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The cuticle micromorphology of in situ Erica arborea L. exposed to long-term volcanic gases
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/87 (2013)
ISSN
0098-8472
Electronic ISSN
1873-7307
Publisher
Elsevier Science Limited
Pages (printed)
197– 206
Issued date
2013
Abstract
Epidermis micromorphology of in situ Erica arborea L. exposed for generations to long-term effect of
volcanic gases in Pisciarelli and Solfatara di Pozzuoli areas have been studied by X-ray analyses, SEM
and TEM observations. In particular, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of volcanic gases
on extant and possibly fossil plants. Plants of the same species living in a nearby control site were also
studied for comparison. SEM coupled with EDX analysis was used to localize different elements within
the leaves (mesophyll, cell wall and cuticle). After conventional and cryo preparation, SEM of mature
leaves ascertained that the abaxial side is more serrate in fumigated leaves and hairs, epicuticular wax
alterations have also been noted. Leaves experiencing chronic fumigation display stomata more sunken
with respect to the epidermal surface. TEM of transverse and longitudinal sections of cuticle showed an
outer A2 granular amorphous layer and external to a B1 fibrillous layer. Significant statistical variations of
ultrastructural components of the cuticle revealed a response of E. arborea to this extreme environment.
At the ultrastructural level, significant variations in thickness of the cell wall plus cuticle, cell wall and
A2 layer among fumigated and non-fumigated leaves have been found. In the studied localities a positive
correlation between atmospheric CO2 concentration and the thickness of A2 layer also exists. The results
are of interest being applicable in the understanding of plant cuticle responses during periods of normal
vs. volcanic activity.
volcanic gases in Pisciarelli and Solfatara di Pozzuoli areas have been studied by X-ray analyses, SEM
and TEM observations. In particular, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of volcanic gases
on extant and possibly fossil plants. Plants of the same species living in a nearby control site were also
studied for comparison. SEM coupled with EDX analysis was used to localize different elements within
the leaves (mesophyll, cell wall and cuticle). After conventional and cryo preparation, SEM of mature
leaves ascertained that the abaxial side is more serrate in fumigated leaves and hairs, epicuticular wax
alterations have also been noted. Leaves experiencing chronic fumigation display stomata more sunken
with respect to the epidermal surface. TEM of transverse and longitudinal sections of cuticle showed an
outer A2 granular amorphous layer and external to a B1 fibrillous layer. Significant statistical variations of
ultrastructural components of the cuticle revealed a response of E. arborea to this extreme environment.
At the ultrastructural level, significant variations in thickness of the cell wall plus cuticle, cell wall and
A2 layer among fumigated and non-fumigated leaves have been found. In the studied localities a positive
correlation between atmospheric CO2 concentration and the thickness of A2 layer also exists. The results
are of interest being applicable in the understanding of plant cuticle responses during periods of normal
vs. volcanic activity.
References
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deposition on mire vegetation: a field experiment in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal
of Ecology 92, 624–634.
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Italia, 247 pp.
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55–87.
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Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 91–106.
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De Luca, P., Gambardella, R., Merola, A., 1979. Thermoacidophilic algae of North and
Central America. Botanical Gazette 140, 418–427.
Di Gennaro, A., 2002. I sistemi di terre della Campania. S.EL.CA., Firenze, 64 pp.
Di Gennaro, A., Terribile, F., 1999. I suoli della Provincia di Napoli. S.EL.CA., Firenze,
63 pp.
Domínguez, E., Heredia-Guerrero, J.A., Heredia, A., 2011. The biophysical design of
plant cuticles: an overview. New Phytologist 189, 938–949.
Falcon-Lang, H.J., Cantrill, D.J., 2002. Terrestrial paleoecology of the Cretaceous (Early
Aptian) Cerro Negro Formation, South Shetlands Islands, Antarctica: a record of
polar vegetation in a volcanic arc environment. Palaios 17, 491–506.
Graham, L.E., 1993. Origin of Land Plants. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.
Gratani, L., Varone, L., 2004. Leaf key traits of Erica arborea L., Erica multiflora L. and
Rosmarinus officinalis L. co-occurring in the Mediterranean maquis. Flora 199,
58–69.
Guignard, G., Popa, M.E., Barale, G., 2004. Ultrastructure of Early Jurassic fossil plant
cuticles: Pachypteris gradinarui Popa. Tissue and Cell 36, 263–273.
Gunther, R.T., 1897. The Phlegrean Fields. The Geographical Journal 10, 412–435.
Haworth, M., 2006. Mesozoic Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations from
Fossil Plant Cuticles. University of Oxford, Oxford.
Haworth, M., McElwain, J., 2008. Hot, dry, wet, cold or toxic? Revisiting the ecological
significance of leaf and cuticular micromorphology. Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 262, 79–90.
Haworth, M., Gallagher, A., Elliott-Kingston, C., Raschi, A., Marandola, D., McElwain,
J.C., 2010. Stomatal index responses of Agrostis canina to carbon dioxide and
sulphur dioxide: implications for palaeo-[CO2] using the stomatal proxy. New
Phytologist 188, 845–855.
