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Late Holocene landscape change history related to the Alpine Fault determined from drowned forests in Lake Poerua, Westland, New Zealand
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.2. Tettonica attiva
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/12 (2012)
Publisher
Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union
Pages (printed)
2051-2064
Issued date
June 26, 2012
Alternative Location
Abstract
Lake Poerua is a small, shallow lake that abuts
the scarp of the Alpine Fault on the West Coast of New
Zealand’s South Island. Radiocarbon dates from drowned
podocarp trees on the lake floor, a sediment core from a
rangefront alluvial fan, and living tree ring ages have been
used to deduce the late Holocene history of the lake. Remnant
drowned stumps of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides)
at 1.7–1.9m water depth yield a preferred time-ofdeath
age at 1766–1807 AD, while a dryland podocarp and
kahikatea stumps at 2.4–2.6m yield preferred time-of-death
ages of ca. 1459–1626 AD. These age ranges are matched to,
but offset from, the timings of Alpine Fault rupture events
at ca. 1717 AD, and either ca. 1615 or 1430 AD. Alluvial
fan detritus dated from a core into the toe of a rangefront
alluvial fan, at an equivalent depth to the maximum depth
of the modern lake (6.7 m), yields a calibrated age of AD
1223–1413. This age is similar to the timing of an earlier
Alpine Fault rupture event at ca. 1230AD±50 yr. Kahikatea
trees growing on rangefront fans give ages of up to 270 yr,
which is consistent with alluvial fan aggradation following
the 1717AD earthquake. The elevation levels of the lake and
fan imply a causal and chronological link between lake-level
rise and Alpine Fault rupture. The results of this study suggest
that the growth of large, coalescing alluvial fans (Dry
and Evans Creek fans) originating from landslides within the
rangefront of the Alpine Fault and the rise in the level of
Lake Poerua may occur within a decade or so of large Alpine
Fault earthquakes that rupture adjacent to this area. These
rises have in turn drowned lowland forests that fringed the
lake. Radiocarbon chronologies built using OxCal show that
a series of massive landscape changes beginning with fault
rupture, followed by landsliding, fan sedimentation and lake
expansion. However, drowned Kahikatea trees may be poor
candidates for intimately dating these events, as they may be
able to tolerate water for several decades after metre-scale
lake level rises have occurred.
the scarp of the Alpine Fault on the West Coast of New
Zealand’s South Island. Radiocarbon dates from drowned
podocarp trees on the lake floor, a sediment core from a
rangefront alluvial fan, and living tree ring ages have been
used to deduce the late Holocene history of the lake. Remnant
drowned stumps of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides)
at 1.7–1.9m water depth yield a preferred time-ofdeath
age at 1766–1807 AD, while a dryland podocarp and
kahikatea stumps at 2.4–2.6m yield preferred time-of-death
ages of ca. 1459–1626 AD. These age ranges are matched to,
but offset from, the timings of Alpine Fault rupture events
at ca. 1717 AD, and either ca. 1615 or 1430 AD. Alluvial
fan detritus dated from a core into the toe of a rangefront
alluvial fan, at an equivalent depth to the maximum depth
of the modern lake (6.7 m), yields a calibrated age of AD
1223–1413. This age is similar to the timing of an earlier
Alpine Fault rupture event at ca. 1230AD±50 yr. Kahikatea
trees growing on rangefront fans give ages of up to 270 yr,
which is consistent with alluvial fan aggradation following
the 1717AD earthquake. The elevation levels of the lake and
fan imply a causal and chronological link between lake-level
rise and Alpine Fault rupture. The results of this study suggest
that the growth of large, coalescing alluvial fans (Dry
and Evans Creek fans) originating from landslides within the
rangefront of the Alpine Fault and the rise in the level of
Lake Poerua may occur within a decade or so of large Alpine
Fault earthquakes that rupture adjacent to this area. These
rises have in turn drowned lowland forests that fringed the
lake. Radiocarbon chronologies built using OxCal show that
a series of massive landscape changes beginning with fault
rupture, followed by landsliding, fan sedimentation and lake
expansion. However, drowned Kahikatea trees may be poor
candidates for intimately dating these events, as they may be
able to tolerate water for several decades after metre-scale
lake level rises have occurred.
Sponsors
FRST project Impacts of Plate Tectonics
in New Zealand (PLT): Alpine Fault earthquake geology (PGST
Contract CO5X0702).
in New Zealand (PLT): Alpine Fault earthquake geology (PGST
Contract CO5X0702).
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Publishing, Nelson, New Zealand, 2011.
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revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of
current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191–2194, 1994.
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for Proposed Subdivision at Lake Poerua, Westland. Ref. #
R06812016-02-V2, 2007.
