Options
Low-temperature magnetic properties of pelagic carbonates: Oxidation of biogenic magnetite and identification of magnetosome chains
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
12 / 118 (2013)
ISSN
0148-0227
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
Pages (printed)
6049–6065
Issued date
December 2013
Abstract
Pelagic marine carbonates provide important records of past environmental change. We carried out detailed low-temperature magnetic measurements on biogenic magnetite-bearing sediments from the Southern Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Holes 738B, 738C, 689D, and 690C) and on samples containing whole magnetotactic bacteria cells. We document a range of low-temperature magnetic properties, including reversible humped low-temperature cycling (LTC) curves. Different degrees of magnetite oxidation are considered to be responsible for the observed variable shapes of LTC curves. A dipole spring mechanism in magnetosome chains is introduced to explain reversible LTC curves. This dipole spring mechanism is proposed to result from the uniaxial anisotropy that originates from the chain arrangement of biogenic magnetite, similar to published results for uniaxial stable single domain (SD) particles. The dipole spring mechanism reversibly restores the remanence during warming in LTC measurements. This supports a previous idea that remanence of magnetosome chains is completely reversible during LTC experiments. We suggest that this magnetic fingerprint is a diagnostic indicator for intact magnetosome chains, although the presence of isolated uniaxial stable SD particles and magnetically interacting particles can complicate this test. Magnetic measurements through the Eocene section of ODP Hole 738B reveal an interval with distinct magnetic properties that we interpret to originate from less oxidized biogenic magnetite and enrichment of a biogenic “hard” component. Co-occurrence of these two magnetic fingerprints during the late Eocene in the Southern Ocean indicates less oxic conditions, probably due to increased oceanic primary productivity and organic carbon burial.
References
Abrajevitch, A., and K. Kodama (2009), Biochemical vs. detrital mechanism
of remanence acquisition in marine carbonates: A lesson from the K-T
boundary interval, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 286, 269–277.
Bazylinski, D. A., R. B. Frankel, B. R. Heywood, S. Mann, J. W. King,
P. L. Donaghay, and A. K. Hanson (1995), Controlled biomineralization
of magnetite (Fe3O4) and greigite (Fe3S4) in a magnetotactic bacterium,
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 3232–3239.
Bickford, L. R., J. M. Brownlow, and R. F. Penoyer (1957),
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in cobalt-substituted magnetic single
crystals, Proc. IEE .B, 104, 238–244.
Carter-Stiglitz, B., M. Jackson, and B. Moskowitz (2002), Low-temperature
remanence in stable single domain magnetite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(7),
1129, doi:10.1029/2001GL014197.
Carter-Stiglitz, B., B. Moskowitz, and M. Jackson (2004), More on the low-
temperature magnetism of stable single domain magnetite: Reversibility
and nonstoichiometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06606, doi:10.1029/
2003GL019155.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, A. R. Muxworthy, Y. Tang, Q. Chen, C. J. Rowan,
Q. Liu, and P. Pruner (2007), Magnetic characteristics of synthetic pseudo-
single-domain and multi-domain greigite (Fe3S4), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,
L24304, doi:10.1029/2007GL032114.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, Y. Tang, B. D. Rainford, A. R. Muxworthy, and
Q. Chen (2008), Fundamental magnetic parameters from pure synthetic
greigite (Fe3S4), J. Geophys. Res., 113, B06104, doi:10.1029/2007JB005502.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, C. J. Rowan, Y. Tang, P. Pruner, Q. Chen, and
C. S. Horng (2009), Low-temperature magnetic properties of greigite (Fe3S4),
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q01Y04, doi:10.1029/2008GC002276.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, W. Williams, J. D. Fitz Gerald, J. C. Larrasoaña,
L. Jovane, and A. R. Muxworthy (2012a), Giant magnetofossils and
hyperthermal events, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 351–352, 258–269,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.031.
Chang, L., M. Winklhofer, A. P. Roberts, M. J. Dekkers, C.-S. Horng, L. Hu,
and Q. W. Chen (2012b), Ferromagnetic resonance characterization of
greigite (Fe3S4), monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) and non-interacting
titanomagnetite (Fe3-xTixO4), Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q05Z41,
doi:10.1029/2012GC004063.
Channell, J. E. T., C. Ohneiser, Y. Yamamoto, and M. S. Kesler (2013),
Oligocene-Miocene magnetic stratigraphy carried by biogenic magnetite
at sites U1334 and U1335 (equatorial Pacific Ocean), Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 265–282, doi:10.1029/2012GC004429.
Charilaou, M., M. Winklhofer, and A. U. Gehring (2011), Simulation of
ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear chains of magnetite nano-
crystals, J. Appl. Phys., 109, 093903, doi:10.1063/1.3581103.
Cui, Y., K. L. Verosub, and A. P. Roberts (1994), The effect of low-
temperature oxidation on large multi-domain magnetite,Geophys. Res. Lett.,
21, 757–760.
Dunin-Borkowski, R. E., M. R. McCartney, R. B. Frankel, D. A. Bazylinski,
M. Posfai, and P. R. Buseck (1998), Magnetic microstructure of
magnetotactic bacteria by electron holography, Science, 282, 1868–1870.
Egli, R. (2004a), Characterization of individual rock magnetic components by
analysis of remanence curves: 1. Unmixing natural sediments, Stud.
