Options
Retrieval of thermospheric parameters from routine ionospheric observations: assessment of method’s performance at mid-latitudes daytime hours
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
Status
Published
JCR Journal
N/A or not JCR
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/ 2 (2012)
Publisher
EDP Sciences 2012
Pages (printed)
A03
Issued date
June 2012
Abstract
A new method has been developed to retrieve neutral temperature Tn and composition [O], [N2], [O2] from electron density profiles
in the daytime mid-latitude F2-region under both quiet and disturbed conditions. A comparison with CHAMP neutral gas density
observations in the vicinity of Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) has shown that the retrieved neutral gas densities coincide with the observed ones within the announced accuracy of CHAMP observations, provided that accurate Ne(h) ISR profiles are used for the retrieval. The performance of the method has also been tested ingesting Digisonde Ne(h) profiles. In this case the agreement with CHAMP neutral gas density observations is less successful. Possible factors that can influence the performance accuracy are investigated. These are mostly related to limitations due to the ionogram scaling and inversion methods, including performance
limitations of the sounding technique itself, like for instance during G-conditions. Several tests presented here demonstrate that discrepancies in the hmF2 values provided by the Digisondes could have an important impact on the performance of the method.
It should be noted that in all tests performed here using Digisonde Ne(h) profiles, the topside part is approximated with the NeQuick model and any assessment concerning the impact of the topside profiler on the accuracy of the method is beyond the scope of this investigation. Despite the limitations related to the use of Digisonde profiles, the proposed method has the potential to monitor the
thermosphere at least with ISR Ne(h) profiles. Digisonde electron density profiles can also be used if quality improvements are made concerning the ionogram inversion methods.
in the daytime mid-latitude F2-region under both quiet and disturbed conditions. A comparison with CHAMP neutral gas density
observations in the vicinity of Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) has shown that the retrieved neutral gas densities coincide with the observed ones within the announced accuracy of CHAMP observations, provided that accurate Ne(h) ISR profiles are used for the retrieval. The performance of the method has also been tested ingesting Digisonde Ne(h) profiles. In this case the agreement with CHAMP neutral gas density observations is less successful. Possible factors that can influence the performance accuracy are investigated. These are mostly related to limitations due to the ionogram scaling and inversion methods, including performance
limitations of the sounding technique itself, like for instance during G-conditions. Several tests presented here demonstrate that discrepancies in the hmF2 values provided by the Digisondes could have an important impact on the performance of the method.
It should be noted that in all tests performed here using Digisonde Ne(h) profiles, the topside part is approximated with the NeQuick model and any assessment concerning the impact of the topside profiler on the accuracy of the method is beyond the scope of this investigation. Despite the limitations related to the use of Digisonde profiles, the proposed method has the potential to monitor the
thermosphere at least with ISR Ne(h) profiles. Digisonde electron density profiles can also be used if quality improvements are made concerning the ionogram inversion methods.
References
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York, London, 1973.
Belehaki, A., N. Jakowski, and B.W. Reinisch, Comparison of
ionospheric ionization measurements over Athens using ground
ionosonde and GPS-derived TEC values, Radio Sci., 38 (6), 1105,
2003.
Belehaki, A., L.J. Cander, B. Zolesi, J. Bremer, C. Juren, I.
Stanislawska, D. Dialetis, and M. Hatzopoulos, Monitoring and
forecasting the ionosphere over Europe: The DIAS project, Space
Weather, 4, S12002, DOI: 10.1029/2006SW000270, 2006 (S1.1).
Belehaki, A., I. Kutiev, B. Reinisch, N. Jakowski, P. Marinov, I.
Galkin, C. Mayer, I. Tsagouri, and T. Herekakis, Verification of
the TSMP-assisted Digisonde (TaD) topside profiling technique,
Acta Geophysica, DOI: 10.2478/s11600-009-0052-3, 2009. Berger, C., R. Biancale, M. Ill, and F. Barlier, Improvement of the
empirical thermospheric model DTM: DTM94 – comparative
review on various temporal variations and prospects in space
geodesy applications, J. Geod., 161, 178, 1998.
