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The IONORT-ISP-WC system: inclusion of an electron collision frequency model for the D-layer
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
8/55 (2014)
ISSN
0273-1177
Electronic ISSN
1879-1948
Publisher
Elsevier Science Limited
Pages (printed)
2114-2123
Issued date
April 15, 2015
Alternative Location
Subjects
Abstract
The IONORT-ISP system (IONOspheric Ray-Tracing – IRI-SIRMUP-PROFILES) was recently developed and tested by comparing the measured oblique ionograms over the radio link between Rome (41.89ºN, 12.48ºE), Italy, and Chania (35.51ºN, 24.02ºE), Greece, with the IONORT-ISP simulated oblique ionograms (Settimi et al., 2013). The present paper describes an upgrade of the system to include: a) electron-neutral collision have been included by using a collision frequency model that consists of a double exponential profile; b) the ISP three dimensional (3-D) model of electron density profile grid has been extended down to the altitude of the D-layer; c) the resolution in latitude and longitude of the ISP 3-D model of electron density profile grid has been increased from 2°x2° to 1°x1°. Based on these updates, a new software tool called IONORT-ISP-WC (WC means with collisions) was developed, and a database of 33 IONORT-ISP-WC synthesized oblique ionograms calculated for single (1-hop paths) and multiple (3-hop paths) ionospheric reflections. The IONORT-ISP-WC simulated oblique ionograms were compared with the IONORT-IRI-WC synthesized oblique ionograms, generated by applying IONORT in conjunction with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 3-D electron density grid, and the observed oblique ionograms over the aforementioned radio link. The results obtained show that (1) during daytime, for the lower ionospheric layers, the traces of the synthesized ionograms are cut away at low frequencies because of HF absorption; (2) during night-time, for the higher ionospheric layers, the traces of the simulated ionograms at low frequencies are not cut off (very little HF absorption); (3) the IONORT-ISP-WC MUF values are more accurate than the IONORT-IRI-WC MUF values.
References
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Angling, M. J., and Khattatov., B., Comparative study of two assimilative models of the ionosphere, Radio Sci., 41 (5), RS5S20, doi:10.1029/2005RS003372, 2006.
Appleton, E. V., and Chapman, F. W., The collisional friction experienced by vibrating electrons in ionized air, Proc. Phys. Soc., London, 44 (3), 246–254, doi:10.1088/0959-5309/44/3/302, 1932.
Azzarone, A., Bianchi, C., Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Scotto, C., and Settimi, A., IONORT: A Windows software tool to calculate the HF ray tracing in the ionosphere, Comp. Geosc., 42, 57-63, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.02.008, 2012.
Bianchi, C., Settimi, A., Scotto, C., Azzarone, A., and Lozito, A., A method to test HF ray tracing algorithm in the ionosphere by means of the virtual time delay, Adv. Space Res., 48 (10), 1600–1605, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.07.020, 2011.
Budden, K. G., Effect of electron collisions on the formulas of magnetoionic theory, Radio Sci., 69D (2), 191-211, 1965.
Coleman, C. J., A ray-tracing formulation and its application to some problems in over-the-horizon radar, Radio Sci. 33 (4), 1187-1197, doi: 10.1029/98RS01523, 1998.
Croft, T. A., and Gregory, L., Stanford University, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Fast, versatile ray-tracing program for IBM 7090 digital computers, Defense Technical Information Center (ed.), Rept. SEL-63-107, TR 82, Contract no. 225 (64), Office of Naval Research, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Stanford, California, USA, 28 pp., 1963.
Davies, K., Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd. (ed.) on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IET), London, UK, 508 pp., 1990.
Decker, D. T., and McNamara, L. F., Validation of ionospheric weather predicted by Global Assimilation of Ionospheric measurements (GAIM) models, Radio Sci., 42 (4), RS4017, doi:10.1029/2007RS003632, 2007.
Dudziak, W. F., Three-dimensional ray trace computer program for electromagnetic wave propagation studies, Technical Military Planning Operation RM 61TMP-32, Defense Atomic Support Agency DASA 1232 , General Electrical Company, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 170 pp., 1961.
Fridman, S. V., Nickisch, L. J., Aiello, M., and Hausman, M., Real-time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from a network of GPS receivers, Radio Sci., 41 (5), RS5S12, doi:10.1029/2005RS003341, 2006.
Fridman, S. V., Nickisch, L. J., and Hausman, M., Personal-computer-based system for real-time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from diverse sources, Radio Sci., 44 (3), RS3008, doi:10.1029/2008RS004040, 2009.
Haselgrove, J., Ray theory and a new method of ray tracing, Conference on the Physics of the Ionosphere, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 23, 355-364, 1955.
