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Deep explosive focal depths during maar forming magmatic-hydrothermal eruption: Baccano Crater, Central Italy
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
7/73(2011)
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Pages (printed)
899-915
Issued date
April 28, 2011
Abstract
We describe the eruptive activity of the
Pleistocene composite Baccano maar crater in the Sabatini Volcanic Complex (Central Italy) combining stratigraphy, grain size/componentry and rare earth element and Yttrium (REY) composition of its eruptive
products with the stratigraphy and geothermal data derived from deep wells drilled on the Baccano structural high. The main lithological characteristics of the basal
Baccano maar pyroclastic deposit, composed of more than 60% wt of non-thermometamorphosed lithic clasts from the sedimentary basement, show that the first eruption was magmatic-hydrothermal in nature. The lithology of the sedimentary lithic clasts indicates that
the fragmentation level was at a depth of −1,000 to −1,200 m, with fragment depth verified by deep well stratigraphy. The
15% wt juvenile non-vesicular glass components suggest that magma played a minor role in powering the eruption. Assuming that the high-salinity hot hydrothermal fluids
(365<T<410°C and P∼25 MPa), hosted in the highly permeable and confined aquifer below the Baccano maar are representative of those at the time of the eruption, we propose that hydrofracturing would have triggered the
eruption caused by overpressure at the top of the geothermal aquifer. REY analysis performed on pyroclastic fragments
and basement rocks suggest that partial dissolution of the deeper limestones (>−1,400 m) by the aggressive hydrothermal fluids enriched in acid components (HF, HCl, and
H2SO4) may have contributed to increased CO2 partial pressure that helped to drive the hydrofracturing. This could have caused rapid vapour separation and pressure drop, allowing the almost simultaneous breaking of the aquifer cover and brecciation of the calcareous units down to −1,000
to −1,200 m depth. The relative abundance of calcareous lithics in the basal part of the first Baccano eruptive unit, representing about the upper 200 m of stratigraphy below the top of the Baccano structural high, reveals the descent of the piezometric surface during the eruption. Combining deep well information and maar product stratigraphy, using also REY data from maar pyroclastic fragments and the basement rocks we draw an interpretative model for the Baccano maar forming
eruption, concluding that a) magmatic-hydrothermal eruptions may originate deeper than previously thought, and b) hydrothermal fluids circulating in limestone aquifers may play an important role in triggering such
eruptions.
Pleistocene composite Baccano maar crater in the Sabatini Volcanic Complex (Central Italy) combining stratigraphy, grain size/componentry and rare earth element and Yttrium (REY) composition of its eruptive
products with the stratigraphy and geothermal data derived from deep wells drilled on the Baccano structural high. The main lithological characteristics of the basal
Baccano maar pyroclastic deposit, composed of more than 60% wt of non-thermometamorphosed lithic clasts from the sedimentary basement, show that the first eruption was magmatic-hydrothermal in nature. The lithology of the sedimentary lithic clasts indicates that
the fragmentation level was at a depth of −1,000 to −1,200 m, with fragment depth verified by deep well stratigraphy. The
15% wt juvenile non-vesicular glass components suggest that magma played a minor role in powering the eruption. Assuming that the high-salinity hot hydrothermal fluids
(365<T<410°C and P∼25 MPa), hosted in the highly permeable and confined aquifer below the Baccano maar are representative of those at the time of the eruption, we propose that hydrofracturing would have triggered the
eruption caused by overpressure at the top of the geothermal aquifer. REY analysis performed on pyroclastic fragments
and basement rocks suggest that partial dissolution of the deeper limestones (>−1,400 m) by the aggressive hydrothermal fluids enriched in acid components (HF, HCl, and
H2SO4) may have contributed to increased CO2 partial pressure that helped to drive the hydrofracturing. This could have caused rapid vapour separation and pressure drop, allowing the almost simultaneous breaking of the aquifer cover and brecciation of the calcareous units down to −1,000
to −1,200 m depth. The relative abundance of calcareous lithics in the basal part of the first Baccano eruptive unit, representing about the upper 200 m of stratigraphy below the top of the Baccano structural high, reveals the descent of the piezometric surface during the eruption. Combining deep well information and maar product stratigraphy, using also REY data from maar pyroclastic fragments and the basement rocks we draw an interpretative model for the Baccano maar forming
eruption, concluding that a) magmatic-hydrothermal eruptions may originate deeper than previously thought, and b) hydrothermal fluids circulating in limestone aquifers may play an important role in triggering such
eruptions.
