquila, central Italy). Seism. Res. Lett. 80:940-950
Foglio CARG 1:50,000 (2009) Cartografia Geologica Ufficiale. Foglio N. 369, Sulmona
Galadini F, Galli P (2000) Active tectonics in the central Apennines (Italy) – Input data for seismic hazard assessment. Nat. Hazards 22:225-270
Galadini F, Pantosti D, Boncio P, Galli P, Messina P, Montone P, Pizzi A, Salvi S (2009) Il terremoto del 6 aprile e le conoscenze sulle faglie attive dell’Appennino centrale. Progettazione Sismica 3, ISSN 1973-7432
Galli P and Camassi R (2009) Rapporto sugli effetti del terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia QUEST Team, http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/DBMI08/aquilano/query_eq/quest.pdf
Géli L., Bard P.Y. (1988) The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78:42–63
Graizer V. (2009) Low-velocity zone and topography as a source of site amplification effect on Tarzana Hill, California, Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng. 29:324–332
Griffiths D. W., Bollinger G. A. (1979) The effect of Appalachian Mountain topography on seismic waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 69:1081–1105
Hailemikael S., Lenti L., Martino S., Paciello A., Scarascia Mugnozza G. (2010) 2D numerical modelling of observed amplification effects on a carbonate ridge: the Colle di Roio (Italy) case-history. Proc. 14 European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (ECEE) - Ohrid (Macedonia), 30-08/03-09 2010, n°1662, 1-8
Kawase H., Aki K. (1990) Topography effect at the critical SV-wave incidence: Possible explanation of damage pattern by the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of 1 October 1987, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 80:1–22
Komatitsch D., Vilotte J.P. (1998) The spectral element method: An efficient tool to simulate the seismic response of 2D and 3D geological structures, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88:368–392
Konno K, Ohmachi T (1998) Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremors. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88:228-241
LeBrun B., Hatzfeld D., Bard P. Y., Bouchon M. (1999) Experimental study of the ground motion on a large scale topographic hill at Kitherion (Greece). J. Seismol. 3:1–15
Lermo J, Chavez-Garcia FJ (1993) Are Microtremors Useful in Site Response Evaluation? Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 84:1350-1364
Margaris BN, Boore DM (1998) Determination of Δσ and κ0 from Response Spectra of Large Earthquakes in Greece. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88:170-182
Martino S., Minutolo A., Paciello A., Rovelli A., Scarascia Mugnozza G., Verrubbi V. (2006) Seismic microzonation of jointed rock-mass ridges through a combined geomechanical and seismometric approach. Natural Hazards 39:419-449
Massa M, Lovati S, D'Alema E, Ferretti G, Bakavoli M (2010) Experimental approach for estimating seismic amplification effects at the top of a ridge and their implication on ground motion predictions: the case of Narni (Central Italy). Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. in press
McNamara DE, Buland RP (2004) Ambient Noise Levels in the Continental United States. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 94, 4:1517-1527
Miccadei E, Barberi R, De Caterini G (1997) Nuovi dati geologici sui depositi quaternari della conca Subequana (Appennino abruzzese). Il Quaternario (Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences) 10,2:85-488
Nakamura Y (1989) A method for dynamic characteristics estimations of subsurface using microtremors on the ground surface. Quarterly Rept. RTRI Japan, 30:25-33
Nogoshi M, Igarashi T (1971) On the amplitude characteristics of microtremor (part 2). Journal of Seismological Society of Japan 24:26-40 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Paolucci R. (2002) Amplification of earthquake ground motion by steep topographic irregularities. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam. 31:1831–1853
Patacca E, Scandone P, Di Luzio E, Cavinato GP, Parotto M (2008) Structural architecture of the central Apennines: Interpretation of the CROP 11 seismic profile from the Adriatic coast to the orographic divide. Tectonics 27, TC3006
Pedersen H. (1994) Ground-motion amplitude across ridges, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84:1786–1800
Pischiutta M., Cultrera G., Caserta A., Luzi L., Rovelli A. (2010) Topographic effects on the hill of Nocera Umbra, central Italy. Geophys. J. Int. 2, 182:977-987. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04654.x
Pondrelli S, Salimbeni S, Ekstrom G, Morelli A, Gasperini P, Vannucci G (2006) The Italian CMT dataset from 1977 to the present. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 159:286-303
Rossi A, Tertulliani A, Vecchi M (2005) Studio macrosismico del terremoto dell’Aquilano del 24 giugno 1958. Il Quaternario (Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences) 18:101–112
Rovelli A., Caserta A., Marra F., Ruggiero V. (2002) Can seismic waves be trapped inside an inactive fault zone? The case study of Nocera Umbra, central Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92:2217–2232
Sánchez-Sesma, F. J. (1985). Diffraction of elastic SH waves by wedges. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75:1435–1446.