Geophys. Geod.,48, 391–446, doi:10.1023/B:SGEG.0000020839.45304.6d.
Egli, R. (2004b), Characterization of individual rock magnetic components
by analysis of remanence curves. 2. Fundamental properties of coercivity
distributions, Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 851–867. Egli, R., A. P. Chen, M. Winklhofer, K. P. Kodama, and C.-S. Horng (2010),
Detection of noninteracting single domain particles using first-order
reversal curve diagrams, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, Q01Z11,
doi:10.1029/2009GC002916.
Fischer, A., M. Schmitz, B. Aichmayer, P. Fratzl, and D. Faivre (2011),
Structural purity of magnetite nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria,
J. R. Soc. Interface, 8, 1011–1018.
Fischer, H., G. Mastrogiacomo, J. F. Löffler, R. J. Warthmann, P. G. Weidler,
and A. U. Gehring (2008), Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic
characteristics of intact magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum
gryphiswaldense, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 270, 200–208, doi:10.1016/j.
epsl.2008.03.022.
Florindo, F., and A. P. Roberts (2005), Eocene-Oligocene magnetobiostra-
tigraphy of ODP sites 689 and 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 46–66, doi:10.1130/B25541.1.
Hanzlik, M., M. Winklhofer, and N. Petersen (2002), Pulsedfield-remanence
measurements on individual magnetotactic bacteria, J. Magn. Magn.
Mater., 248, 258–267, doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00353-0.
Harrison, R. J., and J. M. Feinberg (2008), FORCinel: An improved
algorithm for calculating first-order reversal curve distributions using
locally weighted regression smoothing, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9,
Q05016, doi:10.1029/2008GC001987.
Hartstra, R. L. (1982), A comparative study of the ARM and Isr of some
natural magnetites of MD and PSD grain size, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc., 71, 497–518.
Heslop, D., M. J. Dekkers, P. P. Kruiver, and I. H. M. van Oorschot (2002),
Analysis of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves using
the expectation-maximization algorithm, Geophys. J. Int., 148, 58–64,
doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01558.x.
Hesse, P. P. (1994), Evidence for bacterial palaeoecological origin of mineral
magnetic cycles in oxic and sub-oxic Tasman sea sediments, Mar. Geol.,
117, 1–17.
Housen, B. A., and B. M. Moskowitz (2006), Depth distribution of
magnetofossils in near-surface sediments from the Blake/Bahama Outer
Ridge, western North Atlantic Ocean, determined by low-temperature
magnetism, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G01005, doi:10.1029/2005JG000068.
Kim, B. Y., K. P. Kodama, and R. E. Moeller (2005), Bacterial magnetite
produced in water column dominates lake sediment mineral magnetism:
Lake Ely, USA, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 26–37, doi:10.1111/j.1365-
246X.2005.02735.x.
Kobayashi, A., J. L. Kirschvink, C. Z. Nash, R. E. Kopp, D. A. Sauer,
L. E. Bertani, W. F. Voorhout, and T. Taguchi (2006), Experimental
observation of magnetosome chain collapse in magnetotactic bacteria:
Sedimentological, paleomagnetic, and evolutionary implications, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 245, 538–550, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.041.
Kopp, R. E., and J. L. Kirschvink (2008), The identification and biogeo-
chemical interpretation of fossil magnetotactic bacteria, Earth Sci. Rev.,
86, 42–61.
Kopp, R. E., C. Z. Nash, A. Kobayashi, B. P. Weiss, D. A. Bazylinski, and
J. L. Kirschvink (2006a), Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy for
assessment of magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions: A case
study of mutant magnetotactic bacteria, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B12S25,
doi:10.1029/2006JB004529.
Kopp, R. E., B. P. Weiss, A. C. Maloof, H. Vali, C. Z. Nash, and
J. L. Kirschvink (2006b), Chains, clumps, and strings: Magnetofossil
taphonomy with ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 247, 10–25.
Kruiver, P. P., M. J. Dekkers, and D. Heslop (2001), Quantification of
Magnetic coercivity components by the analysis of acquisition curves of
isothermal remanent magnetization, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 189,
269–276, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00367-3.
Larrasoaña, J. C., A. P. Roberts, L. Chang, S. A. Schellenberg,
J. D. Fitz Gerald, R. D. Norris, and J. C. Zachos (2012), Magnetotactic
bacterial response to Antarctic dust supply during the Palaeocene-
Eocene thermal maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 333–334, 122–133,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.003.
Lawver, L. A., and L. M. Gahagan (2003), Evolution of Cenozoic gateways
in the circum-Antarctic region, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 198, 11–37.
Lean, C. M. B., and I. N. McCave (1998), Glacial to interglacial mineral
magnetic and palaeoceanographic changes at Chatham Rise, SW Pacific
Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 163, 247–260.
Li, J., Y. Pan, G. Chen, Q. Liu, L. Tian, and W. Lin (2009), Magnetite
magnetosome and fragmental chain formation of Magnetospirillum
magneticum AMB-1: Transmission electron microscopy and magnetic
observations, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 33–42, doi:10.1111/j.1365-
246X.2009.04043.x.
