Effects of Phase Scintillation on the GNSS Positioning Error During the September 2017 Storm at Svalbard

In early September 2017, several space weather events triggered disturbed conditions of
the near-Earth space. The combination of two coronal mass ejection arrivals, associated with an X-class
flare, caused a strong geomagnetic storm on 7 and 8 September, thus inducing diffuse ionospheric phase
scintillations on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. This work analyzes the effects and the
actual impact of such phase scintillations on transionospheric Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and
on related positioning accuracy. The research focuses in particular on high-latitude GPS L1 data, recorded
during a test campaign in Svalbard, Norway. The joint effect of satellites at low elevation and the exposure
of ionosphere to the geospace forcing make navigation a critical task for such a challenging environment.
Data analysis shows that the performance of carrier smoothing algorithms was affected by the presence of
moderate and strong phase scintillation. It is shown in this study that positioning errors double when GPS
signals affected by scintillation are used. This work shows that scintillations induce a considerable clustering
effect on the smoothed positioning solutions; therefore, a methodology to automatically and autonomously
detect the boundaries of the scintillation event is suggested according to such an high-level effect. The
use of software-defined radio receivers for automatically capturing and processing GNSS data affected by
scintillation is an added value to the analysis, as it offers the possibility to implement advanced signal
processing techniques and a deeper observation of the impact of scintillations on the signals.