References
Anders E, Grevesse N (1989) Abundances of the elements: meteoritic
and solar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:197–214
Baldi P, Cameli GM, Locardi E, Mouton J, Scandellari F (1975)
Geology and geophysics of the Cesano geothermal field. U.
Symp. Geotherm. Energy, San Francisco, USA, 2: 871–881
Baldi P, Buonasorte G, Cameli GM, Cigni U, Funiciello R, Parotto M,
Scandiffio G, Toneatti R (1982a) Exploration methodology, deep
drilling and geothermal model of the Cesano field (Latium—
Italy). In: First Turkish-Italian Seminar on Geothermal Energy II:
51–128
Baldi P, Buonasorte G, Ceccarelli A, Ridolfi A, D’Offizi S, D’Amore
F, Grassi S, Squarci PL, Boni C, Bono P, Di Filippo M, Martelli MC, Lombardi MC, Toro B (1982b) Contributo alla conoscenza
delle potenzialità geotermiche della toscana e del Lazio. PFE-RF
15. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Baldi P, Bertini G, Ceccarelli A (1993) Geothermal fields of Central
Italy. Resour Geol Spec Issue 16:69–81
Bau M, Dulski P (1996) Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth
elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-formations, Transvaal
Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res 79:37–55
Belkin CG, De Vivo B, Tecce F (1988) Hydrothermal phlogopite and
anhydrite from the 518 SH2 well, Sabatini volcanic district,
Latium, Italy: fluid inclusions and mineral chemistry. Am
Mineral 73:775–793
Browne PRL, Lawless JV (2001) Characteristics of hydrothermal
eruptions, with examples from New Zealand and elsewhere.
Earth Sci Rev 52:299–331
Calamai A, Cataldi R, Locardi E, Praturlon A (1976) Distribuzione
delle anomalie geotermiche nella fascia preappenninica toscolaziale.
In: Simposio International sobre energia geotermica en
America Latina I.I.L.A.—Ciudad de Guatemala, pp 189–229
Cas RAF, Wright JV (1987) Volcanic successions: modern and
ancient. Allen and Unwin, London
Cavarretta G, Tecce F (1987) Contact metasomatic and hydrothermal
minerals in the SH2 deep well, Sabatini volcanic district, Latium,
Italy. Geothermics 16(2):127–145
Cavarretta G, Mottana A, Tecce F (1981) Cesanite, a sulphate isotypic
to apatite, from the Cesano geothermal field. Mineral Mag
44:269–273
Cioni R, Laurenzi MA, Sbrana A, Villa IM (1993) 40Ar–39Ar
chronostratigraphy of the initial activity in the Sabatini Volcanic
Complex (Italy). Boll Soc Geol Ital 112:251–263
Cipollari P, Cosentino D (1995) Il sistema Tirreno-Appennino:
segmentazione litosferica e propagazione del fronte compressivo.
Studi Geol Camerti 2:37–45
Conticelli S, Francalanci L, Manetti P, Cioni R, Sbrana A (1997)
Petrology and geochemistry of the ultrapotassic rocks from the
Sabatini volcanic district, central Italy: the role of evolutionary
processes in the genesis of variably enriched alkaline magmas. J
Volcanol Geotherm Res 75:107–136
de Rita D, Sposato A (1986) Correlazione tra eventi esplosivi e assetto
strutturale del substrato sedimentario nel complesso vulcanico
sabatino. Mem Soc Geol Ital 35:727–733
de Rita D, Zanetti G (1986) I centri esplosivi di Baccano e
Stracciacappe: analogie e differenze della modellistica esplosiva
in funzione del grado di interazione acqua/magma. Mem Soc
Geol Ital 35:689–697
de Rita D, Funicello R, Rossi U, Sposato A (1983) Structure and
evolution of Sacrofano-Baccano caldera. J Volcanol Geotherm
Res 17:219–238
de Rita D, Funiciello R, Corda L, Sposato A, Rossi U (1993) Volcanic
units. In: Di Filippo M (ed) Sabatini volcanic complex. CNR
