Seismic response and ambient vibrations of a Mediaeval Tower in the Mugello area (Italy)

This paper describes the experimental campaigns on the Tower of the Palazzo dei Vicari in Scarperia, a village in the
Mugello area (Tuscany) exposed to high seismic hazards. The first campaign was carried out from December 2019 to Janu-
ary 2020, and the Tower underwent the so-called Mugello seismic sequence, which featured an M 4.5 earthquake. Other
ambient vibration tests were repeated in June 2021 and September 2023 when another seismic sequence struck the area
near Scarperia. These tests aimed to characterise the Tower’s dynamic behaviour under ambient and seismic excitations
and check the response of the Tower over time. The experimental results were then used to calibrate a finite-element model
of the Tower and estimate its seismic vulnerability. Several numerical simulations were conducted on the calibrated model
using the NOSA-ITACA code for nonlinear structural analysis of masonry buildings. The dynamic behaviour of the Tower
subjected to a seismic sequence recorded in 2023 by a seismic station at the base was investigated by comparing the velocities
recorded along the Tower’s height with their numerical counterparts. Furthermore, several pushover analyses were conducted
to investigate the collapse of the Tower as the load’s distribution and direction varied