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Natural tritium determination in groundwater on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/299(2014)
ISSN
0236-5731
Electronic ISSN
1588-2780
Publisher
Springer
Pages (printed)
861-866
Issued date
2014
Abstract
Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide,
due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of
the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is
mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons
atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium
reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation,
becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the
interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both
for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a
natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This
paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt.
Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of
Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium
activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid
scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low
tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of
100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with
the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose
due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was
also evaluated.
due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of
the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is
mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons
atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium
reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation,
becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the
interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both
for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a
natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This
paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt.
Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of
Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium
activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid
scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low
tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of
100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with
the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose
due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was
also evaluated.
References
1. Lal D, Peters B (1967) Cosmic-ray produced radioactivity on the
earth. Handb Phys 46:551–612
2. Goff F, McMurtry GM (2000) Tritium and stables isotopes of
magmatic waters. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 97:347–396
3. Lucas LL, Unterweger MP (2000) Comprehensive review and
critical evaluation of the half-life of tritium. J Res Natl Inst Stand
Technol 105:541–549
4. Burki HJ, Bunker S, Ritter M, Cleaver JE (1975) DNA damage
from incorporated radioisotopes: influence of the H location in
the cell. Radiat Res 62:299–312
5. Diabate S, Strack S (1993) Organically bound tritium. Health
Phys 65:698–711
6. Papageorgakopoulou N, Papaefthymiou E, Topolidou D, Karapanagiotis
N, Tsiganos CP (1998) Tritiated water (H3HO)
induced changes in enzymes of cereals during germination.
Environ Exp Bot 39:49–55
7. D. Lgs. 31/2001 Attuazione della direttiva 98/83/CE relativa alla
qualita` delle acque destinate al consumo umano. Gazzetta Ufficiale
n. 52 del 3 Marzo 2001—Supplemento Ordinario n. 41
8. Aureli A (1973) Idrogeologia del fianco occidentale etneo. In:
Proceedings of the 2nd international congress on underground
waters, Palermo, Italy, pp 425–487
9. Ferrara V (1975) Idrogeologia del versante orientale dell’Etna.
In: Proceedings of the 3rd international congress on underground
waters, Palermo, Italy, pp 91–144
10. Schilliro` F (1988) Proposta metodologica per una zonazione
geologico—tecnica del centro abitato di Maletto. Geol Tech
3:32–53
11. Ogniben L (1966) Lineamenti idrogeologici dell’Etna. Riv Min
Sic 100–102:1–24
12. Ferrara V (1991) Modificazioni indotte dallo sfruttamento delle
acque sotterranee sull’equilibrio idrodinamico e idrochimico
dell’acquifero vulcanico dell’Etna. Mem Soc Geol It 47:619–630
13. Siciliana Regione (1998) Climatologia della Sicilia. Tipografia
priulla, Palermo
14. Bonardi G, Giunta G, Liguori V, Perrone V, Russo M, Zappetta A
(1976) Schema geologico dei monti Peloritani. Boll Soc Geol Ital
95:49–74
15. Giunta G, Bellomo D, Carnemolla S, Runfola P (1992) Carta
geologica del settore orientale della ‘‘Linea di Taormina’’ tra S.
Fratello, Longi, M. Solazzo (Sicilia Nord-Occidentale). Dept.
Geology and Geodesy, University of Palermo
16. Cimino A, Abbate R, Martorana Tusa A (1998) The regional park
of the Nebrodi Mts. (Sicily): a contribution to an integrated
groundwater management. Environ Geol 34:320–328
17. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1980)
Water quality—sampling—Part 1: Guidance on the design of
sampling programmes
18. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1982) Water
quality—sampling—Part 2: guidance on sampling techniques
19. Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 (1989) Water quality—determination
of tritium activity concentration—liquid scintillation
counting method
20. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1989)
Water quality—determination of tritium activity concentration—
liquid scintillation counting method
21. D’Alessandro W, Federico C, Aiuppa A, Longo M, Parello F,
Allard P, Jean-Baptiste P (2001) Groundwater circulation at Mt.