Bilitza, B., L. McKinnell, B.W. Reinisch, and T. Fuller-Rowell, The
International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) today and in the future,
J. Geodesy, DOI: 10.1007/s00190-010-0427-x, 2011.
Bowman, B.R., W.K. Tobiska, F.A. Marcos, C.Y. Huang, C.S. Lin,
and W.J. Burke, A new empirical thermospheric density model
JB2008 using new solar and geomagnetic indices, AIAA/AAS
Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 18–21 August 2008,
Honolulu, Hawaii, 19, 2008.
Bruinsma, S.L., and J.M. Forbes, Anomalous behavior of the
thermosphere during solar minimum observed by CHAMP
and GRACE, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A11323,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015605, 2010.
Bruinsma, S.L., G. Thuillier, and F. Barlier, The DTM-2000
empirical thermosphere model with new data assimilation and
constrains at lower boundary: accuracy and properties, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phys., 65, 1053–1070, 2003.
Bruinsma, S., D. Tamagnan, and R. Biancale, Atmospheric density
derived from CHAMP/STAR accelerometer observations, Planet
Space Sci., 52, 297–312, 2004.
Bruinsma, S., J.M. Forbes, R.S. Nerem, and X. Zhang, Thermospheric
density response to the 20–21 November 2003 solar
and geomagnetic storm from CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer
data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A06303,
DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011284, 2006.
Buonsanto, M.J., D.P. Sipler, G.B. Davenport, and J.M. Holt,
Estimation of the O+, O collision frequency from coincident radar
and Fabry-Perot observations at Millstone Hill, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 17267–17274, 1997.
Chen, C.F., B.W. Reinisch, J.L. Scali, X. Huang, R.R. Gamache,
M.J. Buonsanto, and B.D. Ward, The accuracy of ionogramderived
N(h) profiles, Adv. Space Res., 14 (12), 43–46, 1994.
Di Giovanni, G., and S.M. Radicella, An analytical model of the
electron density profile in the ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 10, 27,
1990.
Emmert, J.T., and J.M. Picone, Climatology of globally averaged
thermospheric mass density, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09326,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015298, 2010.
Galkin, I.A., G.M. Khmyrov, A.V. Kozlov, B.W. Reinisch, X.
Huang, and V.V. Paznukhov, The ARTIST 5, Radio Sounding and
Plasma Physics, AIP Proceedings, 974, 150–159, 2008.
Hedin, A.E., MSIS-86 thermospheric model, J. Geophys. Res., 92,
4649–4662, 1987.
Himmelblau, D.M., Applied Nonlinear Programming, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1972.
Ivanov-Kholodny, G.S., and A.V. Mikhailov, The Prediction of
Ionospheric Conditions, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht,
Holland, 1986.
Ivanov-Kholodny, G.S., and G.M. Nikoljsky, The Sun and the
Ionosphere, Nauka, Moscow, 1969, pp. 455, (in Russian).
Kil, H., Y.-S. Kwak, L.J. Paxton, R.R. Meier, and Y. Zhang, O and
N2 disturbances in the F region during the 20 November 2003
storm seen from TIMED/GUVI, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A02314,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA016227, 2011.
Kutiev, I., P. Marinov, A. Belehaki, B. Reinisch, and N. Jakowski,
Reconstruction of topside density profile by using the topside
sounder model profiler and Digisonde data, Adv. Space Res., 43
(11), 1683–1687, 2009.
Lathuille`re, C., M. Menvielle, A. Marchaudon, and S. Bruinsma, A
statistical study of the observed and modeled global thermosphere
response to magnetic activity at middle and low latitudes,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, A07311, DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012991,
2008.
Lei, J., W. Wang, A.G. Burns, S.C. Solomon, A.D. Richmond, M.
Wiltberger, L.P. Goncharenko, A. Coster, and B.W. Reinisch,
Observations and simulations of the ionospheric and thermospheric
response to the December 2006 geomagnetic storm: initial phase, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A01314,
DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012807, 2008.
Lei, J., J.P. Thayer, G. Lu, A.G. Burns, W. Wang, E.K. Sutton, and
B.A. Emery, Rapid recovery of thermosphere density during the
October 2003 geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 116,
A03306, DOI: 10.1029/2010JA016164, 2011.
Litvin, A., W.L. Oliver, J.M. Picone, and M.J. Buonsanto, The upper
atmosphere during June 5–11, 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
12789–12796, 2000.
