Multi-source data analysis to assess the past and present kinematics of the Pisciotta Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (southern Italy)

Although Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations are well-known in the literature, their evolution and kinematics are still poorly understood. Their behavior is often complex and characterized by small movements associated with steady-state creep, alternating with periods of stasis, or accelerating downslope movements that, in some cases, could result in sudden and catastrophic failure events. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is often required. In this work, we shed light on the complex geometry and kinematics of the Pisciotta DSGSD, a deep-seated roto-translational sliding involving structurally complex turbiditic rock mass and interacting with man-made infrastructures. To reveal the geometrical features and the spatial and temporal behavior of the analyzed phenomenon, a multidisciplinary investigation was performed. Typical DSGSD landforms were mapped employing in-situ surveys, aided by stereoscopic analysis of historical aerial images and high-resolution drone-based mapping. Structural data and ancillary ground-based surveys revealed the presence of a highly weathered and folded turbiditic sequence, with competent sandstone and calcarenite units alternated by tectonically disrupted, weak argillite and mudrock layers. Remote sensing measurements from optical imagery and Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite data assessed the DSGSD's past and current kinematics, allowing to distinguish a pre-failure period with accelerating displacement rates, a failure period with maximum displacement rates, and a current post-failure period with decelerating displacement rates. Analytical modeling established the deep reach (up to 85 m) of the studied DSGSD as it allowed the estimation of its bottom surface and volume, as verified by available boreholes and inclinometric measurements. Furthermore, numerical modeling outcomes highlighted how the progressive weakening and alteration of the DSGSD material, in conjunction with changes in groundwater dynamics, serve as the primary mechanisms driving the observed kinematics. The models also revealed the intricate interaction between the DSGSD and the neighboring infrastructures.