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Ice and Bedrock Characteristics Underneath Dome C (Antarctica) From Radio Echo Sounding Data Analysis
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
12 Part:1/49 (2011)
Publisher
IEEE
Pages (printed)
1-7
Issued date
August 2011
Abstract
The Radio Echo Sounding (RES) system is one of the most widely used active remote sensing techniques for polar ice sheet exploration, including bedrock morphology studies and subglacial lake investigations. Recently, bedrock characterization has been improved through the analysis of radar echo strength. The analysis of the RES signal amplitude has been used to highlight areas of high reflectivity variation, attributable to wet ice-bedrock interfaces.
In a previous paper the authors described a method to distinguish a wet or dry bedrock-ice interface by analyzing RES data and introducing a linear model for internal ice absorption. In the following paper this subject is reconsidered in greater depth, taking into account important aspects not considered in the previous paper. In particular, a comparison between the ice absorption rate from RES measurements and from EPICA ice core conductivity data was proposed. Moreover, the signal amplitude contributions of internal ice layers and different kinds of rock interface were evaluated. Encouraged by these results, further data analysis produced a new version of the bedrock reflectivity variation map of the Dome C area. The map confirms a wide dispersion of wet/dry rock interfaces in the area studied, indicating the possibility of flowing water along both sides of the Concordia Trench.
In a previous paper the authors described a method to distinguish a wet or dry bedrock-ice interface by analyzing RES data and introducing a linear model for internal ice absorption. In the following paper this subject is reconsidered in greater depth, taking into account important aspects not considered in the previous paper. In particular, a comparison between the ice absorption rate from RES measurements and from EPICA ice core conductivity data was proposed. Moreover, the signal amplitude contributions of internal ice layers and different kinds of rock interface were evaluated. Encouraged by these results, further data analysis produced a new version of the bedrock reflectivity variation map of the Dome C area. The map confirms a wide dispersion of wet/dry rock interfaces in the area studied, indicating the possibility of flowing water along both sides of the Concordia Trench.
References
1. R. E. Bell, M. Studinger, C.A. Shuman, M.A. Fahnestock, and I. Joughin , ―Large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice streams‖, Nature, 445, 904-907, 2007.
2. C. Bianchi, U. Sciacca, A. Zirizzotti, E. Zuccheretti, and J.A. Baskaradas, ―Signal Processing techniques for phase-coded HF-VHF radars‖, Annals of Geophysics, 46(4), 697-705, 2003.
3. V.V. Bogorodsky, C.R. Bentley, and P.E. Gudmandsen, Radioglaciology, pp.272, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1985.
4. S.P. Carter, D.D. Blankenship, M.E. Peters, D.A. Young, J.W. Holt, and D.L. Morse , ―Radar-based subglacial lake classification in Antarctica‖, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8(3), doi: 10.1029/ 2006GC001408, 2007.
5. S.P. Carter, D.D. Blankenship, D.A. Young, J.W. Holt, ―Using radar-sounding data to identify the distribution and sources of subglacial water: application to Domme C, East Antarctica‖, J. Glaciology, 55, 194, 2009.
6. P. Cianfarra, A. Forieri, F. Salvini, I.E. Tabacco, and A. Zirizzotti, ―Geological settings of the Concordia Trench-Lake system in East Anatrctica‖, Geophys. J. Int.,177, 1305-1314, 2009.
7. G.K.C. Clark, ―Ice-sheet plumbing in Antarctica‖, Nature, 440, 1000-1001, 2006.
8. H. Corr, J.C. Moore, and K.W. Nicholls, ―Radar absorption due to impurities in Antarctic ice,‖ Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1071– 319 1074, 1993.
9. O. Eisen, F. Wilhelms, D. Seinhage, and J. Schander, ―Improved method to determine radio-echo sounding reflector depths from ice-core profiles of permittivity and conductivity‖, J. Glaciology, 52( 177), 299-310, 2006. 10. EPICA community members, ―Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core‖, Nature, 429, 623-628, 2004.