Sánchez-Seisma F. J. (1990) Elementary solutions for response of a wedgeshaped medium to incident SH and SV waves. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 80:737–742
Sánchez-Sesma F. J., Campillo M. (1991) Diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by topographical features: A boundary integral formulation. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 81:2234–2253
Sanchez-Sesma, F., Herrera I., Aviles J. (1982) A boundary method for elastic wave diffraction: application to scattering of SH waves by surface irregularities, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72:473-490
Spudich, P., Hellweg M., Lee W. H. (1996) Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implication for mainshock motion. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86:193–208
Tertulliani A, Rossi A, Cucci L, Vecchi M (2009) L’Aquila (Central Italy) earthquakes: the
predecessors of the April 6, 2009 event. Seismological Research Letters 80,6:972-977
Working Group CPTI (2008) Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, versione 2008 (CPTI08). INGV, Bologna, Italy. http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI/ (Last check of the availability: Sept. 2010)
Athanasopoulos G.A., Pelekis P.C., Leonidou E.A. (1999) Effects of surface topography on seismic ground response in Egion (Greece) 15 June 1995 earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 18:135 149
Atzori S, Hunstad I, Chini M, Salvi S, Tolomei C, Bignami C, Stramondo S, Trasatti E, Antonioli A, Boschi E (2009) Finite fault inversion of DInSAR coseismic displacement of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L15305
Bagh S, Chiaraluce L, De Gori P, Moretti M, Govoni A, Chiarabba C, Di Bartolomeo P, Romanelli M (2007) Background seismicity in the Central Apennines of Italy: The Abruzzo region case study. Tectonophysics 444:80-92
Bard, P. Y. (1982) Diffracted waves and displacement fields over twodimensional elevated topographies. Geophys. J. Int. 71:731–760
Bard P. Y., Tucker B. E. (1985) Underground and ridge site effects: A comparison of observation and theory, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75:905–922
Bindi D, Castro R, Franceschina G, Luzi L, Pacor F (2004) The 1997 - 1998 Umbria - Marche sequence (central Italy): Source, Path and Site effects estimated from strong motion data recorded in the epicentral area. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B04312. doi:10.1029/2003JB002857
Bindi D, Pacor F, Luzi L, Massa M, and Ameri G (2009) The Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake: source, path and site effects from spectral analysis of strong motion data. Geophysical Journal International, 179: 1573–1579
Boncio P, Lavecchia G, Pace B (2004) Defining a model of 3D seismogenic sources for Seismic Hazard Assessment applications: The case of central Apennines (Italy). J. Seismol. 8:407-425
Boncio P, Pizzi A, Brozzetti F, Pomposo G, Lavecchia G, Di Naccio D, Ferrarini F (2010) Coseismic ground deformation of the 6 April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (central Italy, Mw6.3). Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L06308.
