NEW CONCEPT IN GLOBAL TECTONICS

Nowdays we can easily take for a fact the existance of ancient supercontinent named Pangea.If one just takes a glance at borderlines of modern continents one can                 conclude,without further argument,that they were once conjoined indeed.But the process of development and the process of disintegration of Pangea still inflames bitter  arguments.

New concept in global tectonics endorses two-layered lithosphere:

       Primary Layer:          One that covers all of the Earths surface,and

       Secondary Layer:      One that exists on top of Primery layer and consists of  Earths continents (originated as Pangea).
                                      Therefor,covering aproximetly one quarter of Earths surface.
                                                                                                                   
-PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LAYER INTERACTIONS

Even though these two layers are independent bodies,scale of their interactions is complex enough to make them inseperable.
Due to its enormous mass and gravity force and under the influence of Earths rotation Secondary layer 'crawls' over Primery layer.Actualy,being that the Secondary layer,due to its mass,tends to preserve the state of rest,Primery layer 'slips' underneath the Secondary layer moving West to East, so it appears Secondary layer is 'orbiting' over Primary layer moving East to West.

- TWO-LAYERED LITHOSPHERE DEVELOPMENT

   -SECONDARY LAYER (Pangea)

Point in which planet Earth is found nowdays, correlating with the Sun,could be described as relatively far,considering amount of time it has been distancing itself from it.
But in the beginings,regardless of which theory we accept,the one that presumes Earth came to life as a Planet by separating itself from the body of Sun or the one that presumes it developed from the cloud of despursed particles,It had to be a bowl of boiling lava extreemly close to the surface of the Sun.

Falowing the pattern of behavior of so called inner Planets of the Solar system We can conclude two important things:

 -They are constantly distancing themselfs from the Sun,and
 -Their rotation speed is constantly increesing

This facts allow Us to presume that, in the past,Earth has been so much closer to the Sun and Its rotation speed has been so much slower than today,untill the point in time where Its rotation time equals Its revolution time.Evidence supporting this equation are not that far away,time in which Moon makes one rotation equals time in which It 
makes one revolution round the Earth.Mercury,which is closest Planet to the Sun,makes only three rotations per two revolutions implicating that the Planet being even 
closer to the Sun would act exactly as described.

If this was the case,falowing is inevitable.

Being so close to the surface of Sun and having one side allways facing towards It and the other one faceing the cold space led to tremendous diference in temperature on   this two sides of Earths surface..(Diference in temperature on suny and dark side of Mercury exceeds 600 degrees of celsius inspite the fact It is not constantly faced one side to the Sun)..
That side of the Earth faceing the Sun has been in constant turmoil and the temperature on it was extremly high,while the oposite one,under the influence of 'ice cold' space,started to cool down gradualy and over the time thin layer of crust began to emerge..
..Thus the Pangea was born.      

 -PRIMARY LAYER

As the Earth was distancing itself from the Sun,Its rotation speed began to accelerate,wich led to alternating day and night and alowing all of Its surface to cool down
gradualy.
By that time Secondary layer (Pangea) gained enough mass and combined with accelerating Earth rotation It began to move over gelatinous surface of the Primery layer,at first, and preserved Its movement after that layer hardened into crust gradualy.

-DISINTEGRATION OF PANGEA

-LAURASIA AND GONDWANA

Due to the centrifugal force,Pangea had to place the center of its mass on the line of equator.
According to the laws of phisics,as Earth rotates,not all points on Its surface are covering the same distance or having the same speed.Namely,the ones placed at the   Earths poles are standing still but as we go further towards the equator,the speed as well as the distance covered are gradualy increasing.Aplying this rule into correlation
betveen Secondary layer (Pangea) and Primary layer and adding friction will inevitably leed Us to conclusion that Pangea was ever so increasingly straind along the line of equator that at some point in time It had to crack.
Alowing Laurasia and Gondwana to emerge..

-MOUNTAIN CHAINS

As allready mentioned,due to the centrifugal force,both Laurasia and Gondwana ware now racing to place the centers of their masses on the line of equator.Doing it in the maner that the points on them which are the furthest from equator are the ones that move towards It the fastest.In other words ( according to the rules that apply to the centrifugal force), being that they had an anchor point (point of their collision) they tend to revolve around it,having in mind their East to West direction.This turned Laurasia and Gondwana into two enormous 'gear wheels' and led to their bitter collisions.Along the lines of those collisions,under tremendous strain,mountains begun to arrouse..
                                                                                                                                     
We can falow the line of their collisions through continuos chain of                                                         
mountains starting with the Himalayas,over Persian mountains,
Alps and Atlas to Appalachian mountains.
At the begining of those collisions Laurasia and Gondwana had the
most of their mass,therefor the Himalayas are the bigest mountains,
but as continents ware loseing their mass (mainly Gondwana) those
collisions had less intensity and therefor the mountains ware smaller.

At the time of first collisions,Gondwana cracked and Australia and
Antarctic seperated (as one continent at first).Later It devided,
and being that Antarctic had the center of Its mass in polar cirkle,
It moved towards south pole instead towards equator.

After the rise of Himalayas India as well was left behind Gondwana, now
existing as part of Laurasia.     
                                                          
-ATLANTIC RIDGE AND SEPERATION OF NORTH
 AND SOUTH AMERICA FROM LAURASIA AND GONDWANA

Not only secondary layer had It's dynamics,but primary layer as well.Due to the thurmoil in Earths interior and high pressure Primary layer eventualy cracked.The crack spread allmost from North to South pole,along the line known today as Atlantic ridge and the boiling lava pushed through causing it to spread,just as it does today.But in the beginings amounts of lava pushing through ware in such volumes that it soon arouse above the see level,creating continuos chain of volcanic mountains known today as Cordilleras and Andes.
Being that the Earths continents ware 'crawling'  westvards it was inevitable that they colide.

When that hapened,Laurasia and Gondwana pushed Cordilleras and Andes from their original position and moved them Westvards,unsealing the crack and now forsing the lava to build up underneath those continents..Building up the pressure as well..
At some point,the pressure was so high that it led to explosion, bursting through the continents in series of volcanic eruptions all along the Atlantic ridge line.
This catastrophic explosions seperated North and South America from Laurasia and Gondwana and caused over 90 percent of life on Earth to extinct.

-EVIDENCE SUPPORTING TWO-LAYERED
 LITHOSPHERE CONCEPT

-Two-layered lithosphere easily explains seperation of Greanland and Newfoundland from North America,as well as seperation of Madagascar from Africa and New Zealand     from Australia. 
Simply because they have less mass,they are falling behind those continents while they are moving Westwards.

-Patern of movement of North and South America
 According to the laws of fisics,if We place objects "A' and 'B' on a rotating sphere,they will tend to curbe towards Equator..Just as South America does..
But if one of those objects has an anchor point (collision point of Allasca and Sybiria) it will tend to curb towards that point..Just as North America does..