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Comment on “High-Definition Mapping of the Gutenberg–Richter b-Value and Its Relevance: A Case Study in Italy” by M. Taroni, J. Zhuang, and W. Marzocchi
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
2A/93 (2022)
ISSN
0895-0695
Publisher
Seismological Society of America
Pages (printed)
1089-1094
Issued date
March 2022
Subjects
Abstract
Taroni et al. (2021) published a statistical framework to reliably
estimate the b-value and its uncertainties, with the goal
being the interpretation in a seismotectonic context and
improving earthquake forecasting capabilities. In this comment,
we show that the results presented for the Italian region
and the conclusions drawn by the authors, are heavily biased
due to quarry-blast events in the Italian earthquake catalog
used in the analysis. Without removing this anthropogenic
component in the data, a meaningful analysis of the earthquake-
size distribution for natural seismicity is, in our opinion,
not possible. This comment highlights the need for basic data
quality analysis before sophisticated statistical tools are applied
to a dataset.
estimate the b-value and its uncertainties, with the goal
being the interpretation in a seismotectonic context and
improving earthquake forecasting capabilities. In this comment,
we show that the results presented for the Italian region
and the conclusions drawn by the authors, are heavily biased
due to quarry-blast events in the Italian earthquake catalog
used in the analysis. Without removing this anthropogenic
component in the data, a meaningful analysis of the earthquake-
size distribution for natural seismicity is, in our opinion,
not possible. This comment highlights the need for basic data
quality analysis before sophisticated statistical tools are applied
to a dataset.
Sponsors
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement Number 821115
Pianeta Dinamico-Working Earth INGV-MUR project.
Pianeta Dinamico-Working Earth INGV-MUR project.
References
Allmann, B., P. M. Shearer, and E. Hauksson (2008). Spectral discrimination
between quarry blasts and earthquakes in Southern
California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, no. 4, 2073–2079.
Della Vedova, B., S. Bellani, G. Pellis, and P. Squarci (2001). Deep
temperatures and surface heat flow distribution, in Anatomy of
an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean basins,
G. B. Vai and I. P. Martini (Editors), Kluwer Academic
Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 65–76.
Dong, L. J., J. Wesseloo, Y. Potvin, and X. B. Li (2016). Discrimination
of mine seismic events and blasts using the Fisher classifier, naive
Bayesian classifier and logistic regression, Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
49, no. 1, 183–211, doi: 10.1007/s00603-015-0733-y.
Enescu, B., and K. Ito (2002). Spatial analysis of the frequency-magnitude
distribution and decay rate of aftershock activity of the 2000
western Tottori earthquake, Earth Planets Space 54, 847–859, doi:
10.1186/BF03352077.
Farrell, J., S. Husen, and R. B. Smith (2009). Earthquake swarm and bvalue
characterization of the Yellowstone volcano-tectonic system,
J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 188, 260–276.
Giardini, D., S. Wiemer, D. Fäh, and D. Deichmann (2004). Seismic
hazard assessment of Switzerland, report, Swiss Seismological
Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 88 pp.
Godey, S., R. Bossu, and J. Guilbert (2013). Improving the
Mediterranean seismicity picture thanks to international collaborations,
Phys. Chem. Earth 63, 3–11, ISSN 1474-7065, doi:
10.1016/j.pce.2013.04.012.
Goebel, T. H. W., D. Schorlemmer, T. W. Becker, G. Dresen, and C. G.
Sammis (2013). Acoustic emissions document stress changes over
many seismic cycles in stick-slip experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett.
40, 2049–2054, doi: 10.1002/grl.50507.
González, Á. (2017). The Spanish national earthquake catalogue:
Evolution, precision and completeness, J. Seismol. 21, 435–471,
doi: 10.1007/s10950-016-9610-8.
Gulia, L. (2010). Detection of quarry and mine blast contamination in
European regional catalogues, Nat. Hazards 53, 229–249, doi:
10.1007/s11069-009-9426-8.
Gulia, L., and P. Gasperini (2021). Contamination of frequency magnitude
slope (b-value) by quarry blasts: An example for Italy,
Seismol. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1785/0220210080.