Mikhailov, A.V., and J.C. Foster, Daytime thermosphere above
Millstone Hill during severe geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys.
Res., 102, 17275–17282, 1997.
Mikhailov, A.V., and M. Fo¨ rster, Some F2-layer effects during the
January 06–11, 1997 CEDAR storm period as observed with the
Millstone Hill incoherent scatter facility, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr.
Phys., 61, 249–261, 1999.
Mikhailov, A.V., and W. Kofman, An interpretation of ion composition
diurnal variation deduced from EISCAT observations, Ann
Geophysicae, 19, 351–358, 2001.
Mikhailov, A.V., and J. Lilensten, A revised method to extract
thermospheric parameters from incoherent scatter observations,
Ann Geophysics, Supp., 47 (N2/3), 985–1008, 2004.
Mikhailov, A.V., and L. Perrone, On the mechanism of seasonal
and solar cycle NmF2 variations: A quantitative estimate of the
main parameters contribution using incoherent scatter radar
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A03319,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA016122, 2011.
Mikhailov, A.V., and K. Schlegel, Self-consistent modeling of the
daytime electron density profile in the ionospheric F-region, Ann.
Geophysicae, 15, 314–326, 1997.
Mikhailov, A.V., and K. Schlegel, Geomagnetic storm effects at F1-
layer heights from incoherent scatter observations, Ann Geophysicae,
21, 583–596, 2003.
Munninghoff, D.E., Ion and electron temperatures in the topside
ionosphere, in Aeronomy Report 86, Aeronom. Lab. Univ.
Illinois, Urbana, 1979.
Nava, B., P. Coisson, and S.M. Radicella, A new version of the
NeQuick ionosphere electron density model, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr.
Phys., 70, 1856–1862, 2008.
Nusinov, A.A., Solar activity dependence of the intensity of
shortwave radiation, Geomag. i Aeronom., 24, 529–536, 1984,
(in Russian).
Nusinov, A.A., Models for prediction of EUV and X-ray solar
radiation based on 10.7-cm radio emission, in Proceedings
Workshop on Solar Electromagnetic Radiation for Solar Cycle
22, Boulder, Co., July 1992, ed. R.F., Donnely, NOAA ERL.
Boulder, Co, USA, 354–359, 1992.
Oliver, W.L., and K. Glotfelty, O+-O collision cross section and
long-term F region O density variations deduced from the
ionospheric energy budget, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21769–
21784, 1996.
Pesnell, W.D., K. Omidvar, and W.R. Hoegy, Momentum transfer
collision frequency of O+-O, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1343–1346,
1993.
Picone, J.M., A.E. Hedin, D.P. Drob, and A.C. Aikin, NRLMSISE-
00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparison
and scientific issues, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1468,
DOI: 10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002.
Pro¨ lss, G.W., Physics of the Earth’s Space Environment, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004, 513.
Pro¨ lss, G.W., S. Werner, M.V. Codrescu, T.J. Fuller-Rowell, A.G.
Burns, and T.L. Killeen, The thermospheric-ionospheric storm of
Dec 8, 1982: Model predictions and observations, Adv. Space
Res., 22 (1), 123–128, 1998.
Radicella, S.M., and R. Leitinger, The evolution of the DGR
approach to model electron density profiles, Adv. Space Res., 27
(1), 35–40, 2001.
Reinisch, B.W., and X. Huang, Automatic calculation of electron
density profiles from digital ionograms, 3, Processing of bottomside
ionograms, Radio Sci., 18, 477–492, 1983. Reinisch, B.W., and X. Huang, Deducing topside profiles and total
electron content from bottomside ionograms, Adv, Space Res., 27
(1), 23–30, 2001.
Reinisch, B.W., I.A. Galkin, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, and D.F.
Kitrosser, Automated collection and dissemination of ionospheric
data from the digisonde network, Adv. Radio Sci., 2, 241–247,
2004.
Reinisch, B.W., X. Huang, I.A. Galkin, V. Paznukhov, and A.
Kozlov, Recent advances in real-time analysis of ionograms and
ionospheric drift measurements with digisondes, J. Atmos. Sol.-
Terr. Phys., 67, 1054–1062, 2005.
Reinisch, B.W., P. Nsumei, X. Huang, and D. K. Bilitza, Modeling
the F2 topside, plasmasphere for IRI using IMAGE/RPI, ISIS
data, Adv. Space Res., 39, 731–738, 2007.