Li, J., et al. (2010), Biomineralization, crystallography and magnetic
properties of bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes in giant rod
magnetotactic bacteria, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 293, 368–376. Li, J., W. Wu, Q. Liu, and Y. Pan (2012), Magnetic anisotropy, magneto-
static interactions and identification of magnetofossils, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q10Z51, doi:10.1029/2012GC004384.
Li, J., K. Ge, Y. Pan, W. Williams, Q. Liu, and H. Qin (2013), A strong
angular dependence of magnetic properties of magnetosome chains:
Implications for rock magnetism and paleomagnetism, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 14, doi:10.1002/ggge.20228.
Lowrie, W., and F. Heller (1982), Magnetic properties of marine limestones,
Rev. Geophys., 20, 171–192.
Lowrie, W., J. E. T. Channell, and W. Alvarez (1980), A review of magnetic
stratigraphy investigations in Cretaceous pelagic carbonate rocks,
J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3597–3605, doi:10.1029/JB085iB07p03597.
Maher, B. A. (1988), Magnetic properties of some synthetic sub-micron
magnetites, Geophys. J. Int., 94, 83–96, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.
tb03429.x.
Maloof, A. C., R. E. Kopp, J. P. Grotzinger, D. A. Fike, T. Bosak, H. Vali,
P. M. Poussart, B. P. Weiss, and J. L. Kirschvink (2007), Sedimentary iron
cycling and the origin and preservation of magnetization in platform
carbonate muds, Andros Island, Bahamas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 259,
581–598, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.021.
Mauritsch, H. J., and P. Turner (1975), The identification of magnetite in
limestones using the low-temperature transition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
24, 414–418.
Moskowitz, B. M., R. B. Frankel, and D. A. Bazylinski (1993), Rock
magnetic criteria for the detection of biogenic magnetite, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 120, 283–300, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90245-5.
Moskowitz, B. M., M. Jackson, and C. Kissel (1998), Low temperature
magnetic behavior of titanomagnetites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157,
141–149, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00033-8.
Moskowitz, B. M., D. A. Bazylinski, R. Egli, R. B. Frankel, and
K. J. Edwards (2008), Magnetic properties of marine magnetotactic
bacteria in a seasonally stratified coastal pond (Salt Pond, MA, USA),
geophys. J. Int., 174, 75–92, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03789.x.
Muxworthy, A. R., and E. McClelland (2000), Review of the low tempera-
ture magnetic properties of magnetite from a rock magnetic perspective,
Geophys. J. Int., 140, 101–114.
Muxworthy, A. R., and W. Williams (2006), Low-temperature cooling
behavior of single-domain magnetite: Forcing of the crystallographic axes
and interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B07103, doi:10.1029/
2006JB004298.
Muxworthy, A. R., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir (2003), Low-temperature
cycling of isothermal and anhysteretic remanence: Microcoercivity and
magnetic memory, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205, 173–184, doi:10.1016/
S0012-821X(02)01039-7.
Özdemir, Ö., and D. J. Dunlop (2010), Hallmarks of maghemitization in low-
temperature remanence cycling of partially oxidized magnetite nanoparticles,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, B02101, doi:10.1029/2009JB006756.
Özdemir, Ö., D. J. Dunlop, and B. M. Moskowitz (1993), The effect of
oxidation on the Verwey transition in magnetite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20,
1671–1674, doi:10.1029/93GL01483.
Pan, Y., N. Petersen, A. F. Davila, L. Zhang, M. Winklhofer, Q. Liu,
M. Hanzlik, and R. Zhu (2005a), The detection of bacterial magnetite in
recent sediments of Lake Chiemsee (southern Germany), Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 232, 109–123, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.006.
Pan, Y., N. Petersen, M. Winklhofer, A. F. Davila, Q. Liu, T. Frederichs,
M. Hanzlik, and R. Zhu (2005b), Rock magnetic properties of uncultured
magnetotactic bacteria, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 311–325,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.029.
Passier, H. F., and M. J. Dekkers (2002), Iron oxide formation in the active
oxidation front above sapropel S1 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea as
derived from low-temperature magnetism, Geophys. J. Int., 150,
230–240, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01704.x.
Peck, J. A., and J. W. King (1996), Magnetofossils in the sediment of Lake
Baikal, Siberia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 159–172, doi:10.1016/0012-
821X(96)00027-1.
Penninga, I., H. de Waard, B. M. Moskowitz, D. A. Bazylinski, and
R. B. Frankel (1995), Remanence measurements on individual
magnetotactic bacteria using a pulsed magnetic field, J. Magn. Magn.
Mater., 149, 279–286.
Persico, D., C. Fioroni, and G. Villa (2011), A refined calcareous nannofossil
biostratigraphy for the Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene Southern Ocean
ODP sites, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 335–336, 12–23,
doi:10.1016/j.paleo.2011.05.017.
Pike, C. R., A. P. Roberts, and K. L. Verosub (1999), Characterizing interac-
tions in fine magnetic particle systems using first order reversal curves,
J. Appl. Phys., 85, 6660–6667, doi:10.1063/1.370176.
Prozorov, R., T. Prozorov, S. K. Mallapragada, B. Narasimhan,
T. J. Williams, and D. A. Bazylinski (2007), Magnetic irreversibility and
the Verwey transition in nanocrystalline bacterial magnetite, Phys. Rev.