Gulia, L., and S. Wiemer (2010). The influence of tectonic regimes on
the earthquake size distribution: A case study for Italy, Geophys.
Res. Lett. 37, L10305, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043066.
Gulia, L., and S. Wiemer (2019). Real-time discrimination of earthquake
foreshocks and aftershocks, Nature 574, 193–199.
Gulia, L., A. P. Rinaldi, T. Tormann, G. Vannucci, B. Enescu, and S.
Wiemer (2018). The effect of a mainshock on the size distribution
of the aftershocks, Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, doi: 10.1029/
2018GL080619.
Gulia, L., T. Tormann, S. Wiemer, M. Herrmann, and S. Seif (2016).
Short-term probabilistic earthquake risk assessment considering
time dependent b values, Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 1100–1108,
doi: 10.1002/2015GL066686.
Gulia, L., S. Wiemer, and D. Schorlemmer (2010). Asperity-based
earthquake likelihood models for Italy, Ann. Geophys. 53, no. 3,
doi: 10.4401/ag-4843.
Gulia, L., S. Wiemer, and M. Wyss (2012). Catalog artifacts and quality
controls, community online resource for statistical seismicity
analysis, doi: 10.5078/corssa-93722864.
Gutenberg, B., and C. F. Richter (1944). Frequency of earthquakes in
California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 34, 185–188.
Hammer, C., M. Ohrnberger, and D. Fäh (2013). Classifying seismic
waveforms from scratch: A case study in the alpine environment,
Geophys. J. Int. 192, 425–439.
Herrmann, M., T. Kraft, T. Tormann, L. Scarabello, and S. Wiemer
(2019). A consistent high-resolution catalog of induced seismicity
in Basel based on matched filter detection and tailored postprocessing,
J. Geophys. Res. 124, no. 8, 8449–8477.
ISIDe Working Group (2007). Italian seismological instrumental and
parametric database (ISIDe), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e
Vulcanologia (INGV), doi: 10.13127/ISIDE.
Jolly, A. D., S. C. Moran, S. R. McNutt, and D. B. Stone (2007). Threedimensional
P-wave velocity structure derived from local earthquakes
at the Katmai group of volcanoes, Alaska, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 59, no. 4, 326–342.
Katsumata, K. (2006). Imaging the high b-value anomalies within the
subducting Pacific plate in the Hokkaido corner, Earth Planets
Space 58, e49–e52, doi: 10.1186/BF03352640.
Kekovalı, K., and D. Kalafat (2014). Detecting of mining-quarrying
activities in Turkey using satellite imagery and its correlation with
daytime to nighttime ratio analysis, J. Indian Soc. Rem. Sens. 42,
227–232, doi: 10.1007/s12524-013-0281-4.
Kintner, J. A. K. M., C. J. A. Cleveland, and A. Nyblade (2020). Testing
a local-distance Rg/Sg discriminant using observations from the
Bighorn region, Wyoming, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 110, 727–741.
Lolli, B., D. Randazzo, G. Vannucci, and P. Gasperini (2020). The
Homogenized Instrumental Seismic Catalog (HORUS) of Italy
from 1960 to present, Seismol. Res. Lett. 91, 3208–3222, doi:
10.1785/0220200148.
Petruccelli, A., P. Gasperini, T. Tormann, D. Schorlemmer, A. P.
Rinaldi, G. Vannucci, and S. Wiemer (2019). Simultaneous
dependence of the earthquake-size distribution on faulting style
and depth, Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, no. 20, 11,044–11,053, doi:
10.1029/2019GL083997.
Petruccelli, A., D. Schorlemmer, T. Tormann, A. P. Rinaldi, S.
Wiemer, P. Gasperini, and G. Vannucci (2019). The influence
of faulting style on the size-distribution of global earthquakes,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 527, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115791.
Petruccelli, A., G. Vannucci, B. Lolli, and P. Gasperini (2018).
Harmonic fluctuation of the slope of the frequency–magnitude
distribution (b-value) as a function of the angle of rake, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 108, 1864–1876, doi: 10.1785/0120170328.
Schorlemmer, D., and S. Wiemer (2005). Microseismicity data forecast
rupture area, Nature 434, 1086, doi: 10.1038/4341086a.