Boore D. M. (1972) A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 62:275–284
Boore DM (1983) Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motion based on seismological models of the radiated spectra. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 73:1865–1894
Boore DM (2003) Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure Appl. Geophys. 160:635–676
Borcherdt RD (1970) Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay: Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 60:29-61
Bosi C, Bertini T (1970) La geologia della media valle dell’Aterno. Mem. Soc. Geol. It. 9:719-777
Bouchon M., Barker J. S. (1996) Seismic response of a hill: The example of Tarzana, California. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86:66–72
Calamita F, Pizzi A, Scisciani V, De Girolamo C, Coltorti M, Pieruccini P, Turco E (2000) Caratterizzazione delle faglie quaternarie nella dorsale appenninica umbro-marchigiana-abruzzese. CNR-Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti, Roma
Cavinato GP, De Celles PG (1999) Extensional basins in the tectonically bimodal central Apennines fold-thrust belt, Italy: response to corner flow above a subducting slab in retrograde motion. Geology. 27:955-958
Çelebi, M. (1987) Topographical and geological amplifications determined from strong motion and aftershock records of the 3 March 1985 Chile earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 77:1147–1167
Chávez-García F., Sánchez L. R., Hatzfeld D. (1996) Topographic site effects and HVSR. A comparison between observation and theory. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86:1559–1573
Devoti R, Riguzzi F, Cuffaro M, Doglioni C (2008) New GPS constraints on the kinematics of the Apennines subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273:163-174
Emergeo Working Group (2010) Evidence for surface rupture associated with the Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake sequence of April 2009 (central Italy). Terra Nova 22:43-51
Faccioli E., Vanini M., Frassine L. (2002) “Complex” site effects in earthquake ground motion, including topography. 12th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Barbican Center, London, UK
Falcucci E, Gori S, Moro M, Galadini F, Marzorati S, Ladina C, Piccarreda D, Fredi P (2009) Evidenze di fagliazione normale tardo-olocenica nel settore compreso fra la conca Subequana e la Media Valle dell'Aterno, a sud dell'area epicentrale del terremoto di L'Aquila del 6 Aprile 2009. Implicazioni sismotettoniche. Riassunti estesi delle comunicazioni, GNGTS 28° Convegno Nazionale, 16-19 Nov., Trieste (Italy)
Falcucci E, Gori S, Moro M, Pisani AR, Melini D, Galadini F, Fredi P (in press) The 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Italy): what next in the region? Hints from stress diffusion analysis and normal fault activity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
Falcucci E, Gori S, Peronace E, Fubelli G, Moro M, Saroli M, Giaccio B, Messina P, Naso G, Scardia G, Sposato A, Voltaggio M, Galli P, Galadini F (2009) The Paganica fault and surface coseismic ruptures caused by the 6 April, 2009, earthquake (L’Aquila, central Italy). Seism. Res. Lett. 80:940-950
Foglio CARG 1:50,000 (2009) Cartografia Geologica Ufficiale. Foglio N. 369, Sulmona
Galadini F, Galli P (2000) Active tectonics in the central Apennines (Italy) – Input data for seismic hazard assessment. Nat. Hazards 22:225-270
Galadini F, Pantosti D, Boncio P, Galli P, Messina P, Montone P, Pizzi A, Salvi S (2009) Il terremoto del 6 aprile e le conoscenze sulle faglie attive dell’Appennino centrale. Progettazione Sismica 3, ISSN 1973-7432
Galli P and Camassi R (2009) Rapporto sugli effetti del terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia QUEST Team, http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/DBMI08/aquilano/query_eq/quest.pdf
Géli L., Bard P.Y. (1988) The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78:42–63
Graizer V. (2009) Low-velocity zone and topography as a source of site amplification effect on Tarzana Hill, California, Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng. 29:324–332
Griffiths D. W., Bollinger G. A. (1979) The effect of Appalachian Mountain topography on seismic waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 69:1081–1105
Hailemikael S., Lenti L., Martino S., Paciello A., Scarascia Mugnozza G. (2010) 2D numerical modelling of observed amplification effects on a carbonate ridge: the Colle di Roio (Italy) case-history. Proc. 14 European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (ECEE) - Ohrid (Macedonia), 30-08/03-09 2010, n°1662, 1-8
Kawase H., Aki K. (1990) Topography effect at the critical SV-wave incidence: Possible explanation of damage pattern by the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of 1 October 1987, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 80:1–22