B, 76, 054406, doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.054406. Roberts, A. P., C. R. Pike, and K. L. Verosub (2000), First order reversal
curve diagrams: A new tool for characterizing the magnetic properties of
natural samples, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28,461–28,475, doi:10.1029/
2000JB900326.
Roberts, A. P., F. Florindo, G. Villa, L. Chang, L. Jovane, S. M. Bohaty,
J. C. Larrasoaña, D. Heslop, and J. D. Fitz Gerald (2011a),
magnetotactic bacterial abundance in pelagic marine environments is
limited by organic carbon flux and availability of dissolved iron, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 310, 441–452, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.011.
Roberts, A. P., L. Chang, C. J. Rowan, C.-S. Horng, and F. Florindo (2011b),
Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4): An update, Rev.
Geophys., 49, RG1002, doi:10.1029/2010RG000336.
Roberts, A. P., L. Chang, D. Heslop, F. Florindo, and J. C. Larrasoaña
(2012), Searching for single domain magnetite in the “pseudo-single-do-
main” sedimentary haystack: Implications of biogenic magnetite preserva-
tion for sediment magnetism and relative paleointensity determinations,
J. Geophys. Res., 117, B08104, doi:10.1029/2012JB009412.
Roberts, A. P., F. Florindo, L. Chang, D. Heslop, L. Jovane, and
J. C. Larrasoaña (2013), Magnetic properties of pelagic marine carbonates,
Earth Sci. Rev., 127, 111–139, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.009.
Scheffel, A., A. Gärdes, K. Grünberg, G. Wanner, and D. Schüler (2008),
The major magnetosome proteins MamGFDC are not essential for magne-
tite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, but regulate
the size of magnetosome crystals, J. Bacteriol., 190, 377–386.
Schüler, D., and M. Köhler (1992), The isolation of a new magnetic
spirillum, Zentralbl. Mikrobiol., 147, 150–151.
Simpson, E. T., T. Kasama, M. Pósfai, P. R. Buseck, R. J. Harrison, and
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski (2005), Magnetic induction mapping of magnetite
chains in magnetotactic bacteria at room temperature and close to the
Verwey transition using electron holography, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 17,
108–121.
Smirnov, A. V., and J. A. Tarduno (2000), Low-temperature magnetic
properties of pelagic sediments (Ocean Drilling Program Site 805C):
Tracers of maghemitization and magnetic mineral reduction, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 16,457–16,471, doi:10.1029/2000JB900140.
Tarduno, J. A. (1994), Temporal trends of magnetic dissolution in the
pelagic realm: Gauging paleoproductivity?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 123,
39–48, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90255-0.
Tarduno, J. A. (1995), Superparamagnetism and reduction diagenesis in
pelagic sediments: Enhancement or depletion?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22,
1337–1340, doi:10.1029/95GL00888.
Tarduno, J. A., W. L. Tian, and S. Wilkison (1998), Biogeochemical
remanent magnetization in pelagic sediments of the western equatorial
Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3987–3990, doi:10.1029/
1998GL900079. Torii, M. (1997), Low-temperature oxidation and subsequent downcore dis-
solution of magnetite in deep-sea sediments, ODP Leg 161 (western Mediterranean), J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 49, 1233–1245.
Valet, J.-P., and L. Meynadier (1993), Geomagnetic field intensity and
reversals during the past four million years, Nature, 366, 91–95.
Vali, H., O. Förster, G. Amarantidis, and N. Petersen (1987), Magnetotactic
bacteria and their magnetofossils in sediments,Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 86,
389–400, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(87)90235-4.
van Velzen, A. J., and J. D. A. Zijderveld (1990), Rock magnetism of the
arly Pliocene Trubi formation at Eraclea Minoa (Sicily), Geophys. Res.
Lett., 17, 791–794.
Verwey, E. J. W. (1939), Electronic conduction of magnetite (Fe3O4) and its
transition point at low temperatures, Nature, 144, 327–328.
Walz, F. (2002), The Verwey transition - A topical review, J. Phys. Condens.
Matter, 14, R285–R340, doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/12/203.
Weiss, B. P., S. S. Kim, J. L. Kirschvink, R. E. Kopp, M. Sankaran,
A. Kobayashi, and A. Komeili (2004), Ferromagnetic resonance and low
temperature magnetic tests for biogenic magnetite, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 224, 73–89.
Yamazaki, T. (2009), Environmental magnetism of Pleistocene sediments in
the North Pacific and Ontong-Java Plateau: Temporal variations of detrital
and biogenic components, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q07Z04,
doi:10.1029/2009GC002413.
Yamazaki, T. (2012), Paleoposition of the intertropical convergence
zone in the eastern Pacific inferred from glacial-interglacial changes
in terrigenous and biogenic magnetic mineral fractions, Geology, 40,
151–154.
Yamazaki, T., and M. Ikehara (2012), Origin of magnetic mineral concentra-
tion variation in the Southern Ocean, Paleoceanography, 27, PA2206,
doi:10.1029/2011PA002271.
Yamazaki, T., and N. Ioka (1997), Environmental rock magnetism of pelagic
clay: Implications for Asian eolian input to the North Pacific since the
Pliocene, Paleoceanography, 12, 111–124.