Schorlemmer, D., A. Christophersen, A. Rovida, F. Mele, M. Stucchi,
and W. Marzocchi (2010). Setting up an earthquake forecast
experiment in Italy, Ann. Geophys. 53, no. 3, 1–9, doi: 10.4401/
ag-4844.
Schurr, B., G. Asch, S. Hainzl, J. Bedford, A. Hoechner, M. Palo, R.
Wang, M. Moreno, M. Bartsch, Y. Zhang, et al. (2014). Gradual
unlocking of plate boundary controlled initiation of the 2014
Iquique earthquake, Nature 512, 299–302, doi: 10.1038/nature13681.
Tan, Y., J. Hu, H. Zhang, Y. Chen, J. Qian, Q. Wang, H. Zha, P. Tang,
and Z. Nie (2020). Hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in the
southern Sichuan basin due to fluid diffusion inferred from seismic
and injection data analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL084885.
Taroni, M., J. Zhuang, and W. Marzocchi (2021). High-definition mapping
of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value and its relevance: A case study
in Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett. 92, 3778–3784, doi: 10.1785/0220210017.
Tormann, T., B. Enescu, J. Woessner, and S. Wiemer (2015).
Randomness of megathrust earthquakes implied by rapid stress
recovery after the Japan earthquake, Nat. Geosci. 8, no. 2, 152–158.
Tormann, T., S. Wiemer, and A. Mignan (2014). Systematic survey of
high-resolution b value imaging along Californian faults: Inference
on asperities, J. Geophys. Res. 119, no. 3, 2029–2054.
Wiemer, S., and M. Baer (2000). Mapping and removing quarry blast
events from seismicity catalogs, Bull. Seismol. Soc.Am. 90, 2, 525–530.
Wiemer, S., and M. Wyss (1997). Mapping the frequency-magnitude
distribution in asperities: An improved technique to calculate
recurrence times? J. Geophys. Res. 102, no. 15, 15,115–15,128,
doi: 10.1029/97JB00726.
Wiemer, S., and M. Wyss (2000). Minimum magnitude of completeness
in earthquake catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the western
United States, and Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, no. 4,
859–869, doi: 10.1785/0119990114.
Wiemer, S., D. Giardini, D. Fäh, N. Deichmann, and S. Sellami (2009).
Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Switzerland: best estimates
and uncertainties, J. Seismol. 13, 449–478, doi: 10.1007/
s10950-008-9138-7.
Wu, Y.-M., S. K. Chen, T. C. Huang, H. H. Huang, W. A. Chao, and I.
Koulakov (2018). Relationship between earthquake b-values and
crustal stresses in a young orogenic belt, Geophys. Res. Lett. 45,
doi: 10.1002/2017GL076694.
between quarry blasts and earthquakes in Southern
California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, no. 4, 2073–2079.
Della Vedova, B., S. Bellani, G. Pellis, and P. Squarci (2001). Deep
temperatures and surface heat flow distribution, in Anatomy of
an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean basins,
G. B. Vai and I. P. Martini (Editors), Kluwer Academic
Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 65–76.
Dong, L. J., J. Wesseloo, Y. Potvin, and X. B. Li (2016). Discrimination
of mine seismic events and blasts using the Fisher classifier, naive
Bayesian classifier and logistic regression, Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
49, no. 1, 183–211, doi: 10.1007/s00603-015-0733-y.
Enescu, B., and K. Ito (2002). Spatial analysis of the frequency-magnitude
distribution and decay rate of aftershock activity of the 2000
western Tottori earthquake, Earth Planets Space 54, 847–859, doi:
10.1186/BF03352077.
Farrell, J., S. Husen, and R. B. Smith (2009). Earthquake swarm and bvalue
characterization of the Yellowstone volcano-tectonic system,
J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 188, 260–276.
Giardini, D., S. Wiemer, D. Fäh, and D. Deichmann (2004). Seismic
hazard assessment of Switzerland, report, Swiss Seismological
Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 88 pp.
