The Somma-Vesuvius stress field induced by regional tectonics: evidences from seismological and mesostructural data
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Issue/vol(year)
/ 82 (1998)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
199-218
Date Issued
1998
Abstract
A detailed structural and geophysical study of the Somma–Vesuvius volcanic complex was carried out by integrating
mesostructural measurements, focal mechanisms and shear-wave splitting analysis. Fault-slip and focal mechanism analysis
indicate that the volcano is affected by NW–SE-, NE–SW-trending oblique-slip faults and by E–W-trending normal faults.
Magma chamber s. responsible for plinianrsub-plinian eruptions i.e. A.D. 79 and 1631. formed inside the area bounded by
E–W-trending normal faults. The post-1631 fissural eruptions i.e. 1794 and 1861.occurred along the main oblique-slip
fault segments. The movements of the Vesuvius faults are mainly related to the regional stress field. A local stress field
superposed to the regional one is also present but evidences of magma or gravity induced stresses are lacking. The local
stress field acts inside the caldera area being related to fault reactivation processes. The present-day Vesuvius seismic
activity is due to both regional and local stress fields. Shear-wave splitting analysis reveals an anisotropic volume due to
stress induced cracks NW–SE aligned by faulting processes. Since the depth extent of the anisotropic volume is at least 6
km b.s.l., we deduce the NW–SE-trending oblique-slip fault system represents the main discontinuity on which lies the
volcano. This discontinuity is responsible for the morphological lowering of the edifice in its southwestern side.
mesostructural measurements, focal mechanisms and shear-wave splitting analysis. Fault-slip and focal mechanism analysis
indicate that the volcano is affected by NW–SE-, NE–SW-trending oblique-slip faults and by E–W-trending normal faults.
Magma chamber s. responsible for plinianrsub-plinian eruptions i.e. A.D. 79 and 1631. formed inside the area bounded by
E–W-trending normal faults. The post-1631 fissural eruptions i.e. 1794 and 1861.occurred along the main oblique-slip
fault segments. The movements of the Vesuvius faults are mainly related to the regional stress field. A local stress field
superposed to the regional one is also present but evidences of magma or gravity induced stresses are lacking. The local
stress field acts inside the caldera area being related to fault reactivation processes. The present-day Vesuvius seismic
activity is due to both regional and local stress fields. Shear-wave splitting analysis reveals an anisotropic volume due to
stress induced cracks NW–SE aligned by faulting processes. Since the depth extent of the anisotropic volume is at least 6
km b.s.l., we deduce the NW–SE-trending oblique-slip fault system represents the main discontinuity on which lies the
volcano. This discontinuity is responsible for the morphological lowering of the edifice in its southwestern side.
References
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Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. XIX 6., 1309–1318.
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geophysical investigation at Somma–Vesuvio volcanic complex.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 58, 239–262.
Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Milano, G., Vilardo, G., 1996. Shearwave
polarization alignment on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna
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Bonasia, V., Del Pezzo, E., Pingue, F., Scandone, R., Scarpa, R.,
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Finetti, I., Morelli, C., 1974. Esplorazione sismica a riflessione del Golfo di Napoli e Pozzuoli. Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl. XVI
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Gasparini, C., Iannaccone, G., Scarpa, R., 1985. Fault-plane solutions and seismicity of the Italian peninsula. Tectonophysics
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Guiraud, M., Laborde, O., Philip, H., 1989. Characterization of various types of deformation and their corresponding deviatoric stress tensors using microfault analysis. Tectonophysics 170, 289–316.
Hancock, P.L., 1985. Brittle microtectonics: principles and practice. J. Struct. Geol. 7, 437–457.
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263–296.
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Marti’, J., Ablay, G.J., Redshaw, L.T., Sparks, R.S.J., 1994. Experimental studies of collapse calderas. J. Geol. Soc. London
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Munson, C.G., Thurber, C.H., Li, Y., Okubo, P.G., 1995. Crustal shear-wave anisotropy in southern Hawaii: spatial and temporal
analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20367–20378.
Neugebauer, Y., 1994. Closing-up structures, alternatives to pullapart basins; the effect of bends in the North Anatolian Fault,
Turkey. Terra Nova 6, 359–365.
Oldow, J.S., D’Argenio, B., Ferranti, L., Pappone, G., Marsella, E., Sacchi, M., 1993. Large-scale longitudinal extension in the
southern Apennines contractional belt, Italy. Geology 21, 1123–1126.
Patacca, E., Scandone, P., 1989. Post-Tortonian mountain building
in the Apennines. The role of the passive sinking of a relict lithospheric slab. In: Boriani, Bonafede, Piccardo, Vai (Eds.),
The Lithosphere in Italy. CNR—Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, pp. 157–176.