Reinisch, B.W., P. Nsumei, X. Huang, and D. Bilitza, A new Vary-
Chap model of topside electron density profiles based on ISIS-2
sounding data, in Proceedings of the Ionospheric Effects Symposium,
A 130, JMG Associates, Ltd., Alexandria, VA, USA, 2011.
Richards, P.G., Reexamination of ionospheric photochemistry,
J.Geophys.Res., 116, A08307, DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016613, 2011. Richards, P.G., and D.G. Torr, Ratios of photoelectron to EUV
ionization rates for aeronomic studies, J. Geophys. Res., 93,
4060–4066, 1988.
Richards, P.G., J.A. Fennelly, and D.G. Torr, EUVAC: A solar EUV
flux model for aeronomic calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99,
8981–8992, 1994.
Richmond, A.D., E.C. Ridley, and R.G. Roble, A thermosphere/
ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 601, 604, 1992.
Torr, M.R., D.G. Torr, R.A. Ong, and H.E. Hinteregger, Ionization
frequencies for major thermospheric constituents as a function of
solar cycle 21, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 771–774, 1979.
Wang, W., M. Wiltberger, A.G. Burns, S.C. Solomon, T.L. Killeen, N.
Maruyama, and J.G. Lyon, Initial results from the coupled magnetosphere-
ionosphere-thermospheremodel: thermosphere-ionosphere
responses, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 66/15–16, 1425, 2004.
Wang, W., A.G. Burns, M. Wiltberger, S.C. Solomon, and T.L.
Killeen, Altitude variations of the horizontal thermospheric winds
during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A02301,
DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012374, 2008.
York, London, 1973.
Belehaki, A., N. Jakowski, and B.W. Reinisch, Comparison of
ionospheric ionization measurements over Athens using ground
ionosonde and GPS-derived TEC values, Radio Sci., 38 (6), 1105,
2003.
Belehaki, A., L.J. Cander, B. Zolesi, J. Bremer, C. Juren, I.
Stanislawska, D. Dialetis, and M. Hatzopoulos, Monitoring and
forecasting the ionosphere over Europe: The DIAS project, Space
Weather, 4, S12002, DOI: 10.1029/2006SW000270, 2006 (S1.1).
Belehaki, A., I. Kutiev, B. Reinisch, N. Jakowski, P. Marinov, I.
Galkin, C. Mayer, I. Tsagouri, and T. Herekakis, Verification of
the TSMP-assisted Digisonde (TaD) topside profiling technique,
Acta Geophysica, DOI: 10.2478/s11600-009-0052-3, 2009. Berger, C., R. Biancale, M. Ill, and F. Barlier, Improvement of the
empirical thermospheric model DTM: DTM94 – comparative
review on various temporal variations and prospects in space
geodesy applications, J. Geod., 161, 178, 1998.
Bilitza, B., L. McKinnell, B.W. Reinisch, and T. Fuller-Rowell, The
International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) today and in the future,
J. Geodesy, DOI: 10.1007/s00190-010-0427-x, 2011.
Bowman, B.R., W.K. Tobiska, F.A. Marcos, C.Y. Huang, C.S. Lin,
and W.J. Burke, A new empirical thermospheric density model
JB2008 using new solar and geomagnetic indices, AIAA/AAS
Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 18–21 August 2008,
Honolulu, Hawaii, 19, 2008.
Bruinsma, S.L., and J.M. Forbes, Anomalous behavior of the
thermosphere during solar minimum observed by CHAMP
and GRACE, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A11323,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015605, 2010.
Bruinsma, S.L., G. Thuillier, and F. Barlier, The DTM-2000
empirical thermosphere model with new data assimilation and
constrains at lower boundary: accuracy and properties, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phys., 65, 1053–1070, 2003.
Bruinsma, S., D. Tamagnan, and R. Biancale, Atmospheric density
derived from CHAMP/STAR accelerometer observations, Planet
Space Sci., 52, 297–312, 2004.
Bruinsma, S., J.M. Forbes, R.S. Nerem, and X. Zhang, Thermospheric
density response to the 20–21 November 2003 solar
and geomagnetic storm from CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer
data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A06303,
DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011284, 2006.