Godey, S., R. Bossu, and J. Guilbert (2013). Improving the
Mediterranean seismicity picture thanks to international collaborations,
Phys. Chem. Earth 63, 3–11, ISSN 1474-7065, doi:
10.1016/j.pce.2013.04.012.
Goebel, T. H. W., D. Schorlemmer, T. W. Becker, G. Dresen, and C. G.
Sammis (2013). Acoustic emissions document stress changes over
many seismic cycles in stick-slip experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett.
40, 2049–2054, doi: 10.1002/grl.50507.
González, Á. (2017). The Spanish national earthquake catalogue:
Evolution, precision and completeness, J. Seismol. 21, 435–471,
doi: 10.1007/s10950-016-9610-8.
Gulia, L. (2010). Detection of quarry and mine blast contamination in
European regional catalogues, Nat. Hazards 53, 229–249, doi:
10.1007/s11069-009-9426-8.
Gulia, L., and P. Gasperini (2021). Contamination of frequency magnitude
slope (b-value) by quarry blasts: An example for Italy,
Seismol. Res. Lett. doi: 10.1785/0220210080.
Gulia, L., and S. Wiemer (2010). The influence of tectonic regimes on
the earthquake size distribution: A case study for Italy, Geophys.
Res. Lett. 37, L10305, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043066.
Gulia, L., and S. Wiemer (2019). Real-time discrimination of earthquake
foreshocks and aftershocks, Nature 574, 193–199.
Gulia, L., A. P. Rinaldi, T. Tormann, G. Vannucci, B. Enescu, and S.
Wiemer (2018). The effect of a mainshock on the size distribution
of the aftershocks, Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, doi: 10.1029/
2018GL080619.
Gulia, L., T. Tormann, S. Wiemer, M. Herrmann, and S. Seif (2016).
Short-term probabilistic earthquake risk assessment considering
time dependent b values, Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 1100–1108,
doi: 10.1002/2015GL066686.
Gulia, L., S. Wiemer, and D. Schorlemmer (2010). Asperity-based
earthquake likelihood models for Italy, Ann. Geophys. 53, no. 3,
doi: 10.4401/ag-4843.
Gulia, L., S. Wiemer, and M. Wyss (2012). Catalog artifacts and quality
controls, community online resource for statistical seismicity
analysis, doi: 10.5078/corssa-93722864.
Gutenberg, B., and C. F. Richter (1944). Frequency of earthquakes in
California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 34, 185–188.
Hammer, C., M. Ohrnberger, and D. Fäh (2013). Classifying seismic
waveforms from scratch: A case study in the alpine environment,
Geophys. J. Int. 192, 425–439.
Herrmann, M., T. Kraft, T. Tormann, L. Scarabello, and S. Wiemer
(2019). A consistent high-resolution catalog of induced seismicity
in Basel based on matched filter detection and tailored postprocessing,
J. Geophys. Res. 124, no. 8, 8449–8477.
ISIDe Working Group (2007). Italian seismological instrumental and
parametric database (ISIDe), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e
Vulcanologia (INGV), doi: 10.13127/ISIDE.
Jolly, A. D., S. C. Moran, S. R. McNutt, and D. B. Stone (2007). Threedimensional
P-wave velocity structure derived from local earthquakes
at the Katmai group of volcanoes, Alaska, J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 59, no. 4, 326–342.
Katsumata, K. (2006). Imaging the high b-value anomalies within the
subducting Pacific plate in the Hokkaido corner, Earth Planets
Space 58, e49–e52, doi: 10.1186/BF03352640.
Kekovalı, K., and D. Kalafat (2014). Detecting of mining-quarrying
activities in Turkey using satellite imagery and its correlation with
daytime to nighttime ratio analysis, J. Indian Soc. Rem. Sens. 42,
227–232, doi: 10.1007/s12524-013-0281-4.
Kintner, J. A. K. M., C. J. A. Cleveland, and A. Nyblade (2020). Testing
a local-distance Rg/Sg discriminant using observations from the
Bighorn region, Wyoming, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 110, 727–741.
Lolli, B., D. Randazzo, G. Vannucci, and P. Gasperini (2020). The
Homogenized Instrumental Seismic Catalog (HORUS) of Italy
from 1960 to present, Seismol. Res. Lett. 91, 3208–3222, doi:
10.1785/0220200148.