Petit, J.P., 1987. Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces in brittle rocks. J. Struct. Geol. 9, 597–608.
Pollard, D.D., Aydin, A., 1988. Progress in understanding jointing over the past century. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1181–1204.
Principe, C., Brocchini, D., 1995. Fracturation pattern at Vesuvius during the 1631–1944 period. Per. Mineral. 64, 255–256.
Reasemberg, P., Oppenheimer, D., 1985. FPFIT, FPPLOT and FPPAGE: Fortran computer programs for calculating and displaying
earthquake fault-plane solutions. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 85 (739), 109.
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S-wave polarization analysis. Tectonophysics 165, 279–292.
Savage, M.K., Peppin, W.A., Vetter, U.R., 1990. Shear wave anisotropy and stress direction in and near Long Valley caldera,
California, 1979–1988. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11165–11177.
Shih, X.R., Meyer, P., 1990. Observation of shear-wave splitting from natural events: South moat of Long Valley caldera,
California, June 29 to August 12, 1982. J. Geophys. Res. 95,11179–11195.
Spadini, G., Wezel, F.C., 1995. Structural evolution of the ‘41st parallel zone’: Tyrrhenian Sea. Terra Nova 6, 552–562.
Sperner, B., Ratschacher, L., Ott, R., 1991. Fault-striae analysis: a Turbo Pascal program package for graphical presentation and reduced stress tensor calculation. Comput. Geosci. 19, 1361–1388.
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Somma–Vesuvius Volcanic Complex). Acta Vulcanol. 8 (1), 115–118.
Vilardo, G., Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Milano, G., 1993. La recente attività sismica al Vesuvio: forme d’onda e volumi
focali. Proc. 12th Natl. Congr., G.N.G.T.S., pp. 947–948.
Vilardo, G., Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Milano, G., 1995. Shallow heterogeneities and seismic activity of Mt. Vesuvius. Per.
Mineral. 64, 289–290.
Vilardo, G., De Natale, G., Milano, G., Coppa, U., 1996. The seismicity of Mt. Vesuvius. Tectonophysics 261, 127–138.
Virieux, J., Farra, V., Madariaga, R., 1988. Ray-tracing for earthquake location in laterally heterogeneous media. J. Geophys.
Res. 93, 6585–6599.
Wesson, R.L., 1988. Predicted variation of stress orientation with depth near an active fault: application to the Cajon Pass
scientific drillhole, Southern California. Geophys. Res. Lett.15 (9), 1009–1012.
Zollo, A., Gasparini, P., Biella, G., De Franco, R., Buonocore, B., Mirabile, L., De Natale, G., Milano, G., Pingue, F., Vilardo,
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Santacroce, R., 1995. Geological map of Somma–Vesuvius Volcano. Per. Mineral. 64, 77–78.
Angelier, J., Mechler, P., 1977. Sur un methode graphique de
recherche des constraintes principales egalment utilisable en
tectonique et en seismologie: la methode des diedres droits.
Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. XIX 6., 1309–1318.
Berrino, G., Coppa, U., De Natale, G., Pingue, F., 1993. Recent
geophysical investigation at Somma–Vesuvio volcanic complex.
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 58, 239–262.
Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Milano, G., Vilardo, G., 1996. Shearwave
polarization alignment on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna
volcano (Sicily, Italy). Ann. Geofis. XXXIX, 429–443.
Bonasia, V., Del Pezzo, E., Pingue, F., Scandone, R., Scarpa, R.,
1985. Eruptive history, seismic activity and ground deformations at Mt. Vesuvius, Italy. Ann. Geophys. 3 (3), 395–406.
Booth, D.C., Wyss, M., Gillard, D., 1992. Shear-wave polarization alignments recorded above the Kaoiki fault zone, Hawaii.Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1141–1144.
Brancaccio, L., Cinque, A., Romano, P., Rosskopf, C., Russo, F.,Santangelo, N., Santo, A., 1991. Geomorphology and neotectonic evolution of a sector of the Tyrrhenian flank of the southern Apennines (Region of Naples, Italy). Z. Geomorphol.
N.F. 82, 47–58.
Caputo, M., Caputo, R., 1988. Structural analysis: new analytical approach and applications. Ann. Tecton. 2, 84–89.
Cassano, E., La Torre, P., 1987. Geophysics. In: Santacroce, R.(Ed.), Somma–Vesuvius. CNR Quad. Ric. Sci. 114 (8), 175–195.
Castellano, M., Vilardo, G., Ferrucci, F., Gaudiosi, G., Luongo, G., 1987. Ultra-microsismicit`a del Vesuvio. Proc. 6th Natl.
Congr. G.N.G.T.S., pp. 247–250.