11. A. Forieri, L. Zuccoli, A. Bini, A. Zirizzotti, F. Remy, and I.E. Tabacco, ―New bedrock map of Dome C, Antarctica, and morphostructural interpretation of the area‖, Ann. of Glaciology, 29, 321-325, 2004.
12. Fujita, S. and S. Mae. ―Causes and nature of ice-sheet radioecho internal reflections estimated from the dielectric properties of ice.‖ Ann. Glaciol., 20, 80–86, 1994.
13. S. Fujita, T. Matsuoka, T. Ishida, K. Matsuoka, and S. Mae, ―A summary of the complex dielectric permittivity of ice in the megahertz range and its applications for radar sounding of polar ice sheets‖, Physics of Ice Core Records, International Symposium on Physics of Ice Core Records. Shikotsukohan, Hokkaido, Japan, September 14-17, 1998, 185-212, 2000.
14. M.R. Gorman, and M.J. Siegert, ―Penetration of Antarctic subglacial lakes by VHF electromagnetic pulses: information on depth electrical conductivity of basal water bodies‖, J. Geophys. Res., 104(BB12), 29311-29320, 1999.
15. L. Gray, I. Joughin, S. Tulacyk, V.B. Spikes, R. Bindschdler, K. Jezek, ―Evidence for suglacial water transport in the west Antarctic Ice Sheet through three dimensional satellite radar interferometry‖, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03501, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021387, 2005
16. R. W. Jacobel, B.C. Welch, D. Osterhouse, R. Pettersson, J. A. Macgregor, ―Spatial variation of radar-derived basal conditions on Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica‖, Annals of Glaciology, 50(51), 10-16, 2009.
17. J. Kahler, ―Lubricating lakes‖, Nature, 445, 830-831, 2007.
18. J.A. MacGregor, D.P. Winebrenner, H. Conway, K. Matsuoka, P.A. Mayewski, and G.D. Clow, ―Modeling englacial radar attenuation at Simple Dome, West Antarctica, using ice chemistry and temperature data‖, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03008, doi:10.1029/2006JF000717, 2007. 19. G.K.A. Oswald, Gogineni,S, ―Recovery of subglacial water extent from Greenland radar survey data‖, J. Glaciology, v.54,No.184, 94-106, 2008.
20. J.D. Paden, C.T. Allen, S. Gogineni, K.C. Jezek, D. Dahl-Jensen, and L.B. Larsen, ―Wideband measurements of ice sheet attenuation and basal scattering‖, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters IEEE, 2(2), 164-168, 2005.
21. F. Pattyn, C. Delcourt, D. Samyn, B. De Smedt, M. Nolan, ―Bed properties and hydrological conditions underneath McCall Glacier, Alaska, USA‖, Annals of Glaciology, 50, 80-84, 2009.
22. M.E. Peters, D.D. Blankenship, and D.L. Morse, ―Analysis techniques for coherent airborne radar sounding: Application to West Antarctic ice streams‖, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B06303, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003222, 2005.
23. M.E. Peters, D.D. Blankenship, S.P. Carter, S.D. Kempf, D.A. Young, J.W. Holt, ―Along-Track Focusing of Airborne Radar Sounding Data From West Antarctica for Improving Basal Reflection Analysis and Layer Detection‖, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2725 – 2736 9 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2007.897416, 2007.
24. L.A. Plewes, and B. Hubbard, ―A review of the use of radio-echo sounding in glaciology‖, Progress in Physical Geography, 25, 2, 203-236, 2001.
25. J.C. Priscu, R. E. Bell, S. A. Bulat, C. J. Ellis-Evans, M. C. Kennicutt, V.V. Lukin, J.-R. Petit, R.D. Powell, M. J. Siegert, I. Tabacco, ―An International plan for Antarctic subglacial lake exploration‖, Polar Geogrphy, 27, 69-83, 2003.