Haworth, M., Elliott-Kingston, C., McElwain, J.C., 2011. Stomatal control as a driver
of plant evolution. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 2419–2423.
Herman, A.B., 2002. Late Early–Late Cretaceous floras of the North Pacific Region:
florogenesis and early angiosperm invasion. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
122, 1–11.
Hermes, D.A., Mattson, W.J., 1992. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Quarterly
Review of Biology 67, 283–335.
Holloway, P.J., 1982. Structure and histochemistry of plant cuticular membranes: an
overview. In: Cutler, D.F., Alvin, K.L., Price, C.E. (Eds.), The Plant Cuticle. Linnean
Society, London, pp. 1–32.
Hori, R.S., Fujiki, T., Inoue, E., Kimura, J.I., 2007. Platinum group element anomalies
and bioevents in the Triassic-Jurassic deep-sea sediments of Panthalassa.
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 244, 391–406.
Hotes, S., Poschlod, P., Takahashi, H., Grootjans, A.P., Adema, E., 2004. Effects of tephra
deposition on mire vegetation: a field experiment in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal
of Ecology 92, 624–634.
Lorenzini, G., Nali, C., 2005. Le piante e l’inquinamento dell’aria. Springer-Verlag,
Italia, 247 pp.
Lugardon, B., 1971. Contribution à la connaissance de la morphogénèse et de la
structure des parois sporales chez les Filicinées isosporées. Unpublished Thesis.
Toulouse University, France.
Luteyn, J., 2002. Diversity, adaptation and endemism in neotropical Ericaceae:
biogeographical patterns in the Vaccineae. Botanical Review 68,
55–87.
Mather, T.A., Pyle, D.M., Oppenheimer, C., 2003. Tropospheric volcanic aerosol. In:
Robock, A., Oppenheimer, C. (Eds.), Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, Geophysical
Monograph, vol. 139. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
pp. 189–212.
McElwain, J.C., Chaloner, W.G., 1996. The fossil cuticle as a skeletal record of environmental
change. Palaios 11, 376–388.
Paoletti, E., Nourrisson, I.G., Garrec, J.P., Raschi, A., 1998. Modifications of the leaf surface
structures of Quercus ilex L. in open, naturally CO2-enriched environments.
Plant, Cell & Environment 21, 1071–1075.
Paoletti, E., Pfanz, H., Raschi, A., 2005. Pros and cons of CO2 springs as experimental
sites. In: Omasa, K., Nouchi, I., De Kok, L.J. (Eds.), Plant Responses to Air Pollution
and Global Change. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 195–202.
Payne, R., Blackford, J., 2008. Distal volcanic impacts on peatlands: palaeoecological
evidence from Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 2012–2030.
Pe˜nuelas, J., Estiarte, M., 1998. Can elevated CO2 affect secondary metabolism and
ecosystem function? Tree 13, 20–24.
Pfanz, H., Vodnik, D., Wittmann, C., Aschan, G., Batic, F., Turk, B., Macek, I., 2007. Photosynthetic
performance (CO2-compensation point, carboxylation efficiency,
and net photosynthesis) of timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) is affected by
elevated carbon dioxide in post-volcanic mofette areas. Environmental and
Experimental Botany 61, 41–48.
Pinto, G., Ciniglia, C., Cascone, C., Pollio, A., 2007. Species composition of Cyanidiales
assemblages in Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Italy) and description of Galdieria
phlegrea sp. nov. In: Seckbach, J. (Ed.), Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme
Environments. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 489–502.
Reed, D.W., 1982. Wax alteration and extraction during electron microscopy preparation
of leaf cuticles. In: Cutler, D.F., Alvin, K.L., Price, C.E. (Eds.), The plant
cuticle. The Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, pp. 181–195.
Retallack, G.J., 2002. Carbon dioxide and climate over the past 300 Myr. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 360, 659–673.
Rhode, R.A., Muller, R.A., 2005. Cycles in fossil diversity. Nature 434, 208–210.
Riederer, M., 2006. Biology of the plant cuticle. In: Riederer, M., Müller, C. (Eds.),
Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Kundli, pp. 1–10.
Royer, D.L., 2001. Stomatal density and stomatal index as indicators of paleoatmospheric
CO2 concentration. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 114,
1–28.
Sant’Anna-Santos, B.F., Campos da Silva, L., Azevedo, A.A., de Araújo, J.M., Figueiredo
Alves, E., Monteiro da Silva, E.A., Aguiar, R., 2006. Effects of simulated acid rain on
the foliar micromorphology and anatomy of tree tropical species. Environmental
and Experimental Botany 58, 158–168.
Scaillet, B., 2008. Are volcanic gases serial killer? Science 319, 1628–1629.
Scandone, R., D’Amato, J., Giacomelli, L., 2010. The relevance of the 1198 eruption
of Solfatara in the Phlegraean Fields (Campi Flegrei) as revealed by medieval
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