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earthquake-induced landsliding, ground damage, and MM intensity
in New Zealand, Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Engg., 35, 59–95,
2002.
Hibsch, C., Alvarado, A., Yepes, H., Bebrier, M., and Perez, V.
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(Ecuador): A paleoseismic history recoded in lacustrine sediments,
Third ISAG Meeting, St. Malo, France, 1996.
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and Strong, D. T.: Reconstructing earthquake-driven erosion in
the Southern Alps, New Zealand using the sedimentary record,
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Calif., USA, 2011.
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7613, 1997.
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doi:10.1029/2010JB007452, 2011.
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Alps, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 61, 189–207, 2004.
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of the Hurunui section of the Hope Fault, South Island, New
Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 48, 43–58, 2005.
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Lake Poerua subdivision, Grey District, GNS Science Consultancy
Report 2008/11, 2008.
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intervals and paleoearthquakes for the Ana River Fault,
central Oregon, Friends of the Pleistocene, 9th Annual Pacific
Northwest Cell Field Trip Volume, 2001.
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of paleoseismic activity along the western Hope Fault, GNS
Science Consultancy Report 2006/151, 2007.
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Alpine to Hope Fault transition. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, 41, 691 pp., Portland, Oregon, 2009.
Langridge, R. M., Villamor, P., Basili, R., Almond, P., Martinez-
Diaz, J. J., and Canora, C.: Revised slip rates for the Alpine
fault at Inchbonnie: Implications for plate boundary kinematics
of South Island, New Zealand, Lithosphere, 2, 139–152,
doi:10.1130/L88.1, 2010.
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2009.
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2004.
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clustering: A 50,000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead
Sea Graben, J. Geophys. Res,. 101, 6179–6191, 1996.
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history, and geology of the 749 AD earthquake, Dead Sea
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000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project), J. Quaternary Sci., 22, 9–
35, 2007.
Barrell, D. J. A., Andersen, B. G., and Denton, G. H.: Glacial geomorphology
of the central South Island, New Zealand, Lower
Hutt: GNS Science, GNS Science monograph, 27. 2 v., 2011.
Basher, L., Wilmshurst, J., and Moar, N.: Progress report – Alpine
Fault history and hazards, Landcare Research New Zealand, Lincoln,
Unpublished Report, 1997.
Berryman, K. R., Beanland, S., Cooper, A. F., Cutten, H. N., Norris,
R. J., andWood, P. R.: The Alpine Fault, New Zealand: variation
in Quaternary structural style and geomorphic expression, Annales
Tectonicae, 5, 126–163, 1992.
Berryman, K., Almond, P., Villamor, P., Read, S., Tonkin, P., and
Alloway, B.: Alpine Fault ruptures shape the geomorphology of
Westland, New Zealand: Data from the Whataroa catchment, Geomorphology
2009, ANZIAG 7th International Conference on
Geomorphology, Melbourne, 2009.
Berryman, K. R., Cooper, A., Norris, R., Villamor, P., Sutherland,
R., Langridge, R., Wright, T., Schermer, E., and Biasi, G.
P.: Late Holocene rupture history of the Alpine Fault in South
Westland, New Zealand, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 102, 620–638,
doi:10.1785/0120110177, 2012.
Biasi, G. and Weldon, R. J.: Quantitative refinement of calibrated
C-14 Distributions, Quaternary Res., 41, 1–18, 1994.
Bronk, R.: OxCal Program, v. 4.1.7, Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit,
University of Oxford, UK, available at: https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/
embed.php?File=oxcal.html, 2012.
Cavinato, G. P., Gliozzi, E., and Mazzini, I.: Two lacustrine episodes
during the late Pliocene-Holocene evolution of the Rieti Basin
(Central Apennines, Italy), in: Gierlowski-Kordesch, edited by:
Gierlowski-Kordesch, E. H., and Kelts, K. R., Lake basins
through time and space, AAPG Studies in Geology #46, 527–
534, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, USA,
2000.
Clague, J. J.: Evidence for large earthquakes at the Cascadia Subduction
Zone, Rev. Geophys., 35, 439–460, 1997.
Cox, S. C. and Sutherland, R.: Regional geologic framework of
South Island, New Zealand, and its significance for understanding
the active plate boundary, in: A continental plate boundary:
tectonics at South Island, edited by: Okaya, D., Stern, T. and
Davey, F., New Zealand, Geophysical Monograph, 175, 19–46,
2007.
Cullen, L. E., Duncan, R. P., Wells, A., and Stewart, G. H.: Floodplain
and regional scale variation in earthquake effects on forests,
Westland, New Zealand, J. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 33, 693–701, 2003.