Quad Ric Sci 11:33–79
de Rita D, Di Filippo M, Rosa C (1996) Structural evolution of the
Bracciano volcano-tectonic depression, Sabatini Volcanic District,
Italy. In: McGuire WC, Jones AP, Neuberg J (eds) Volcano
instability on the Earth and other planets. Geol Soc London Spec
Pub 110:225–238
Di Filippo M (ed) (1993) Sabatini volcanic complex. CNR Quad Ric
Sci Progetto Finalizzato “Geodinamica”—monografie finali 114:
109 pp
Druitt TH (1992) Emplacement of the 18 May 1980 lateral blast
deposit ENE of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bull Volcanol
54:554–572
ENEL-VDAG-URM (1991) Aggiornamento delle carte geologiche di
superficie e profonde del Lazio settentrionale, tav. 1, 2 internal report
Fontaine FJH, Rabinowincz M, Boulègue J, Jouniaux L (2002)
Constrains on hydrothermal processes on basaltic edifices: inferences on the conditions leading to hydrovolcanic eruptions
at Piton de la Fournaise Rèunion Island, Indian Ocean. Earth
Planet Sci Lett 200:1–14
Germanovich LN, Lowell RP (1995) The mechanism of phreatic
eruptions. J Geophys Res 100:8417–8434
Heiken G, Wohletz K, Eichelberger J (1988) Fracture fillings and
intrusive pyroclasts, Inyo Domes, California. J Geophys Res
93:4335–4350
Henley RW, Ellis AJ (1983) Geothermal systems ancient and modem:
a geochemical review. Earth Sci Rev 19:1–50
Karner DB, Marra F, Renne PR (2001) The history of the Monti
Sabatini and Alban Hills volcanoes: groundwork for assessing
volcanic–tectonic hazards for Rome. J Volcanol Geotherm Res
107:185–219
Keenan JH, Keyes FG, Hill PG, Moore JG (1978) Steam tables.
Thermodynamic properties of water including vapor, liquid, and
solid phases (International System of Units-S.I.). Wiley, New
York, 162 pp
Kolonin GR, Shironosova GP (2002) Thermodynamic model for REE
complexation in the 592 course of interaction between REEfluorite
and hydrothermal fluid. Geochem Int 40:103–112
Leybourne MI, Goodfellow WD, Boyle DR, Hall GM (2000) Rapid
development of negative Ce anomalies in surface waters and
contrasting REE patterns in groundwaters associated with Zn–Pb
massive sulphide deposits. Appl Geochem 15:695–723
Lorenz V (1987) Phreatomagmatism and its relevance. Chem Geol
62:149–156
Lorenz V, Kurszlaukis S (2006) Root zone processes in the
phreatomagmatic pipe emplacement model and consequences
for the evolution of maar–diatreme volcanoes. J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 159:4–32
Mastin LG (1991) The roles of magma and ground water in the
phreatic eruptions at Inyo Craters, Long Valley Caldera
California. Bull Volcanol 53:579–596
Mastin LG (2007) Generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth
and disintegration of glassy rinds. J Geophys Res 112:1–17
Meloni S, Genova N, Oddone M, Oliveri F, Vannucci R (1987) Rareearth
elements abundance and distribution in pelagic sediments
by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl
Chem 112(2):507–514
Möller P (1998) Rare earth elements and yttrium fractionation caused
by fluid migration. In: Novak M, Rosenbaum J (eds) Challenges
to chemical geology. Czech Geol Surv 9–32
Möller P (2002) The distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium in
water–rock interactions: field observations and experiments. In:
Stober I, Bucher K (eds) Water–rock interaction. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, pp 97–123
Möller P, Bau M, Dulski P, Lüders V (1998) REE and yttrium
fractionation in fluorite and their bearing on fluorite formation.