Haselgrove, C. B., and Haselgrove, J., Twisted ray paths in the ionosphere, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 75 (3), 357-363, doi:10.1088/0370-1328/75/3/304, 1960.
Jones, R. M., A three dimensional ray tracing computer program, ESSA Tech. Rep., IER 17‐ITSA 17, Government Printing Office, Washington, USA, 1966.
Jones, R. M., and Stephenson, J. J., A versatile three-dimensional ray tracing computer program for radio waves in the ionosphere, OT Report, 75–76, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Telecommunication, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA, 185 pp., 1975.
Kashcheyev, A., Nava, B., and Radicella, S. M., Estimation of higher-order ionospheric errors in GNSS positioning using a realistic 3-D electron density model, Radio Sci., 47 (4), RS4008, doi:10.1029/2011RS004976, 2012.
Lawrence, R. S., and Posakony, D. J., A digital ray tracing program for ionospheric research, in Proc. Intern. Space Sci. Symp., vol. 2, edited by H. C. van de Hulst, C. de Jager, and A. F. Moore, pp. 258–276, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1961.
McNamara, L. F. The Ionosphere: Communications, Surveillance, and Direction Finding (Orbit: A Foundation Series). Published by Krieger Pub Co, Hardcover, 248 pp., 1991.
McNamara, L. F., Decker, D. T., Welsh, J. A., and Cole, D. G., Validation of the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model predictions of the maximum usable frequency for a 3000 km circuit, Radio Sci., 42 (3), RS3015, doi:10.1029/2006RS003589, 2007.
McNamara, L. F., Baker, C. R., and Decker, D. T., Accuracy of USU-GAIM specifications of foF2 and M(3000)F2 for a worldwide distribution of ionosonde locations, Radio Sci., 43 (1), RS1011, doi:10.1029/2007RS003754, 2008.
McNamara, L. F., Retterer, J. M., Baker, C. R., Bishop, G. J., Cooke, D. L., Roth, C. J., and Welsh, J. A., Longitudinal structure in the CHAMP electron densities and their implications for global ionospheric modelling, Radio Sci., 45 (2), RS2001, doi:10.1029/2009RS004251, 2010.
McNamara, L. F., Bishop, G. J., and Welsh, J. A., Assimilation of ionosonde profiles into a global ionospheric model, Radio Sci., 46 (2), RS2006, doi:10.1029/2010RS004457, 2011.
McNamara, L. F., Angling, M. J., Elvidge, S., Fridman, S. V., Hausman, M. A., Nickisch, L. J., and McKinnell, L.-A., Assimilation procedures for updating ionospheric profiles below the F2 peak, Radio Sci., 48 (2), 143-157, doi:10.1002/rds.20020, 2013.
Nickisch, L. J., Practical Applications of Haselgrove’s Equations for HF systems, Radio Sci. Bulletin, 325, 36-48, 2008 (http://www.ursi.org/files/RSBissues/RSB_325_2008_06.pdf).
Norman, R. J., and Cannon, P. S., A two-dimensional analytic ray tracing technique accommodating horizontal gradients, Radio Sci., 32 (2), 387-396, doi: 10.1029/96RS03200, 1997.
Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Pignatelli, A., Zolesi, B., and Cander, L. R., Assimilation of autoscaled data and regional and local ionospheric models as input sources for real-time 3-D International Reference Ionosphere modelling, Radio Sci., 46 (5), RS5009, doi:10.1029/2011RS004697, 2011.
Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Pignatelli, A., Zolesi, B., and Cander, L. R., Testing the three-dimensional IRI-SIRMUP-P mapping of the ionosphere for disturbed periods, Adv. Space Res., 52 (10), 1726-1736, doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.11.028, 2013.
Rawer, K., Manual on ionospheric absorption measurements, Report UAG – 57, edited by K. Raver, published by World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA, and printed by U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Service, Asheville, Noth Carolina, USA, 202 pp., 1976.
Sen, H. K., and Wyller, A. A., On the Generalization of the Appleton-Hartree Magnetoionic Formulas, J. Geophys. Res., 65 (12), 3931-3950, doi:10.1029/JZ065i012p03931, 1960.
Settimi, A., Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Bianchi, C., Scotto, C., Zuccheretti, E., Makris, J., Testing the IONORT-ISP system: a comparison between synthesized and measured oblique ionograms, Radio Science, 48 (2), 167-179, doi:10.1002/rds.20018, 2013.
Settimi, A., Pietrella, M., Pezzopane, M., Zolesi, B., Bianchi, C., Scotto, C., The COMPLEIK subroutine of the IONORT-ISP system for calculating the non-deviative absorption: A comparison with the ICEPAC formula, Adv. Space. Res., 53 (2), 201-218, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.035, 2014.