Yamazaki, T., and H. Kawahata (1998), Organic carbon flux controls the
morphology of magnetofossils in marine sediments, Geology, 26,
1064–1066.
Yamazaki, T., and P. Solheid (2011), Maghemite-to-magnetite reduction
across the Fe-redox boundary in a sediment core from the Ontong-Java
Plateau: Influence on relative palaeointensity estimation and environmen-
tal magnetic application, Geophys. J. Int., 185, 1243–1254, doi:10.1111/
j.1365-246X.2011.05021.x.
Yamazaki, T., A. L. Abdeldayem, and K. Ikehara (2003), Rock-magnetic
changes with reduction diagenesis in Japan Sea sediments and preserva-
tion of geomagnetic secular variation in inclination during the last
30,000 years, Earth Planets Space, 55, 327–340.
of remanence acquisition in marine carbonates: A lesson from the K-T
boundary interval, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 286, 269–277.
Bazylinski, D. A., R. B. Frankel, B. R. Heywood, S. Mann, J. W. King,
P. L. Donaghay, and A. K. Hanson (1995), Controlled biomineralization
of magnetite (Fe3O4) and greigite (Fe3S4) in a magnetotactic bacterium,
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 3232–3239.
Bickford, L. R., J. M. Brownlow, and R. F. Penoyer (1957),
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in cobalt-substituted magnetic single
crystals, Proc. IEE .B, 104, 238–244.
Carter-Stiglitz, B., M. Jackson, and B. Moskowitz (2002), Low-temperature
remanence in stable single domain magnetite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(7),
1129, doi:10.1029/2001GL014197.
Carter-Stiglitz, B., B. Moskowitz, and M. Jackson (2004), More on the low-
temperature magnetism of stable single domain magnetite: Reversibility
and nonstoichiometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06606, doi:10.1029/
2003GL019155.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, A. R. Muxworthy, Y. Tang, Q. Chen, C. J. Rowan,
Q. Liu, and P. Pruner (2007), Magnetic characteristics of synthetic pseudo-
single-domain and multi-domain greigite (Fe3S4), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,
L24304, doi:10.1029/2007GL032114.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, Y. Tang, B. D. Rainford, A. R. Muxworthy, and
Q. Chen (2008), Fundamental magnetic parameters from pure synthetic
greigite (Fe3S4), J. Geophys. Res., 113, B06104, doi:10.1029/2007JB005502.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, C. J. Rowan, Y. Tang, P. Pruner, Q. Chen, and
C. S. Horng (2009), Low-temperature magnetic properties of greigite (Fe3S4),
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q01Y04, doi:10.1029/2008GC002276.
Chang, L., A. P. Roberts, W. Williams, J. D. Fitz Gerald, J. C. Larrasoaña,
L. Jovane, and A. R. Muxworthy (2012a), Giant magnetofossils and
hyperthermal events, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 351–352, 258–269,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.031.
Chang, L., M. Winklhofer, A. P. Roberts, M. J. Dekkers, C.-S. Horng, L. Hu,
and Q. W. Chen (2012b), Ferromagnetic resonance characterization of
greigite (Fe3S4), monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) and non-interacting
titanomagnetite (Fe3-xTixO4), Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q05Z41,
doi:10.1029/2012GC004063.
Channell, J. E. T., C. Ohneiser, Y. Yamamoto, and M. S. Kesler (2013),
Oligocene-Miocene magnetic stratigraphy carried by biogenic magnetite
at sites U1334 and U1335 (equatorial Pacific Ocean), Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 265–282, doi:10.1029/2012GC004429.
Charilaou, M., M. Winklhofer, and A. U. Gehring (2011), Simulation of
ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear chains of magnetite nano-
crystals, J. Appl. Phys., 109, 093903, doi:10.1063/1.3581103.
Cui, Y., K. L. Verosub, and A. P. Roberts (1994), The effect of low-
temperature oxidation on large multi-domain magnetite,Geophys. Res. Lett.,
21, 757–760.
Dunin-Borkowski, R. E., M. R. McCartney, R. B. Frankel, D. A. Bazylinski,
M. Posfai, and P. R. Buseck (1998), Magnetic microstructure of
magnetotactic bacteria by electron holography, Science, 282, 1868–1870.
Egli, R. (2004a), Characterization of individual rock magnetic components by
analysis of remanence curves: 1. Unmixing natural sediments, Stud.
Geophys. Geod.,48, 391–446, doi:10.1023/B:SGEG.0000020839.45304.6d.
Egli, R. (2004b), Characterization of individual rock magnetic components
by analysis of remanence curves. 2. Fundamental properties of coercivity
distributions, Phys. Chem. Earth, 29, 851–867. Egli, R., A. P. Chen, M. Winklhofer, K. P. Kodama, and C.-S. Horng (2010),
Detection of noninteracting single domain particles using first-order
reversal curve diagrams, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, Q01Z11,
doi:10.1029/2009GC002916.
Fischer, A., M. Schmitz, B. Aichmayer, P. Fratzl, and D. Faivre (2011),
Structural purity of magnetite nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria,
J. R. Soc. Interface, 8, 1011–1018.
Fischer, H., G. Mastrogiacomo, J. F. Löffler, R. J. Warthmann, P. G. Weidler,
and A. U. Gehring (2008), Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic
characteristics of intact magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum
gryphiswaldense, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 270, 200–208, doi:10.1016/j.
epsl.2008.03.022.