Buonsanto, M.J., D.P. Sipler, G.B. Davenport, and J.M. Holt,
Estimation of the O+, O collision frequency from coincident radar
and Fabry-Perot observations at Millstone Hill, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 17267–17274, 1997.
Chen, C.F., B.W. Reinisch, J.L. Scali, X. Huang, R.R. Gamache,
M.J. Buonsanto, and B.D. Ward, The accuracy of ionogramderived
N(h) profiles, Adv. Space Res., 14 (12), 43–46, 1994.
Di Giovanni, G., and S.M. Radicella, An analytical model of the
electron density profile in the ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 10, 27,
1990.
Emmert, J.T., and J.M. Picone, Climatology of globally averaged
thermospheric mass density, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09326,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA015298, 2010.
Galkin, I.A., G.M. Khmyrov, A.V. Kozlov, B.W. Reinisch, X.
Huang, and V.V. Paznukhov, The ARTIST 5, Radio Sounding and
Plasma Physics, AIP Proceedings, 974, 150–159, 2008.
Hedin, A.E., MSIS-86 thermospheric model, J. Geophys. Res., 92,
4649–4662, 1987.
Himmelblau, D.M., Applied Nonlinear Programming, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1972.
Ivanov-Kholodny, G.S., and A.V. Mikhailov, The Prediction of
Ionospheric Conditions, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht,
Holland, 1986.
Ivanov-Kholodny, G.S., and G.M. Nikoljsky, The Sun and the
Ionosphere, Nauka, Moscow, 1969, pp. 455, (in Russian).
Kil, H., Y.-S. Kwak, L.J. Paxton, R.R. Meier, and Y. Zhang, O and
N2 disturbances in the F region during the 20 November 2003
storm seen from TIMED/GUVI, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A02314,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA016227, 2011.
Kutiev, I., P. Marinov, A. Belehaki, B. Reinisch, and N. Jakowski,
Reconstruction of topside density profile by using the topside
sounder model profiler and Digisonde data, Adv. Space Res., 43
(11), 1683–1687, 2009.
Lathuille`re, C., M. Menvielle, A. Marchaudon, and S. Bruinsma, A
statistical study of the observed and modeled global thermosphere
response to magnetic activity at middle and low latitudes,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, A07311, DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012991,
2008.
Lei, J., W. Wang, A.G. Burns, S.C. Solomon, A.D. Richmond, M.
Wiltberger, L.P. Goncharenko, A. Coster, and B.W. Reinisch,
Observations and simulations of the ionospheric and thermospheric
response to the December 2006 geomagnetic storm: initial phase, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A01314,
DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012807, 2008.
Lei, J., J.P. Thayer, G. Lu, A.G. Burns, W. Wang, E.K. Sutton, and
B.A. Emery, Rapid recovery of thermosphere density during the
October 2003 geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 116,
A03306, DOI: 10.1029/2010JA016164, 2011.
Litvin, A., W.L. Oliver, J.M. Picone, and M.J. Buonsanto, The upper
atmosphere during June 5–11, 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
12789–12796, 2000.
Mikhailov, A.V., and J.C. Foster, Daytime thermosphere above
Millstone Hill during severe geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys.
Res., 102, 17275–17282, 1997.
Mikhailov, A.V., and M. Fo¨ rster, Some F2-layer effects during the
January 06–11, 1997 CEDAR storm period as observed with the
Millstone Hill incoherent scatter facility, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr.
Phys., 61, 249–261, 1999.
Mikhailov, A.V., and W. Kofman, An interpretation of ion composition
diurnal variation deduced from EISCAT observations, Ann
Geophysicae, 19, 351–358, 2001.
Mikhailov, A.V., and J. Lilensten, A revised method to extract
thermospheric parameters from incoherent scatter observations,
Ann Geophysics, Supp., 47 (N2/3), 985–1008, 2004.
Mikhailov, A.V., and L. Perrone, On the mechanism of seasonal
and solar cycle NmF2 variations: A quantitative estimate of the
main parameters contribution using incoherent scatter radar
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A03319,
DOI: 10.1029/2010JA016122, 2011.
Mikhailov, A.V., and K. Schlegel, Self-consistent modeling of the
daytime electron density profile in the ionospheric F-region, Ann.
Geophysicae, 15, 314–326, 1997.