Proceed Quadr IAGOD Symp 9:575–592
Möller P, Dulski P, Morteani G (2004a) Partitioning of rare earth
elements, yttrium, and some major elements among source rocks, liquid and steam of Larderello–Travale Geothermal
Field, Tuscany (Central Italy). Geochim Cosmochim Acta
67:171–183
Möller P, Dulski P, Savascin Y, Conrad M (2004b) Rare earth
elements, yttrium and Pb isotope ratios in thermal spring and well
waters of West Anatolia, Turkey: a hydrochemical study of their
origin. Chem Geol 206(1–2):97–118
Parekh PP, Möller P, Dulski P, Bausch WM (1977) Distribution of
trace elements between carbonate and non-carbonate phases of
limestone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 34(1):39–50
Peccerillo A (2005) Plio-quaternary volcanism in Italy. Petrology,
geochemistry, geodynamics. Springer, Heidelberg, 365 pp
Schwinn G, Markl G (2005) REE systematics in hydrothermal
fluorite. Chem Geol 216(653):225–248
Self S, Wright (1983) Large wave forms from the Fish Canyon Tuff,
Colorado. Geology 11(8):443–446
Sottili G, Taddeucci J, Palladino DM, Gaeta M, Scarlato P, Ventura G
(2009) The sub-surface dynamics and eruptive styles of maars in
the Colli Albani Volcanic District, central Italy. J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 180:189–202
Taddeucci A, Voltaggio M (1988) TH-230 dating of a fluorite bearing
carbonate layer in the Baccano pyroclastic flow (Sabatini volcanoes,
central Italy). Rend Soc Ital Mineral Petrol 43:1283–1289
Taylor SR,McLennan SM(1985) The Continental Crust; Its composition
and evolution; an examination of the geochemical record preserved
in sedimentary rocks. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 pp
Tecce F, Frezzotti M, Cavarretta G (2000) Evidence for sulphate-rich
melts in xenoliths from the Sabatini volcanic district (Roman
Comagmatic Province, Italy): Raman and microthermometric
studies of fluid and melt inclusions. Eos Trans AGU 81 (48), Fall
Meet Suppl Abstract V51B-03
Valentine GA, Buesch DC, Fisher RV (1989) Basal layered deposits of
the Peach Springs Tuff, northwest Arizona, USA. Bull Volcanol
51:395–414
Villa IM (1993) Geochronology. In: Di Filippo M (ed) Sabatini
Volcanic Complex CNR Quad Ric Sci Progetto Finalizzato
“Geodinamica”—monografie finali 114: 109 pp
Washington HS (1906) The Roman Comagmatic Region 57. Carnegie,
Washington, pp 1–199
Wohletz KH (1983) Mechanisms of hydrovolcanic pyroclast formation:
grain-size, scanning electron microscopy, and experimental
studies. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 17:31–63
Wohletz KH (1986) Explosive magma–water interactions: thermodynamics,
explosion mechanism and field studies. Bull Volcanol
48:245–264
Wohletz KH (2002) Water/magma interaction: some theory and experiments
on peperite formation. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 114:19–35
Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Glicken H (1999) Pyroclastic density
current from the 1888 phreatic eruption of Bandai volcano, NE
Japan. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 90:191–207
Zimanowski B, FröhlichG, LorenzV(1991)Quantitative experiments on
phreatomagmatic explosions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 48:341–358
and solar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:197–214
Baldi P, Cameli GM, Locardi E, Mouton J, Scandellari F (1975)
Geology and geophysics of the Cesano geothermal field. U.
Symp. Geotherm. Energy, San Francisco, USA, 2: 871–881
Baldi P, Buonasorte G, Cameli GM, Cigni U, Funiciello R, Parotto M,
Scandiffio G, Toneatti R (1982a) Exploration methodology, deep
drilling and geothermal model of the Cesano field (Latium—
Italy). In: First Turkish-Italian Seminar on Geothermal Energy II:
51–128
Baldi P, Buonasorte G, Ceccarelli A, Ridolfi A, D’Offizi S, D’Amore
F, Grassi S, Squarci PL, Boni C, Bono P, Di Filippo M, Martelli MC, Lombardi MC, Toro B (1982b) Contributo alla conoscenza
delle potenzialità geotermiche della toscana e del Lazio. PFE-RF
15. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Baldi P, Bertini G, Ceccarelli A (1993) Geothermal fields of Central
Italy. Resour Geol Spec Issue 16:69–81
Bau M, Dulski P (1996) Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth
elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-formations, Transvaal
Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Res 79:37–55
Belkin CG, De Vivo B, Tecce F (1988) Hydrothermal phlogopite and
anhydrite from the 518 SH2 well, Sabatini volcanic district,
Latium, Italy: fluid inclusions and mineral chemistry. Am
Mineral 73:775–793
Browne PRL, Lawless JV (2001) Characteristics of hydrothermal
eruptions, with examples from New Zealand and elsewhere.
Earth Sci Rev 52:299–331
Calamai A, Cataldi R, Locardi E, Praturlon A (1976) Distribuzione
delle anomalie geotermiche nella fascia preappenninica toscolaziale.