Etna: evidences from 18O, 2H and 3H contents. In: Proceedings of
the 10th international symposium on water-rock interaction,
Villasimius, Italy, 10–15 June 2001, Cidu (Swets&Zeitlinger,
Lisse), pp 485–488
22. Epulandi L, Belleri L, Bernardi G (2007) Misura della concentrazione
di attivita` del trizio nelle acque destinate al consumo
umano tramite scintillazione liquida. ARPA Veneto U.O Agenti,
Fisici
23. Sogni R (2007) Ricognizione regionale sull’attuazione del D.
Lgs. 31/2001. ARPA Emilia-Romagna—Sezione di Piacenza
24. World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) Drinking water
directions. Radiological aspects, Chapt. 9
25. Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) (2008) Standards
and guidelines for tritium in drinking water—part of the tritium
studies project
earth. Handb Phys 46:551–612
2. Goff F, McMurtry GM (2000) Tritium and stables isotopes of
magmatic waters. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 97:347–396
3. Lucas LL, Unterweger MP (2000) Comprehensive review and
critical evaluation of the half-life of tritium. J Res Natl Inst Stand
Technol 105:541–549
4. Burki HJ, Bunker S, Ritter M, Cleaver JE (1975) DNA damage
from incorporated radioisotopes: influence of the H location in
the cell. Radiat Res 62:299–312
5. Diabate S, Strack S (1993) Organically bound tritium. Health
Phys 65:698–711
6. Papageorgakopoulou N, Papaefthymiou E, Topolidou D, Karapanagiotis
N, Tsiganos CP (1998) Tritiated water (H3HO)
induced changes in enzymes of cereals during germination.
Environ Exp Bot 39:49–55
7. D. Lgs. 31/2001 Attuazione della direttiva 98/83/CE relativa alla
qualita` delle acque destinate al consumo umano. Gazzetta Ufficiale
n. 52 del 3 Marzo 2001—Supplemento Ordinario n. 41
8. Aureli A (1973) Idrogeologia del fianco occidentale etneo. In:
Proceedings of the 2nd international congress on underground
waters, Palermo, Italy, pp 425–487
9. Ferrara V (1975) Idrogeologia del versante orientale dell’Etna.
In: Proceedings of the 3rd international congress on underground
waters, Palermo, Italy, pp 91–144
10. Schilliro` F (1988) Proposta metodologica per una zonazione
geologico—tecnica del centro abitato di Maletto. Geol Tech
3:32–53
11. Ogniben L (1966) Lineamenti idrogeologici dell’Etna. Riv Min
Sic 100–102:1–24
12. Ferrara V (1991) Modificazioni indotte dallo sfruttamento delle
acque sotterranee sull’equilibrio idrodinamico e idrochimico
dell’acquifero vulcanico dell’Etna. Mem Soc Geol It 47:619–630
13. Siciliana Regione (1998) Climatologia della Sicilia. Tipografia
priulla, Palermo
14. Bonardi G, Giunta G, Liguori V, Perrone V, Russo M, Zappetta A
(1976) Schema geologico dei monti Peloritani. Boll Soc Geol Ital
95:49–74
15. Giunta G, Bellomo D, Carnemolla S, Runfola P (1992) Carta
geologica del settore orientale della ‘‘Linea di Taormina’’ tra S.
Fratello, Longi, M. Solazzo (Sicilia Nord-Occidentale). Dept.
Geology and Geodesy, University of Palermo
16. Cimino A, Abbate R, Martorana Tusa A (1998) The regional park
of the Nebrodi Mts. (Sicily): a contribution to an integrated
groundwater management. Environ Geol 34:320–328
17. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1980)
Water quality—sampling—Part 1: Guidance on the design of
sampling programmes
18. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1982) Water
quality—sampling—Part 2: guidance on sampling techniques
19. Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 (1989) Water quality—determination
of tritium activity concentration—liquid scintillation
counting method
20. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1989)
Water quality—determination of tritium activity concentration—
liquid scintillation counting method
21. D’Alessandro W, Federico C, Aiuppa A, Longo M, Parello F,
Allard P, Jean-Baptiste P (2001) Groundwater circulation at Mt.
Etna: evidences from 18O, 2H and 3H contents. In: Proceedings of
the 10th international symposium on water-rock interaction,
Villasimius, Italy, 10–15 June 2001, Cidu (Swets&Zeitlinger,
Lisse), pp 485–488
22. Epulandi L, Belleri L, Bernardi G (2007) Misura della concentrazione
di attivita` del trizio nelle acque destinate al consumo
umano tramite scintillazione liquida. ARPA Veneto U.O Agenti,
Fisici
23. Sogni R (2007) Ricognizione regionale sull’attuazione del D.
Lgs. 31/2001. ARPA Emilia-Romagna—Sezione di Piacenza
24. World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) Drinking water
directions. Radiological aspects, Chapt. 9
25. Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) (2008) Standards
and guidelines for tritium in drinking water—part of the tritium
studies project
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