Shim, J. S., Kuznetsova, M., Rastätter, L., et al.. CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge for systematic assessment of ionosphere/thermosphere models: NmF2, hmF2, and vertical drift using ground-based observations. Space Weather, 9 (12), S12003, doi:10.1029/2011SW000727, 2011.
Stewart, F. G., Ionospheric Communications Enhanced Profile Analysis & Circuit (ICEPAC) Prediction Program, Technical Manual, 91 pp., undated.
(http://elbert.its.bldrdoc.gov/hf_prop/manuals/icepac_tech_manual.pdf).
Thompson, D. C., Scherliess, L., Sojka, J. J., and Schunk, R. W., The Utah State University Gauss-Markov Kalman filter of the ionosphere: The effect of slant TEC and electron density profile data on model fidelity, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68 (9), 947–958, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.011, 2006.
Angling, M. J., and Khattatov., B., Comparative study of two assimilative models of the ionosphere, Radio Sci., 41 (5), RS5S20, doi:10.1029/2005RS003372, 2006.
Appleton, E. V., and Chapman, F. W., The collisional friction experienced by vibrating electrons in ionized air, Proc. Phys. Soc., London, 44 (3), 246–254, doi:10.1088/0959-5309/44/3/302, 1932.
Azzarone, A., Bianchi, C., Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Scotto, C., and Settimi, A., IONORT: A Windows software tool to calculate the HF ray tracing in the ionosphere, Comp. Geosc., 42, 57-63, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.02.008, 2012.
Bianchi, C., Settimi, A., Scotto, C., Azzarone, A., and Lozito, A., A method to test HF ray tracing algorithm in the ionosphere by means of the virtual time delay, Adv. Space Res., 48 (10), 1600–1605, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.07.020, 2011.
Budden, K. G., Effect of electron collisions on the formulas of magnetoionic theory, Radio Sci., 69D (2), 191-211, 1965.
Coleman, C. J., A ray-tracing formulation and its application to some problems in over-the-horizon radar, Radio Sci. 33 (4), 1187-1197, doi: 10.1029/98RS01523, 1998.
Croft, T. A., and Gregory, L., Stanford University, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Fast, versatile ray-tracing program for IBM 7090 digital computers, Defense Technical Information Center (ed.), Rept. SEL-63-107, TR 82, Contract no. 225 (64), Office of Naval Research, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Stanford, California, USA, 28 pp., 1963.
Davies, K., Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd. (ed.) on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IET), London, UK, 508 pp., 1990.
Decker, D. T., and McNamara, L. F., Validation of ionospheric weather predicted by Global Assimilation of Ionospheric measurements (GAIM) models, Radio Sci., 42 (4), RS4017, doi:10.1029/2007RS003632, 2007.
Dudziak, W. F., Three-dimensional ray trace computer program for electromagnetic wave propagation studies, Technical Military Planning Operation RM 61TMP-32, Defense Atomic Support Agency DASA 1232 , General Electrical Company, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 170 pp., 1961.
Fridman, S. V., Nickisch, L. J., Aiello, M., and Hausman, M., Real-time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from a network of GPS receivers, Radio Sci., 41 (5), RS5S12, doi:10.1029/2005RS003341, 2006.
Fridman, S. V., Nickisch, L. J., and Hausman, M., Personal-computer-based system for real-time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from diverse sources, Radio Sci., 44 (3), RS3008, doi:10.1029/2008RS004040, 2009.
Haselgrove, J., Ray theory and a new method of ray tracing, Conference on the Physics of the Ionosphere, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 23, 355-364, 1955.
Haselgrove, C. B., and Haselgrove, J., Twisted ray paths in the ionosphere, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 75 (3), 357-363, doi:10.1088/0370-1328/75/3/304, 1960.
Jones, R. M., A three dimensional ray tracing computer program, ESSA Tech. Rep., IER 17‐ITSA 17, Government Printing Office, Washington, USA, 1966.
Jones, R. M., and Stephenson, J. J., A versatile three-dimensional ray tracing computer program for radio waves in the ionosphere, OT Report, 75–76, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Telecommunication, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA, 185 pp., 1975.
Kashcheyev, A., Nava, B., and Radicella, S. M., Estimation of higher-order ionospheric errors in GNSS positioning using a realistic 3-D electron density model, Radio Sci., 47 (4), RS4008, doi:10.1029/2011RS004976, 2012.
Lawrence, R. S., and Posakony, D. J., A digital ray tracing program for ionospheric research, in Proc. Intern. Space Sci. Symp., vol. 2, edited by H. C. van de Hulst, C. de Jager, and A. F. Moore, pp. 258–276, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1961.