Petruccelli, A., P. Gasperini, T. Tormann, D. Schorlemmer, A. P.
Rinaldi, G. Vannucci, and S. Wiemer (2019). Simultaneous
dependence of the earthquake-size distribution on faulting style
and depth, Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, no. 20, 11,044–11,053, doi:
10.1029/2019GL083997.
Petruccelli, A., D. Schorlemmer, T. Tormann, A. P. Rinaldi, S.
Wiemer, P. Gasperini, and G. Vannucci (2019). The influence
of faulting style on the size-distribution of global earthquakes,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 527, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115791.
Petruccelli, A., G. Vannucci, B. Lolli, and P. Gasperini (2018).
Harmonic fluctuation of the slope of the frequency–magnitude
distribution (b-value) as a function of the angle of rake, Bull.
Seismol. Soc. Am. 108, 1864–1876, doi: 10.1785/0120170328.
Schorlemmer, D., and S. Wiemer (2005). Microseismicity data forecast
rupture area, Nature 434, 1086, doi: 10.1038/4341086a.
Schorlemmer, D., A. Christophersen, A. Rovida, F. Mele, M. Stucchi,
and W. Marzocchi (2010). Setting up an earthquake forecast
experiment in Italy, Ann. Geophys. 53, no. 3, 1–9, doi: 10.4401/
ag-4844.
Schurr, B., G. Asch, S. Hainzl, J. Bedford, A. Hoechner, M. Palo, R.
Wang, M. Moreno, M. Bartsch, Y. Zhang, et al. (2014). Gradual
unlocking of plate boundary controlled initiation of the 2014
Iquique earthquake, Nature 512, 299–302, doi: 10.1038/nature13681.
Tan, Y., J. Hu, H. Zhang, Y. Chen, J. Qian, Q. Wang, H. Zha, P. Tang,
and Z. Nie (2020). Hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity in the
southern Sichuan basin due to fluid diffusion inferred from seismic
and injection data analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL084885.
Taroni, M., J. Zhuang, and W. Marzocchi (2021). High-definition mapping
of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value and its relevance: A case study
in Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett. 92, 3778–3784, doi: 10.1785/0220210017.
Tormann, T., B. Enescu, J. Woessner, and S. Wiemer (2015).
Randomness of megathrust earthquakes implied by rapid stress
recovery after the Japan earthquake, Nat. Geosci. 8, no. 2, 152–158.
Tormann, T., S. Wiemer, and A. Mignan (2014). Systematic survey of
high-resolution b value imaging along Californian faults: Inference
on asperities, J. Geophys. Res. 119, no. 3, 2029–2054.
Wiemer, S., and M. Baer (2000). Mapping and removing quarry blast
events from seismicity catalogs, Bull. Seismol. Soc.Am. 90, 2, 525–530.
Wiemer, S., and M. Wyss (1997). Mapping the frequency-magnitude
distribution in asperities: An improved technique to calculate
recurrence times? J. Geophys. Res. 102, no. 15, 15,115–15,128,
doi: 10.1029/97JB00726.
Wiemer, S., and M. Wyss (2000). Minimum magnitude of completeness
in earthquake catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the western
United States, and Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, no. 4,
859–869, doi: 10.1785/0119990114.
Wiemer, S., D. Giardini, D. Fäh, N. Deichmann, and S. Sellami (2009).
Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Switzerland: best estimates
and uncertainties, J. Seismol. 13, 449–478, doi: 10.1007/
s10950-008-9138-7.
Wu, Y.-M., S. K. Chen, T. C. Huang, H. H. Huang, W. A. Chao, and I.
Koulakov (2018). Relationship between earthquake b-values and
crustal stresses in a young orogenic belt, Geophys. Res. Lett. 45,
doi: 10.1002/2017GL076694.
Commentary On
Taroni, M., J. Zhuang, and W. Marzocchi (2021). High-definition mapping
of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value and its relevance: A case study
in Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett. 92, 3778–3784, doi: 10.1785/0220210017.
of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value and its relevance: A case study
in Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett. 92, 3778–3784, doi: 10.1785/0220210017.
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