26. J.C. Priscu, M.C. Kennicutt, R. E. Bell, S. A. Bulst, J. C. Ellis-Evans, V.V. Lukin, J.R. Petit, R.D. Powell, M.J. Siegert, I. Tabacco., ―Exploring subglacial Antarctic lake environment‖, EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 86, 193-197, 2005.
27. C.F. Raymond, G.A. Catania, N. Nereson and C.J.Van der Veen, ―Bed radar reflectivity across the north margin of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, and implications for margin processes‖, J. of Glaciology, 52, 176, 3-10, 2006. 28. F. Remy, and I.E. Tabacco, ―Bedrock features and ice flow near the EPICA ice core site (Dome C, Antarctica)‖, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(3), 405-409, 2000.
29. F. Rèmy, L. Testut, B. Legresy, A. Forieri, C. Bianchi and I.E. Tabacco, ―Lakes and subglacial hydrological networks around Dome C, East Antarctica‖, Annals of Glaciology, 37: 252-256, 2003.
30. R.L. Shreve, ―Movement of water in glaciers‖, J. Glaciol., 21, 205-214, 1972.
31. M. Skolnik, (Ed), Radar Handbook, pp. 1328, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2nd ed., New York, 1990.
32. M. J. Siegert , R.D. Eyers and I.E. Tabacco, ―Three-dimensional ice sheet structure at Dome C, central East Antarctica: implications for the interpretation of the EPICA ice core‖, Antarctic Science, 13, pp 182-187 (2001) doi:10.1017/S095410200100027X
33. M. J. Siegert,, S. Carter, I. Tabacco, S. Popov, and D. D. Blankenship, ―A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes‖, Antarctic Science, 17, 3, 453-460, 2005.
34. M.J. Siegert, , ―Lakes beneath the ice sheet: the occurrence, analysis, and future exploration of lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes‖, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33, 215-245, 2005.
35. I.E. Tabacco, A. Passerini, F. Corbelli, and M. Gorman, ―Determination of the surface and bed topography at Dome C, East Antarctica‖, J. Glaciol., 44(146), 185-191, 1998.
36. I.E. Tabacco, P. Cianfarra, A. Forieri, F. Salvini, and A. Zirizzotti, ―Physiography and tectonic setting of the subglacial lake district between Vostok and Belgica subglacial highlands (Antarctica)‖, Geophys. J. Int., 165, 1029-1040, 2006.
37. D.J. Wingham, M.J. Siegert, A. Shepard and A.S. Muir, ―Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes‖, Nature, 440, doi: 10.1038/nature04660, 2006.
38. E. Wolff, et al. 2004. EPICA Dome C Core EDC99 Dielectric Profiling Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2004-037. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.Zirizzotti, J.A. Baskaradas, C. Bianchi, U. Sciacca, I.E. Tabacco, E. Zuccheretti, ―Glacio Radar system and results‖, Radar Conference, 2008. RADAR ‘08. IEEE, 1-3, 26, doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.472099, 2008.
39. A. Zirizzotti, J.A. Baskaradas, C. Bianchi, U. Sciacca, I.E. Tabacco, E. Zuccheretti, ―Glacio Radar system and results‖, Radar Conference, 2008. RADAR ‗08. IEEE, 1-3, 26, doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.472099, 2008.
40. A. Zirizzotti, L. Cafarella, J.A. Baskaradas, I.E. Tabacco, S. Urbini, M. Mangialetti, C. Bianchi, ―Dry-wet bedrock interface detection by radio echo sounding measurements‖, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, volume 48, issue 5, 10.1109/TGRS.2009.2038900, 2010.
2. C. Bianchi, U. Sciacca, A. Zirizzotti, E. Zuccheretti, and J.A. Baskaradas, ―Signal Processing techniques for phase-coded HF-VHF radars‖, Annals of Geophysics, 46(4), 697-705, 2003.
3. V.V. Bogorodsky, C.R. Bentley, and P.E. Gudmandsen, Radioglaciology, pp.272, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1985.