Castellano, M., Ferrucci, F., Gaudiosi, G., Godano, C., Luongo, G., Milano, G., Pino, N.A., Vilardo, G., 1988. Struttura crostale
delle aree vulcaniche attive dell’Italia meridionale da indagini di sismica attiva (DSS)e passiva: area vulcanica campana;
isole Eolie meridionali. Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital. 41, 1299–1305.
Chevallier, L., 1986. Tectonics of Marion and Prince Edward volcanoes (Indian Ocean): result of regional control and edifice
dynamics. Tectonophysics 124, 155–175.
Cinque, A., Patacca, E., Scandone, P., Tozzi, M., 1993. Quaternary kinematic evolution of Southern Apennines. Relationship
between surface geological features and deep lithospheric structures. Ann. Geofis. XXXVI, 249–260.
Cioni, R., Santacroce, R., Sbrana, A., 1994. Polyphased collapse of the Somma–Vesuvius caldera. Volcano Instability on the
Earth and other planets. Geol. Soc. London May (abstracts).
Civetta, L., Berrino, G., Bianco, F., Capuano, P., Pingue, F., Ricco, C., Ventura, G., Vilardo, G., 1995. La sorveglianza
delle aree vulcaniche napoletane. Oss. Vesuviano, Giannini and Figli, p. 31.
CNR, 1992. Synthetic Structural–Kinematic Map of Italy. In: Structural Model of Italy. Scale 1:2.000.000, Sheet 5, Resp. P.Scandone.
Crampin, S., Evans, R., Atkinsons, B.K., 1984. Earthquake prediction:
a new physical basis. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 76, 147–156.
De Natale, G., Ferraro, A., Virieux, J., 1991. A probabily method for local earthquake focal mechanisms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 (4), 613–616.
Ellis, M., King, G., 1991. Structural control of Flank Volcanism in Continental Rift. Science 254, 839–843.
Evans, R., 1984. Effects of the free surface on shear wavetrains. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 76, 165–172.
Ferrucci, F., Gaudiosi, G., Pino, N.A., Luongo, G., Hirn, A., Mirabile, L., 1989. Seismic detection of a major Moho up-heaval beneath the Campania volcanic area (Naples, Southern Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 6 (11), 1317–1320.
Finetti, I., Morelli, C., 1974. Esplorazione sismica a riflessione del Golfo di Napoli e Pozzuoli. Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl. XVI
(62–63), 175–222.
Gasparini, C., Iannaccone, G., Scarpa, R., 1985. Fault-plane solutions and seismicity of the Italian peninsula. Tectonophysics
110, 59–78.
Guiraud, M., Laborde, O., Philip, H., 1989. Characterization of various types of deformation and their corresponding deviatoric stress tensors using microfault analysis. Tectonophysics 170, 289–316.
Hancock, P.L., 1985. Brittle microtectonics: principles and practice. J. Struct. Geol. 7, 437–457.
Hancock, P.L., Engelder, T., 1989. Neotectonic joints. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 101, 1197–1208.
Hyppolite, J., Angelier, J., Roure, F., 1994. A major change revealed by Quaternary stress patterns in the Southern Apennines.
Tectonophysics 230, 199–210.
La Torre, P., Nannini, R., Sbrana, A., 1982. Geothermal Exploration in Southern Italy: Geophysical interpretation of the
Vesuvian area. In: AGIP—Esplorazione Geotermica. Lavori Pubblicati nel periodo 1972–1986, pp. 324–348.
Lavecchia, G., 1988. The Tyrrhenian–Apennines system: structural setting and seismotectogenesis. Tectonophysics 147,
263–296.
Locardi, E., Nicolich, R., 1988. Geodinamica del Tirreno e dell’Appennino Centromeridionale: la nuova carta della Moho.
Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital. 41, 121–140.
Marinoni, L., 1995. The Monte Somma scarp: new preliminary stratigraphy and structural insights. Per. Mineral. 64, 219–221.
Marti’, J., Ablay, G.J., Redshaw, L.T., Sparks, R.S.J., 1994. Experimental studies of collapse calderas. J. Geol. Soc. London
151, 919–930.
McTigue, D.F., Mei, C.C., 1981. Gravity-induced stresses near topography of small slope. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9268–9278.
Montone, P., Amato, A., Cesaro, M., 1994. Nuovi dati sul campo di stress dell’Appennino meridionale. Proc. 13th Nat. Congr.,G.N.G.T.S., pp. 795–804.
Montone, P., Amato, A., Chiarabba, C., Buonosorte, G., Fiordelisi, A., 1995. Evidence of active extension in Quaternary volcanoes of Central Italy from breakout analysis and seismicity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (14), 1909–1912.
Mostardini, F., Merlini, S., 1988. Appennino centro meridionale. Sezioni geologiche e proposta di modello strutturale. Mem.
Soc. Geol. Ital. XXXV, 177–202.