Florindo, F., and A. P. Roberts (2005), Eocene-Oligocene magnetobiostra-
tigraphy of ODP sites 689 and 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 46–66, doi:10.1130/B25541.1.
Hanzlik, M., M. Winklhofer, and N. Petersen (2002), Pulsedfield-remanence
measurements on individual magnetotactic bacteria, J. Magn. Magn.
Mater., 248, 258–267, doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00353-0.
Harrison, R. J., and J. M. Feinberg (2008), FORCinel: An improved
algorithm for calculating first-order reversal curve distributions using
locally weighted regression smoothing, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9,
Q05016, doi:10.1029/2008GC001987.
Hartstra, R. L. (1982), A comparative study of the ARM and Isr of some
natural magnetites of MD and PSD grain size, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc., 71, 497–518.
Heslop, D., M. J. Dekkers, P. P. Kruiver, and I. H. M. van Oorschot (2002),
Analysis of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves using
the expectation-maximization algorithm, Geophys. J. Int., 148, 58–64,
doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01558.x.
Hesse, P. P. (1994), Evidence for bacterial palaeoecological origin of mineral
magnetic cycles in oxic and sub-oxic Tasman sea sediments, Mar. Geol.,
117, 1–17.
Housen, B. A., and B. M. Moskowitz (2006), Depth distribution of
magnetofossils in near-surface sediments from the Blake/Bahama Outer
Ridge, western North Atlantic Ocean, determined by low-temperature
magnetism, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G01005, doi:10.1029/2005JG000068.
Kim, B. Y., K. P. Kodama, and R. E. Moeller (2005), Bacterial magnetite
produced in water column dominates lake sediment mineral magnetism:
Lake Ely, USA, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 26–37, doi:10.1111/j.1365-
246X.2005.02735.x.
Kobayashi, A., J. L. Kirschvink, C. Z. Nash, R. E. Kopp, D. A. Sauer,
L. E. Bertani, W. F. Voorhout, and T. Taguchi (2006), Experimental
observation of magnetosome chain collapse in magnetotactic bacteria:
Sedimentological, paleomagnetic, and evolutionary implications, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 245, 538–550, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.041.
Kopp, R. E., and J. L. Kirschvink (2008), The identification and biogeo-
chemical interpretation of fossil magnetotactic bacteria, Earth Sci. Rev.,
86, 42–61.
Kopp, R. E., C. Z. Nash, A. Kobayashi, B. P. Weiss, D. A. Bazylinski, and
J. L. Kirschvink (2006a), Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy for
assessment of magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions: A case
study of mutant magnetotactic bacteria, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B12S25,
doi:10.1029/2006JB004529.
Kopp, R. E., B. P. Weiss, A. C. Maloof, H. Vali, C. Z. Nash, and
J. L. Kirschvink (2006b), Chains, clumps, and strings: Magnetofossil
taphonomy with ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 247, 10–25.
Kruiver, P. P., M. J. Dekkers, and D. Heslop (2001), Quantification of
Magnetic coercivity components by the analysis of acquisition curves of
isothermal remanent magnetization, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 189,
269–276, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00367-3.
Larrasoaña, J. C., A. P. Roberts, L. Chang, S. A. Schellenberg,
J. D. Fitz Gerald, R. D. Norris, and J. C. Zachos (2012), Magnetotactic
bacterial response to Antarctic dust supply during the Palaeocene-
Eocene thermal maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 333–334, 122–133,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.003.
Lawver, L. A., and L. M. Gahagan (2003), Evolution of Cenozoic gateways
in the circum-Antarctic region, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 198, 11–37.
Lean, C. M. B., and I. N. McCave (1998), Glacial to interglacial mineral
magnetic and palaeoceanographic changes at Chatham Rise, SW Pacific
Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 163, 247–260.
Li, J., Y. Pan, G. Chen, Q. Liu, L. Tian, and W. Lin (2009), Magnetite
magnetosome and fragmental chain formation of Magnetospirillum
magneticum AMB-1: Transmission electron microscopy and magnetic
observations, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 33–42, doi:10.1111/j.1365-
246X.2009.04043.x.
Li, J., et al. (2010), Biomineralization, crystallography and magnetic
properties of bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes in giant rod
magnetotactic bacteria, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 293, 368–376. Li, J., W. Wu, Q. Liu, and Y. Pan (2012), Magnetic anisotropy, magneto-
static interactions and identification of magnetofossils, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q10Z51, doi:10.1029/2012GC004384.
Li, J., K. Ge, Y. Pan, W. Williams, Q. Liu, and H. Qin (2013), A strong
angular dependence of magnetic properties of magnetosome chains:
Implications for rock magnetism and paleomagnetism, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosyst., 14, doi:10.1002/ggge.20228.
Lowrie, W., and F. Heller (1982), Magnetic properties of marine limestones,
Rev. Geophys., 20, 171–192.
Lowrie, W., J. E. T. Channell, and W. Alvarez (1980), A review of magnetic
stratigraphy investigations in Cretaceous pelagic carbonate rocks,
J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3597–3605, doi:10.1029/JB085iB07p03597.