4. S.P. Carter, D.D. Blankenship, M.E. Peters, D.A. Young, J.W. Holt, and D.L. Morse , ―Radar-based subglacial lake classification in Antarctica‖, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8(3), doi: 10.1029/ 2006GC001408, 2007.
5. S.P. Carter, D.D. Blankenship, D.A. Young, J.W. Holt, ―Using radar-sounding data to identify the distribution and sources of subglacial water: application to Domme C, East Antarctica‖, J. Glaciology, 55, 194, 2009.
6. P. Cianfarra, A. Forieri, F. Salvini, I.E. Tabacco, and A. Zirizzotti, ―Geological settings of the Concordia Trench-Lake system in East Anatrctica‖, Geophys. J. Int.,177, 1305-1314, 2009.
7. G.K.C. Clark, ―Ice-sheet plumbing in Antarctica‖, Nature, 440, 1000-1001, 2006.
8. H. Corr, J.C. Moore, and K.W. Nicholls, ―Radar absorption due to impurities in Antarctic ice,‖ Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1071– 319 1074, 1993.
9. O. Eisen, F. Wilhelms, D. Seinhage, and J. Schander, ―Improved method to determine radio-echo sounding reflector depths from ice-core profiles of permittivity and conductivity‖, J. Glaciology, 52( 177), 299-310, 2006. 10. EPICA community members, ―Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core‖, Nature, 429, 623-628, 2004.
11. A. Forieri, L. Zuccoli, A. Bini, A. Zirizzotti, F. Remy, and I.E. Tabacco, ―New bedrock map of Dome C, Antarctica, and morphostructural interpretation of the area‖, Ann. of Glaciology, 29, 321-325, 2004.
12. Fujita, S. and S. Mae. ―Causes and nature of ice-sheet radioecho internal reflections estimated from the dielectric properties of ice.‖ Ann. Glaciol., 20, 80–86, 1994.
13. S. Fujita, T. Matsuoka, T. Ishida, K. Matsuoka, and S. Mae, ―A summary of the complex dielectric permittivity of ice in the megahertz range and its applications for radar sounding of polar ice sheets‖, Physics of Ice Core Records, International Symposium on Physics of Ice Core Records. Shikotsukohan, Hokkaido, Japan, September 14-17, 1998, 185-212, 2000.
14. M.R. Gorman, and M.J. Siegert, ―Penetration of Antarctic subglacial lakes by VHF electromagnetic pulses: information on depth electrical conductivity of basal water bodies‖, J. Geophys. Res., 104(BB12), 29311-29320, 1999.
15. L. Gray, I. Joughin, S. Tulacyk, V.B. Spikes, R. Bindschdler, K. Jezek, ―Evidence for suglacial water transport in the west Antarctic Ice Sheet through three dimensional satellite radar interferometry‖, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03501, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021387, 2005
16. R. W. Jacobel, B.C. Welch, D. Osterhouse, R. Pettersson, J. A. Macgregor, ―Spatial variation of radar-derived basal conditions on Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica‖, Annals of Glaciology, 50(51), 10-16, 2009.
17. J. Kahler, ―Lubricating lakes‖, Nature, 445, 830-831, 2007.
18. J.A. MacGregor, D.P. Winebrenner, H. Conway, K. Matsuoka, P.A. Mayewski, and G.D. Clow, ―Modeling englacial radar attenuation at Simple Dome, West Antarctica, using ice chemistry and temperature data‖, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03008, doi:10.1029/2006JF000717, 2007. 19. G.K.A. Oswald, Gogineni,S, ―Recovery of subglacial water extent from Greenland radar survey data‖, J. Glaciology, v.54,No.184, 94-106, 2008.
20. J.D. Paden, C.T. Allen, S. Gogineni, K.C. Jezek, D. Dahl-Jensen, and L.B. Larsen, ―Wideband measurements of ice sheet attenuation and basal scattering‖, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters IEEE, 2(2), 164-168, 2005.
