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MARUM, Univ. Bremen Leobener Strasse 28359 Bremen, Germany
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- PublicationOpen AccessFrictional Strengthening Explored During Non‐Steady State Shearing: Implications for Fault Stability and Slip Event Recurrence Time(2020)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; On natural faults that host repeating slip events, the inter‐event loading time is quite large compared to the slip event duration. Since most friction studies focus on steady‐state frictional behavior, the fault loading phase is not typically examined. Here, we employ a method specifically designed to evaluate fault strength evolution during active loading, under shear driving rates as low as 10−10 m/s, on natural fault gouge samples from the Waikukupa Thrust in southern New Zealand. These tests reveal that in the early stages of loading following a slip event, there is a period of increased stability, which fades with accumulated slip. In the framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction laws, this temporary stable phase exists as long as slip is less than the critical slip distance and the elapsed time is less than the value of the state variable at steady state. These observations indicate a minimum earthquake recurrence time, which depends on the field value of the critical slip distance and the background slip rate. We compare estimates of minimum earthquake recurrence times with the recurrence times of repeating large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault in southern New Zealand and repeating small‐magnitude earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault system in California. We find that the observed recurrence times are mostly longer than the predicted minimum values, and exceptions in the San Andreas system may be explained by elevated slip rates due to larger earthquakes in this region.62 15 - PublicationOpen AccessThe Deep Sea and Sub-Seafloor Frontier(European Commission, 2012)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;Kopf, A.; MARUM, Univ. Bremen Leobener Strasse 28359 Bremen, Germany ;Camerlenghi, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Trieste ;Canals, M.; Departament d’Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines de la Facultat de Geologia de la Universitat de Barcelona ;Ferdelman, T.; Department of Biogeochemistry at the Max-Plank-Institute for Marine Microbiology, University of Bremen ;Mevel, C.; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris ;Pälike, H.; The National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton ;Roest, W.; Unitè Gèosciences Marines Laboratoire Gèophysique et Gèodynamique Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070 - 29280 Plouzané ;Ask, M.; Rock Mechanics and Mining Engineering, 2006, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden ;Barker-Jørgensen, B.; MPI for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstr. 1 D-28359 Bremen Germany ;Boetius, A.; HGF-MPG Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany ;De Santis, A.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma2, Roma, Italia ;Früh-Green, G.; Inst. f. Geochemie und Petrologie, NW E 76.2, Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092 Zuerich; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; The deep sea and its sub-seafloor contain a vast reservoir of physical, mineral and biological resources that are rapidly coming into the window of exploitation. Assessing the opportunities and the risks involved requires a serious commitment to excellent deep sea research. There are numerous areas in this field in which Europe has cutting-edge technological potential. These include drilling and monitoring technology in the field of renewable energies such as geothermal, offshore wind and seafloor resources. Scientific ocean drilling will continue to play a valuable role, for example in the exploration of resource opportunities, in obtaining estimates for ecosystem and Earth climate sensitivity, or in improving understanding about the controlling factors governing processes and recurrence intervals of submarine geohazards. In Europe, there is also the scientific expertise needed to define a framework for policymakers for environmental protection measures and to carry out ecological impact assessments before, during and after commercial exploitation. Taking up these societal challenges will strengthen European scientific and educational networks and promote the development of world-class technology and industrial leadership.604 671