In: Simposio International sobre energia geotermica en
America Latina I.I.L.A.—Ciudad de Guatemala, pp 189–229
Cas RAF, Wright JV (1987) Volcanic successions: modern and
ancient. Allen and Unwin, London
Cavarretta G, Tecce F (1987) Contact metasomatic and hydrothermal
minerals in the SH2 deep well, Sabatini volcanic district, Latium,
Italy. Geothermics 16(2):127–145
Cavarretta G, Mottana A, Tecce F (1981) Cesanite, a sulphate isotypic
to apatite, from the Cesano geothermal field. Mineral Mag
44:269–273
Cioni R, Laurenzi MA, Sbrana A, Villa IM (1993) 40Ar–39Ar
chronostratigraphy of the initial activity in the Sabatini Volcanic
Complex (Italy). Boll Soc Geol Ital 112:251–263
Cipollari P, Cosentino D (1995) Il sistema Tirreno-Appennino:
segmentazione litosferica e propagazione del fronte compressivo.
Studi Geol Camerti 2:37–45
Conticelli S, Francalanci L, Manetti P, Cioni R, Sbrana A (1997)
Petrology and geochemistry of the ultrapotassic rocks from the
Sabatini volcanic district, central Italy: the role of evolutionary
processes in the genesis of variably enriched alkaline magmas. J
Volcanol Geotherm Res 75:107–136
de Rita D, Sposato A (1986) Correlazione tra eventi esplosivi e assetto
strutturale del substrato sedimentario nel complesso vulcanico
sabatino. Mem Soc Geol Ital 35:727–733
de Rita D, Zanetti G (1986) I centri esplosivi di Baccano e
Stracciacappe: analogie e differenze della modellistica esplosiva
in funzione del grado di interazione acqua/magma. Mem Soc
Geol Ital 35:689–697
de Rita D, Funicello R, Rossi U, Sposato A (1983) Structure and
evolution of Sacrofano-Baccano caldera. J Volcanol Geotherm
Res 17:219–238
de Rita D, Funiciello R, Corda L, Sposato A, Rossi U (1993) Volcanic
units. In: Di Filippo M (ed) Sabatini volcanic complex. CNR
Quad Ric Sci 11:33–79
de Rita D, Di Filippo M, Rosa C (1996) Structural evolution of the
Bracciano volcano-tectonic depression, Sabatini Volcanic District,
Italy. In: McGuire WC, Jones AP, Neuberg J (eds) Volcano
instability on the Earth and other planets. Geol Soc London Spec
Pub 110:225–238
Di Filippo M (ed) (1993) Sabatini volcanic complex. CNR Quad Ric
Sci Progetto Finalizzato “Geodinamica”—monografie finali 114:
109 pp
Druitt TH (1992) Emplacement of the 18 May 1980 lateral blast
deposit ENE of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bull Volcanol
54:554–572
ENEL-VDAG-URM (1991) Aggiornamento delle carte geologiche di
superficie e profonde del Lazio settentrionale, tav. 1, 2 internal report
Fontaine FJH, Rabinowincz M, Boulègue J, Jouniaux L (2002)
Constrains on hydrothermal processes on basaltic edifices: inferences on the conditions leading to hydrovolcanic eruptions
at Piton de la Fournaise Rèunion Island, Indian Ocean. Earth
Planet Sci Lett 200:1–14
Germanovich LN, Lowell RP (1995) The mechanism of phreatic
eruptions. J Geophys Res 100:8417–8434
Heiken G, Wohletz K, Eichelberger J (1988) Fracture fillings and
intrusive pyroclasts, Inyo Domes, California. J Geophys Res
93:4335–4350
Henley RW, Ellis AJ (1983) Geothermal systems ancient and modem:
a geochemical review. Earth Sci Rev 19:1–50
Karner DB, Marra F, Renne PR (2001) The history of the Monti
Sabatini and Alban Hills volcanoes: groundwork for assessing
volcanic–tectonic hazards for Rome. J Volcanol Geotherm Res
107:185–219
Keenan JH, Keyes FG, Hill PG, Moore JG (1978) Steam tables.