Mikhailov, A.V., and K. Schlegel, Geomagnetic storm effects at F1-
layer heights from incoherent scatter observations, Ann Geophysicae,
21, 583–596, 2003.
Munninghoff, D.E., Ion and electron temperatures in the topside
ionosphere, in Aeronomy Report 86, Aeronom. Lab. Univ.
Illinois, Urbana, 1979.
Nava, B., P. Coisson, and S.M. Radicella, A new version of the
NeQuick ionosphere electron density model, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr.
Phys., 70, 1856–1862, 2008.
Nusinov, A.A., Solar activity dependence of the intensity of
shortwave radiation, Geomag. i Aeronom., 24, 529–536, 1984,
(in Russian).
Nusinov, A.A., Models for prediction of EUV and X-ray solar
radiation based on 10.7-cm radio emission, in Proceedings
Workshop on Solar Electromagnetic Radiation for Solar Cycle
22, Boulder, Co., July 1992, ed. R.F., Donnely, NOAA ERL.
Boulder, Co, USA, 354–359, 1992.
Oliver, W.L., and K. Glotfelty, O+-O collision cross section and
long-term F region O density variations deduced from the
ionospheric energy budget, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21769–
21784, 1996.
Pesnell, W.D., K. Omidvar, and W.R. Hoegy, Momentum transfer
collision frequency of O+-O, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1343–1346,
1993.
Picone, J.M., A.E. Hedin, D.P. Drob, and A.C. Aikin, NRLMSISE-
00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparison
and scientific issues, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1468,
DOI: 10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002.
Pro¨ lss, G.W., Physics of the Earth’s Space Environment, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004, 513.
Pro¨ lss, G.W., S. Werner, M.V. Codrescu, T.J. Fuller-Rowell, A.G.
Burns, and T.L. Killeen, The thermospheric-ionospheric storm of
Dec 8, 1982: Model predictions and observations, Adv. Space
Res., 22 (1), 123–128, 1998.
Radicella, S.M., and R. Leitinger, The evolution of the DGR
approach to model electron density profiles, Adv. Space Res., 27
(1), 35–40, 2001.
Reinisch, B.W., and X. Huang, Automatic calculation of electron
density profiles from digital ionograms, 3, Processing of bottomside
ionograms, Radio Sci., 18, 477–492, 1983. Reinisch, B.W., and X. Huang, Deducing topside profiles and total
electron content from bottomside ionograms, Adv, Space Res., 27
(1), 23–30, 2001.
Reinisch, B.W., I.A. Galkin, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, and D.F.
Kitrosser, Automated collection and dissemination of ionospheric
data from the digisonde network, Adv. Radio Sci., 2, 241–247,
2004.
Reinisch, B.W., X. Huang, I.A. Galkin, V. Paznukhov, and A.
Kozlov, Recent advances in real-time analysis of ionograms and
ionospheric drift measurements with digisondes, J. Atmos. Sol.-
Terr. Phys., 67, 1054–1062, 2005.
Reinisch, B.W., P. Nsumei, X. Huang, and D. K. Bilitza, Modeling
the F2 topside, plasmasphere for IRI using IMAGE/RPI, ISIS
data, Adv. Space Res., 39, 731–738, 2007.
Reinisch, B.W., P. Nsumei, X. Huang, and D. Bilitza, A new Vary-
Chap model of topside electron density profiles based on ISIS-2
sounding data, in Proceedings of the Ionospheric Effects Symposium,
A 130, JMG Associates, Ltd., Alexandria, VA, USA, 2011.
Richards, P.G., Reexamination of ionospheric photochemistry,
J.Geophys.Res., 116, A08307, DOI: 10.1029/2011JA016613, 2011. Richards, P.G., and D.G. Torr, Ratios of photoelectron to EUV
ionization rates for aeronomic studies, J. Geophys. Res., 93,
4060–4066, 1988.
Richards, P.G., J.A. Fennelly, and D.G. Torr, EUVAC: A solar EUV
flux model for aeronomic calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99,
8981–8992, 1994.
Richmond, A.D., E.C. Ridley, and R.G. Roble, A thermosphere/
ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 601, 604, 1992.
Torr, M.R., D.G. Torr, R.A. Ong, and H.E. Hinteregger, Ionization
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