Munson, C.G., Thurber, C.H., Li, Y., 1993. Observations of shear wave splitting on the southeast flank of Mauna Loa volcano,
Hawaii. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1139–1142.
Munson, C.G., Thurber, C.H., Li, Y., Okubo, P.G., 1995. Crustal shear-wave anisotropy in southern Hawaii: spatial and temporal
analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20367–20378.
Neugebauer, Y., 1994. Closing-up structures, alternatives to pullapart basins; the effect of bends in the North Anatolian Fault,
Turkey. Terra Nova 6, 359–365.
Oldow, J.S., D’Argenio, B., Ferranti, L., Pappone, G., Marsella, E., Sacchi, M., 1993. Large-scale longitudinal extension in the
southern Apennines contractional belt, Italy. Geology 21, 1123–1126.
Patacca, E., Scandone, P., 1989. Post-Tortonian mountain building
in the Apennines. The role of the passive sinking of a relict lithospheric slab. In: Boriani, Bonafede, Piccardo, Vai (Eds.),
The Lithosphere in Italy. CNR—Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, pp. 157–176.
Petit, J.P., 1987. Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces in brittle rocks. J. Struct. Geol. 9, 597–608.
Pollard, D.D., Aydin, A., 1988. Progress in understanding jointing over the past century. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1181–1204.
Principe, C., Brocchini, D., 1995. Fracturation pattern at Vesuvius during the 1631–1944 period. Per. Mineral. 64, 255–256.
Reasemberg, P., Oppenheimer, D., 1985. FPFIT, FPPLOT and FPPAGE: Fortran computer programs for calculating and displaying
earthquake fault-plane solutions. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 85 (739), 109.
Rosi, M., Sbrana, A. Ed.., 1987. Phlegraean Fields. CNR Quad. Ric. Sci. 114 (9), 175.
Rosi, M., Santacroce, R., Sbrana, A., 1987. Geological Map of the Somma Vesuvius volcanic complex (1:25000). CNR, Progetto
Finalizzato Geodinamica, Salomone, Rome.
Santacroce, R. (Ed.), 1987. Somma–Vesuvius. CNR Quad. Ric. Sci. 114 (8), 251 pp.
Savage, M.K., Shih, X.R., Meyer, R.C., Aster, R.C., 1989. Shear-wave anisotropy of active tectonic regions via automated
S-wave polarization analysis. Tectonophysics 165, 279–292.
Savage, M.K., Peppin, W.A., Vetter, U.R., 1990. Shear wave anisotropy and stress direction in and near Long Valley caldera,
California, 1979–1988. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11165–11177.
Shih, X.R., Meyer, P., 1990. Observation of shear-wave splitting from natural events: South moat of Long Valley caldera,
California, June 29 to August 12, 1982. J. Geophys. Res. 95,11179–11195.
Spadini, G., Wezel, F.C., 1995. Structural evolution of the ‘41st parallel zone’: Tyrrhenian Sea. Terra Nova 6, 552–562.
Sperner, B., Ratschacher, L., Ott, R., 1991. Fault-striae analysis: a Turbo Pascal program package for graphical presentation and reduced stress tensor calculation. Comput. Geosci. 19, 1361–1388.
Suppe, J., 1985. Intrusive and extrusive structures. In: Principles of Structural Geology. Prentice-Hall, pp. 209–250.
Sylvester, A.G., 1988. Strike-slip faults. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1666–1703.
Ventura, G., Vilardo, G., Tammaro, U., 1996. Earthquake-induced gravity slides at Monte Somma Caldera (July–August 1995,
Somma–Vesuvius Volcanic Complex). Acta Vulcanol. 8 (1), 115–118.
Vilardo, G., Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Milano, G., 1993. La recente attività sismica al Vesuvio: forme d’onda e volumi
focali. Proc. 12th Natl. Congr., G.N.G.T.S., pp. 947–948.
Vilardo, G., Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Milano, G., 1995. Shallow heterogeneities and seismic activity of Mt. Vesuvius. Per.
Mineral. 64, 289–290.
Vilardo, G., De Natale, G., Milano, G., Coppa, U., 1996. The seismicity of Mt. Vesuvius. Tectonophysics 261, 127–138.
Virieux, J., Farra, V., Madariaga, R., 1988. Ray-tracing for earthquake location in laterally heterogeneous media. J. Geophys.
Res. 93, 6585–6599.
Wesson, R.L., 1988. Predicted variation of stress orientation with depth near an active fault: application to the Cajon Pass
scientific drillhole, Southern California. Geophys. Res. Lett.15 (9), 1009–1012.
Zollo, A., Gasparini, P., Biella, G., De Franco, R., Buonocore, B., Mirabile, L., De Natale, G., Milano, G., Pingue, F., Vilardo,
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