Dawson, J. and Lucas, R.: New Zealand native trees, Craig Potton
Publishing, Nelson, New Zealand, 2011.
De Mets, C., Gordon, G., Argus, D. F., and Stein, S.: Effect of recent
revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of
current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191–2194, 1994.
Golder Associates: Geotechnical Site Suitability Assessment
for Proposed Subdivision at Lake Poerua, Westland. Ref. #
R06812016-02-V2, 2007.
Goldfinger, C.: Subaqueous paleoseismology, in: Paleoseismology,
edited by: McCalpin, J. P., 2nd Edn., Elsevier Inc., 119–170,
2009.
Hancox, G. T., Perrin, N. D., and Dellow, G. D.: Recent studies of
earthquake-induced landsliding, ground damage, and MM intensity
in New Zealand, Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Engg., 35, 59–95,
2002.
Hibsch, C., Alvarado, A., Yepes, H., Bebrier, M., and Perez, V.
H.: Holocene Seismicity and tectonic activity of the Quito Fault
(Ecuador): A paleoseismic history recoded in lacustrine sediments,
Third ISAG Meeting, St. Malo, France, 1996.
Howarth, J., Fitzsimons, S. J., Norris, R. J., Jacobsen, G. E.,
and Strong, D. T.: Reconstructing earthquake-driven erosion in
the Southern Alps, New Zealand using the sedimentary record,
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco,
Calif., USA, 2011.
Irwin, J.: Lake Ianthe: Lake Poerua bathymetry, 1:8000, N.Z.
Oceanographic Institute Chart, Lake Series, 1982.
Jacoby, G. C., Bunker, D. E., and Benson, B. E.: Tree-ring evidence
for an A.D. 1700 Cascadia earthquake in Washington
and northern Oregon, Geology, 25, 999–1002, doi:10.1130/0091-
7613, 1997.
Kagan, E., Stein, M., Agnon, A., and Neumann, F.: Intrabasin
paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the
late Holocene Dead Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B04311,
doi:10.1029/2010JB007452, 2011.
Keefer, D. K.: Landslides caused by earthquakes, Geol. Soc. Am.
Bull., 95, 406–421, 1984.
Korup, O., McSaveney, M. J., and Davies, T. R. H.: Sediment generation
and delivery from large historic landslides in the Southern
Alps, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 61, 189–207, 2004.
Langridge, R. M. and Berryman, K. R.: Morphology and slip rate
of the Hurunui section of the Hope Fault, South Island, New
Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 48, 43–58, 2005.
Langridge, R. M. and McSaveney, M.: Updated review of proposed
Lake Poerua subdivision, Grey District, GNS Science Consultancy
Report 2008/11, 2008.
Langridge, R. M., Pezzopane, S. K., andWeldon, R. J.: Slip rate, recurrence
intervals and paleoearthquakes for the Ana River Fault,
central Oregon, Friends of the Pleistocene, 9th Annual Pacific
Northwest Cell Field Trip Volume, 2001.
Langridge, R., Duncan, R., Almond, P., and Robinson, R.: Indicators
of paleoseismic activity along the western Hope Fault, GNS
Science Consultancy Report 2006/151, 2007.
Langridge, R. M., Villamor, P., Almond, P., Basili, R., Hemphill-
Haley, M. and Ries, W.: Late Holocene paleoseismicity of the Australia-Pacific plate boundary in central South Island: The
Alpine to Hope Fault transition. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, 41, 691 pp., Portland, Oregon, 2009.
Langridge, R. M., Villamor, P., Basili, R., Almond, P., Martinez-
Diaz, J. J., and Canora, C.: Revised slip rates for the Alpine
fault at Inchbonnie: Implications for plate boundary kinematics
of South Island, New Zealand, Lithosphere, 2, 139–152,
doi:10.1130/L88.1, 2010.
McCalpin J. P.: Paleoseismology, 2nd Edn., Elsevier Inca., 613 pp.,
2009.
McCormac, F. G., Hogg, A. G., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E.,
Higham, T. F. G., and Reimer, P. J.: SHCAL04 Southern Hemisphere
calibration 0–11.0 kyr BP: Radiocarbon, 46, 1087–1092,
2004.
Marco, S., Stein, M., Agnon, A., and Ron, H.: Long-term earthquake
clustering: A 50,000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead
Sea Graben, J. Geophys. Res,. 101, 6179–6191, 1996.
Marco, S., Hartal, M., Hazan, N., Lev, L., and Stein, M.: Archaeology,
history, and geology of the 749 AD earthquake, Dead Sea
Transform, Geology, 31, 665–668, doi:10.1130/G19516.1, 2003.
Negrini, R. M.: Pluvial lake sizes in the northwestern Great Basin
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