Maher, B. A. (1988), Magnetic properties of some synthetic sub-micron
magnetites, Geophys. J. Int., 94, 83–96, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.
tb03429.x.
Maloof, A. C., R. E. Kopp, J. P. Grotzinger, D. A. Fike, T. Bosak, H. Vali,
P. M. Poussart, B. P. Weiss, and J. L. Kirschvink (2007), Sedimentary iron
cycling and the origin and preservation of magnetization in platform
carbonate muds, Andros Island, Bahamas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 259,
581–598, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.021.
Mauritsch, H. J., and P. Turner (1975), The identification of magnetite in
limestones using the low-temperature transition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
24, 414–418.
Moskowitz, B. M., R. B. Frankel, and D. A. Bazylinski (1993), Rock
magnetic criteria for the detection of biogenic magnetite, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 120, 283–300, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90245-5.
Moskowitz, B. M., M. Jackson, and C. Kissel (1998), Low temperature
magnetic behavior of titanomagnetites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157,
141–149, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00033-8.
Moskowitz, B. M., D. A. Bazylinski, R. Egli, R. B. Frankel, and
K. J. Edwards (2008), Magnetic properties of marine magnetotactic
bacteria in a seasonally stratified coastal pond (Salt Pond, MA, USA),
geophys. J. Int., 174, 75–92, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03789.x.
Muxworthy, A. R., and E. McClelland (2000), Review of the low tempera-
ture magnetic properties of magnetite from a rock magnetic perspective,
Geophys. J. Int., 140, 101–114.
Muxworthy, A. R., and W. Williams (2006), Low-temperature cooling
behavior of single-domain magnetite: Forcing of the crystallographic axes
and interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B07103, doi:10.1029/
2006JB004298.
Muxworthy, A. R., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir (2003), Low-temperature
cycling of isothermal and anhysteretic remanence: Microcoercivity and
magnetic memory, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205, 173–184, doi:10.1016/
S0012-821X(02)01039-7.
Özdemir, Ö., and D. J. Dunlop (2010), Hallmarks of maghemitization in low-
temperature remanence cycling of partially oxidized magnetite nanoparticles,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, B02101, doi:10.1029/2009JB006756.
Özdemir, Ö., D. J. Dunlop, and B. M. Moskowitz (1993), The effect of
oxidation on the Verwey transition in magnetite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20,
1671–1674, doi:10.1029/93GL01483.
Pan, Y., N. Petersen, A. F. Davila, L. Zhang, M. Winklhofer, Q. Liu,
M. Hanzlik, and R. Zhu (2005a), The detection of bacterial magnetite in
recent sediments of Lake Chiemsee (southern Germany), Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 232, 109–123, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.006.
Pan, Y., N. Petersen, M. Winklhofer, A. F. Davila, Q. Liu, T. Frederichs,
M. Hanzlik, and R. Zhu (2005b), Rock magnetic properties of uncultured
magnetotactic bacteria, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 311–325,
doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.029.
Passier, H. F., and M. J. Dekkers (2002), Iron oxide formation in the active
oxidation front above sapropel S1 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea as
derived from low-temperature magnetism, Geophys. J. Int., 150,
230–240, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01704.x.
Peck, J. A., and J. W. King (1996), Magnetofossils in the sediment of Lake
Baikal, Siberia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 159–172, doi:10.1016/0012-
821X(96)00027-1.
Penninga, I., H. de Waard, B. M. Moskowitz, D. A. Bazylinski, and
R. B. Frankel (1995), Remanence measurements on individual
magnetotactic bacteria using a pulsed magnetic field, J. Magn. Magn.
Mater., 149, 279–286.
Persico, D., C. Fioroni, and G. Villa (2011), A refined calcareous nannofossil
biostratigraphy for the Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene Southern Ocean
ODP sites, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 335–336, 12–23,
doi:10.1016/j.paleo.2011.05.017.
Pike, C. R., A. P. Roberts, and K. L. Verosub (1999), Characterizing interac-
tions in fine magnetic particle systems using first order reversal curves,
J. Appl. Phys., 85, 6660–6667, doi:10.1063/1.370176.
Prozorov, R., T. Prozorov, S. K. Mallapragada, B. Narasimhan,
T. J. Williams, and D. A. Bazylinski (2007), Magnetic irreversibility and
the Verwey transition in nanocrystalline bacterial magnetite, Phys. Rev.
B, 76, 054406, doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.054406. Roberts, A. P., C. R. Pike, and K. L. Verosub (2000), First order reversal
curve diagrams: A new tool for characterizing the magnetic properties of
natural samples, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28,461–28,475, doi:10.1029/
2000JB900326.
Roberts, A. P., F. Florindo, G. Villa, L. Chang, L. Jovane, S. M. Bohaty,
J. C. Larrasoaña, D. Heslop, and J. D. Fitz Gerald (2011a),
magnetotactic bacterial abundance in pelagic marine environments is
limited by organic carbon flux and availability of dissolved iron, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., 310, 441–452, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.011.
Roberts, A. P., L. Chang, C. J. Rowan, C.-S. Horng, and F. Florindo (2011b),
Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4): An update, Rev.
Geophys., 49, RG1002, doi:10.1029/2010RG000336.