Komatitsch D., Vilotte J.P. (1998) The spectral element method: An efficient tool to simulate the seismic response of 2D and 3D geological structures, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88:368–392
Konno K, Ohmachi T (1998) Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremors. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88:228-241
LeBrun B., Hatzfeld D., Bard P. Y., Bouchon M. (1999) Experimental study of the ground motion on a large scale topographic hill at Kitherion (Greece). J. Seismol. 3:1–15
Lermo J, Chavez-Garcia FJ (1993) Are Microtremors Useful in Site Response Evaluation? Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 84:1350-1364
Margaris BN, Boore DM (1998) Determination of Δσ and κ0 from Response Spectra of Large Earthquakes in Greece. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88:170-182
Martino S., Minutolo A., Paciello A., Rovelli A., Scarascia Mugnozza G., Verrubbi V. (2006) Seismic microzonation of jointed rock-mass ridges through a combined geomechanical and seismometric approach. Natural Hazards 39:419-449
Massa M, Lovati S, D'Alema E, Ferretti G, Bakavoli M (2010) Experimental approach for estimating seismic amplification effects at the top of a ridge and their implication on ground motion predictions: the case of Narni (Central Italy). Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. in press
McNamara DE, Buland RP (2004) Ambient Noise Levels in the Continental United States. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 94, 4:1517-1527
Miccadei E, Barberi R, De Caterini G (1997) Nuovi dati geologici sui depositi quaternari della conca Subequana (Appennino abruzzese). Il Quaternario (Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences) 10,2:85-488
Nakamura Y (1989) A method for dynamic characteristics estimations of subsurface using microtremors on the ground surface. Quarterly Rept. RTRI Japan, 30:25-33
Nogoshi M, Igarashi T (1971) On the amplitude characteristics of microtremor (part 2). Journal of Seismological Society of Japan 24:26-40 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Paolucci R. (2002) Amplification of earthquake ground motion by steep topographic irregularities. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dynam. 31:1831–1853
Patacca E, Scandone P, Di Luzio E, Cavinato GP, Parotto M (2008) Structural architecture of the central Apennines: Interpretation of the CROP 11 seismic profile from the Adriatic coast to the orographic divide. Tectonics 27, TC3006
Pedersen H. (1994) Ground-motion amplitude across ridges, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84:1786–1800
Pischiutta M., Cultrera G., Caserta A., Luzi L., Rovelli A. (2010) Topographic effects on the hill of Nocera Umbra, central Italy. Geophys. J. Int. 2, 182:977-987. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04654.x
Pondrelli S, Salimbeni S, Ekstrom G, Morelli A, Gasperini P, Vannucci G (2006) The Italian CMT dataset from 1977 to the present. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 159:286-303
Rossi A, Tertulliani A, Vecchi M (2005) Studio macrosismico del terremoto dell’Aquilano del 24 giugno 1958. Il Quaternario (Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences) 18:101–112
Rovelli A., Caserta A., Marra F., Ruggiero V. (2002) Can seismic waves be trapped inside an inactive fault zone? The case study of Nocera Umbra, central Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92:2217–2232
Sánchez-Sesma, F. J. (1985). Diffraction of elastic SH waves by wedges. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75:1435–1446.
Sánchez-Seisma F. J. (1990) Elementary solutions for response of a wedgeshaped medium to incident SH and SV waves. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 80:737–742
Sánchez-Sesma F. J., Campillo M. (1991) Diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by topographical features: A boundary integral formulation. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 81:2234–2253
Sanchez-Sesma, F., Herrera I., Aviles J. (1982) A boundary method for elastic wave diffraction: application to scattering of SH waves by surface irregularities, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72:473-490
Spudich, P., Hellweg M., Lee W. H. (1996) Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implication for mainshock motion. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86:193–208
Tertulliani A, Rossi A, Cucci L, Vecchi M (2009) L’Aquila (Central Italy) earthquakes: the
predecessors of the April 6, 2009 event. Seismological Research Letters 80,6:972-977
Working Group CPTI (2008) Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, versione 2008 (CPTI08). INGV, Bologna, Italy. http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI/ (Last check of the availability: Sept. 2010)
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