Thermodynamic properties of water including vapor, liquid, and
solid phases (International System of Units-S.I.). Wiley, New
York, 162 pp
Kolonin GR, Shironosova GP (2002) Thermodynamic model for REE
complexation in the 592 course of interaction between REEfluorite
and hydrothermal fluid. Geochem Int 40:103–112
Leybourne MI, Goodfellow WD, Boyle DR, Hall GM (2000) Rapid
development of negative Ce anomalies in surface waters and
contrasting REE patterns in groundwaters associated with Zn–Pb
massive sulphide deposits. Appl Geochem 15:695–723
Lorenz V (1987) Phreatomagmatism and its relevance. Chem Geol
62:149–156
Lorenz V, Kurszlaukis S (2006) Root zone processes in the
phreatomagmatic pipe emplacement model and consequences
for the evolution of maar–diatreme volcanoes. J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 159:4–32
Mastin LG (1991) The roles of magma and ground water in the
phreatic eruptions at Inyo Craters, Long Valley Caldera
California. Bull Volcanol 53:579–596
Mastin LG (2007) Generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth
and disintegration of glassy rinds. J Geophys Res 112:1–17
Meloni S, Genova N, Oddone M, Oliveri F, Vannucci R (1987) Rareearth
elements abundance and distribution in pelagic sediments
by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl
Chem 112(2):507–514
Möller P (1998) Rare earth elements and yttrium fractionation caused
by fluid migration. In: Novak M, Rosenbaum J (eds) Challenges
to chemical geology. Czech Geol Surv 9–32
Möller P (2002) The distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium in
water–rock interactions: field observations and experiments. In:
Stober I, Bucher K (eds) Water–rock interaction. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, pp 97–123
Möller P, Bau M, Dulski P, Lüders V (1998) REE and yttrium
fractionation in fluorite and their bearing on fluorite formation.
Proceed Quadr IAGOD Symp 9:575–592
Möller P, Dulski P, Morteani G (2004a) Partitioning of rare earth
elements, yttrium, and some major elements among source rocks, liquid and steam of Larderello–Travale Geothermal
Field, Tuscany (Central Italy). Geochim Cosmochim Acta
67:171–183
Möller P, Dulski P, Savascin Y, Conrad M (2004b) Rare earth
elements, yttrium and Pb isotope ratios in thermal spring and well
waters of West Anatolia, Turkey: a hydrochemical study of their
origin. Chem Geol 206(1–2):97–118
Parekh PP, Möller P, Dulski P, Bausch WM (1977) Distribution of
trace elements between carbonate and non-carbonate phases of
limestone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 34(1):39–50
Peccerillo A (2005) Plio-quaternary volcanism in Italy. Petrology,
geochemistry, geodynamics. Springer, Heidelberg, 365 pp
Schwinn G, Markl G (2005) REE systematics in hydrothermal
fluorite. Chem Geol 216(653):225–248
Self S, Wright (1983) Large wave forms from the Fish Canyon Tuff,
Colorado. Geology 11(8):443–446
Sottili G, Taddeucci J, Palladino DM, Gaeta M, Scarlato P, Ventura G
(2009) The sub-surface dynamics and eruptive styles of maars in
the Colli Albani Volcanic District, central Italy. J Volcanol
Geotherm Res 180:189–202
Taddeucci A, Voltaggio M (1988) TH-230 dating of a fluorite bearing
carbonate layer in the Baccano pyroclastic flow (Sabatini volcanoes,
central Italy). Rend Soc Ital Mineral Petrol 43:1283–1289
Taylor SR,McLennan SM(1985) The Continental Crust; Its composition
and evolution; an examination of the geochemical record preserved
in sedimentary rocks. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 pp
Tecce F, Frezzotti M, Cavarretta G (2000) Evidence for sulphate-rich
melts in xenoliths from the Sabatini volcanic district (Roman
Comagmatic Province, Italy): Raman and microthermometric
studies of fluid and melt inclusions. Eos Trans AGU 81 (48), Fall
Meet Suppl Abstract V51B-03
Valentine GA, Buesch DC, Fisher RV (1989) Basal layered deposits of
the Peach Springs Tuff, northwest Arizona, USA. Bull Volcanol
51:395–414
Villa IM (1993) Geochronology. In: Di Filippo M (ed) Sabatini
Volcanic Complex CNR Quad Ric Sci Progetto Finalizzato
“Geodinamica”—monografie finali 114: 109 pp
Washington HS (1906) The Roman Comagmatic Region 57. Carnegie,
Washington, pp 1–199
Wohletz KH (1983) Mechanisms of hydrovolcanic pyroclast formation:
grain-size, scanning electron microscopy, and experimental
studies. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 17:31–63
Wohletz KH (1986) Explosive magma–water interactions: thermodynamics,
explosion mechanism and field studies. Bull Volcanol
48:245–264
Wohletz KH (2002) Water/magma interaction: some theory and experiments
on peperite formation. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 114:19–35
Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Glicken H (1999) Pyroclastic density
current from the 1888 phreatic eruption of Bandai volcano, NE
Japan. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 90:191–207
Zimanowski B, FröhlichG, LorenzV(1991)Quantitative experiments on
phreatomagmatic explosions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 48:341–358
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