Roberts, A. P., L. Chang, D. Heslop, F. Florindo, and J. C. Larrasoaña
(2012), Searching for single domain magnetite in the “pseudo-single-do-
main” sedimentary haystack: Implications of biogenic magnetite preserva-
tion for sediment magnetism and relative paleointensity determinations,
J. Geophys. Res., 117, B08104, doi:10.1029/2012JB009412.
Roberts, A. P., F. Florindo, L. Chang, D. Heslop, L. Jovane, and
J. C. Larrasoaña (2013), Magnetic properties of pelagic marine carbonates,
Earth Sci. Rev., 127, 111–139, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.009.
Scheffel, A., A. Gärdes, K. Grünberg, G. Wanner, and D. Schüler (2008),
The major magnetosome proteins MamGFDC are not essential for magne-
tite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, but regulate
the size of magnetosome crystals, J. Bacteriol., 190, 377–386.
Schüler, D., and M. Köhler (1992), The isolation of a new magnetic
spirillum, Zentralbl. Mikrobiol., 147, 150–151.
Simpson, E. T., T. Kasama, M. Pósfai, P. R. Buseck, R. J. Harrison, and
R. E. Dunin-Borkowski (2005), Magnetic induction mapping of magnetite
chains in magnetotactic bacteria at room temperature and close to the
Verwey transition using electron holography, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 17,
108–121.
Smirnov, A. V., and J. A. Tarduno (2000), Low-temperature magnetic
properties of pelagic sediments (Ocean Drilling Program Site 805C):
Tracers of maghemitization and magnetic mineral reduction, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 16,457–16,471, doi:10.1029/2000JB900140.
Tarduno, J. A. (1994), Temporal trends of magnetic dissolution in the
pelagic realm: Gauging paleoproductivity?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 123,
39–48, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90255-0.
Tarduno, J. A. (1995), Superparamagnetism and reduction diagenesis in
pelagic sediments: Enhancement or depletion?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22,
1337–1340, doi:10.1029/95GL00888.
Tarduno, J. A., W. L. Tian, and S. Wilkison (1998), Biogeochemical
remanent magnetization in pelagic sediments of the western equatorial
Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3987–3990, doi:10.1029/
1998GL900079. Torii, M. (1997), Low-temperature oxidation and subsequent downcore dis-
solution of magnetite in deep-sea sediments, ODP Leg 161 (western Mediterranean), J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 49, 1233–1245.
Valet, J.-P., and L. Meynadier (1993), Geomagnetic field intensity and
reversals during the past four million years, Nature, 366, 91–95.
Vali, H., O. Förster, G. Amarantidis, and N. Petersen (1987), Magnetotactic
bacteria and their magnetofossils in sediments,Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 86,
389–400, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(87)90235-4.
van Velzen, A. J., and J. D. A. Zijderveld (1990), Rock magnetism of the
arly Pliocene Trubi formation at Eraclea Minoa (Sicily), Geophys. Res.
Lett., 17, 791–794.
Verwey, E. J. W. (1939), Electronic conduction of magnetite (Fe3O4) and its
transition point at low temperatures, Nature, 144, 327–328.
Walz, F. (2002), The Verwey transition - A topical review, J. Phys. Condens.
Matter, 14, R285–R340, doi:10.1088/0953-8984/14/12/203.
Weiss, B. P., S. S. Kim, J. L. Kirschvink, R. E. Kopp, M. Sankaran,
A. Kobayashi, and A. Komeili (2004), Ferromagnetic resonance and low
temperature magnetic tests for biogenic magnetite, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 224, 73–89.
Yamazaki, T. (2009), Environmental magnetism of Pleistocene sediments in
the North Pacific and Ontong-Java Plateau: Temporal variations of detrital
and biogenic components, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q07Z04,
doi:10.1029/2009GC002413.
Yamazaki, T. (2012), Paleoposition of the intertropical convergence
zone in the eastern Pacific inferred from glacial-interglacial changes
in terrigenous and biogenic magnetic mineral fractions, Geology, 40,
151–154.
Yamazaki, T., and M. Ikehara (2012), Origin of magnetic mineral concentra-
tion variation in the Southern Ocean, Paleoceanography, 27, PA2206,
doi:10.1029/2011PA002271.
Yamazaki, T., and N. Ioka (1997), Environmental rock magnetism of pelagic
clay: Implications for Asian eolian input to the North Pacific since the
Pliocene, Paleoceanography, 12, 111–124.
Yamazaki, T., and H. Kawahata (1998), Organic carbon flux controls the
morphology of magnetofossils in marine sediments, Geology, 26,
1064–1066.
Yamazaki, T., and P. Solheid (2011), Maghemite-to-magnetite reduction
across the Fe-redox boundary in a sediment core from the Ontong-Java
Plateau: Influence on relative palaeointensity estimation and environmen-
tal magnetic application, Geophys. J. Int., 185, 1243–1254, doi:10.1111/
j.1365-246X.2011.05021.x.
Yamazaki, T., A. L. Abdeldayem, and K. Ikehara (2003), Rock-magnetic
changes with reduction diagenesis in Japan Sea sediments and preserva-
tion of geomagnetic secular variation in inclination during the last
30,000 years, Earth Planets Space, 55, 327–340.
Type
article
File(s)
No Thumbnail Available
Name
Chang et al.pdf
Size
1.89 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
c6e0cc5d67deefa116449cb77426cc01