McNamara, L. F. The Ionosphere: Communications, Surveillance, and Direction Finding (Orbit: A Foundation Series). Published by Krieger Pub Co, Hardcover, 248 pp., 1991.
McNamara, L. F., Decker, D. T., Welsh, J. A., and Cole, D. G., Validation of the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model predictions of the maximum usable frequency for a 3000 km circuit, Radio Sci., 42 (3), RS3015, doi:10.1029/2006RS003589, 2007.
McNamara, L. F., Baker, C. R., and Decker, D. T., Accuracy of USU-GAIM specifications of foF2 and M(3000)F2 for a worldwide distribution of ionosonde locations, Radio Sci., 43 (1), RS1011, doi:10.1029/2007RS003754, 2008.
McNamara, L. F., Retterer, J. M., Baker, C. R., Bishop, G. J., Cooke, D. L., Roth, C. J., and Welsh, J. A., Longitudinal structure in the CHAMP electron densities and their implications for global ionospheric modelling, Radio Sci., 45 (2), RS2001, doi:10.1029/2009RS004251, 2010.
McNamara, L. F., Bishop, G. J., and Welsh, J. A., Assimilation of ionosonde profiles into a global ionospheric model, Radio Sci., 46 (2), RS2006, doi:10.1029/2010RS004457, 2011.
McNamara, L. F., Angling, M. J., Elvidge, S., Fridman, S. V., Hausman, M. A., Nickisch, L. J., and McKinnell, L.-A., Assimilation procedures for updating ionospheric profiles below the F2 peak, Radio Sci., 48 (2), 143-157, doi:10.1002/rds.20020, 2013.
Nickisch, L. J., Practical Applications of Haselgrove’s Equations for HF systems, Radio Sci. Bulletin, 325, 36-48, 2008 (http://www.ursi.org/files/RSBissues/RSB_325_2008_06.pdf).
Norman, R. J., and Cannon, P. S., A two-dimensional analytic ray tracing technique accommodating horizontal gradients, Radio Sci., 32 (2), 387-396, doi: 10.1029/96RS03200, 1997.
Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Pignatelli, A., Zolesi, B., and Cander, L. R., Assimilation of autoscaled data and regional and local ionospheric models as input sources for real-time 3-D International Reference Ionosphere modelling, Radio Sci., 46 (5), RS5009, doi:10.1029/2011RS004697, 2011.
Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Pignatelli, A., Zolesi, B., and Cander, L. R., Testing the three-dimensional IRI-SIRMUP-P mapping of the ionosphere for disturbed periods, Adv. Space Res., 52 (10), 1726-1736, doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2012.11.028, 2013.
Rawer, K., Manual on ionospheric absorption measurements, Report UAG – 57, edited by K. Raver, published by World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA, and printed by U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Service, Asheville, Noth Carolina, USA, 202 pp., 1976.
Sen, H. K., and Wyller, A. A., On the Generalization of the Appleton-Hartree Magnetoionic Formulas, J. Geophys. Res., 65 (12), 3931-3950, doi:10.1029/JZ065i012p03931, 1960.
Settimi, A., Pezzopane, M., Pietrella, M., Bianchi, C., Scotto, C., Zuccheretti, E., Makris, J., Testing the IONORT-ISP system: a comparison between synthesized and measured oblique ionograms, Radio Science, 48 (2), 167-179, doi:10.1002/rds.20018, 2013.
Settimi, A., Pietrella, M., Pezzopane, M., Zolesi, B., Bianchi, C., Scotto, C., The COMPLEIK subroutine of the IONORT-ISP system for calculating the non-deviative absorption: A comparison with the ICEPAC formula, Adv. Space. Res., 53 (2), 201-218, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.035, 2014.
Shim, J. S., Kuznetsova, M., Rastätter, L., et al.. CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge for systematic assessment of ionosphere/thermosphere models: NmF2, hmF2, and vertical drift using ground-based observations. Space Weather, 9 (12), S12003, doi:10.1029/2011SW000727, 2011.
Stewart, F. G., Ionospheric Communications Enhanced Profile Analysis & Circuit (ICEPAC) Prediction Program, Technical Manual, 91 pp., undated.
(http://elbert.its.bldrdoc.gov/hf_prop/manuals/icepac_tech_manual.pdf).
Thompson, D. C., Scherliess, L., Sojka, J. J., and Schunk, R. W., The Utah State University Gauss-Markov Kalman filter of the ionosphere: The effect of slant TEC and electron density profile data on model fidelity, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68 (9), 947–958, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.011, 2006.
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SPECIAL ISSUE: International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
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