21. F. Pattyn, C. Delcourt, D. Samyn, B. De Smedt, M. Nolan, ―Bed properties and hydrological conditions underneath McCall Glacier, Alaska, USA‖, Annals of Glaciology, 50, 80-84, 2009.
22. M.E. Peters, D.D. Blankenship, and D.L. Morse, ―Analysis techniques for coherent airborne radar sounding: Application to West Antarctic ice streams‖, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B06303, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003222, 2005.
23. M.E. Peters, D.D. Blankenship, S.P. Carter, S.D. Kempf, D.A. Young, J.W. Holt, ―Along-Track Focusing of Airborne Radar Sounding Data From West Antarctica for Improving Basal Reflection Analysis and Layer Detection‖, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2725 – 2736 9 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2007.897416, 2007.
24. L.A. Plewes, and B. Hubbard, ―A review of the use of radio-echo sounding in glaciology‖, Progress in Physical Geography, 25, 2, 203-236, 2001.
25. J.C. Priscu, R. E. Bell, S. A. Bulat, C. J. Ellis-Evans, M. C. Kennicutt, V.V. Lukin, J.-R. Petit, R.D. Powell, M. J. Siegert, I. Tabacco, ―An International plan for Antarctic subglacial lake exploration‖, Polar Geogrphy, 27, 69-83, 2003.
26. J.C. Priscu, M.C. Kennicutt, R. E. Bell, S. A. Bulst, J. C. Ellis-Evans, V.V. Lukin, J.R. Petit, R.D. Powell, M.J. Siegert, I. Tabacco., ―Exploring subglacial Antarctic lake environment‖, EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 86, 193-197, 2005.
27. C.F. Raymond, G.A. Catania, N. Nereson and C.J.Van der Veen, ―Bed radar reflectivity across the north margin of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, and implications for margin processes‖, J. of Glaciology, 52, 176, 3-10, 2006. 28. F. Remy, and I.E. Tabacco, ―Bedrock features and ice flow near the EPICA ice core site (Dome C, Antarctica)‖, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(3), 405-409, 2000.
29. F. Rèmy, L. Testut, B. Legresy, A. Forieri, C. Bianchi and I.E. Tabacco, ―Lakes and subglacial hydrological networks around Dome C, East Antarctica‖, Annals of Glaciology, 37: 252-256, 2003.
30. R.L. Shreve, ―Movement of water in glaciers‖, J. Glaciol., 21, 205-214, 1972.
31. M. Skolnik, (Ed), Radar Handbook, pp. 1328, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2nd ed., New York, 1990.
32. M. J. Siegert , R.D. Eyers and I.E. Tabacco, ―Three-dimensional ice sheet structure at Dome C, central East Antarctica: implications for the interpretation of the EPICA ice core‖, Antarctic Science, 13, pp 182-187 (2001) doi:10.1017/S095410200100027X
33. M. J. Siegert,, S. Carter, I. Tabacco, S. Popov, and D. D. Blankenship, ―A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes‖, Antarctic Science, 17, 3, 453-460, 2005.
34. M.J. Siegert, , ―Lakes beneath the ice sheet: the occurrence, analysis, and future exploration of lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes‖, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33, 215-245, 2005.
35. I.E. Tabacco, A. Passerini, F. Corbelli, and M. Gorman, ―Determination of the surface and bed topography at Dome C, East Antarctica‖, J. Glaciol., 44(146), 185-191, 1998.
36. I.E. Tabacco, P. Cianfarra, A. Forieri, F. Salvini, and A. Zirizzotti, ―Physiography and tectonic setting of the subglacial lake district between Vostok and Belgica subglacial highlands (Antarctica)‖, Geophys. J. Int., 165, 1029-1040, 2006.
37. D.J. Wingham, M.J. Siegert, A. Shepard and A.S. Muir, ―Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes‖, Nature, 440, doi: 10.1038/nature04660, 2006.
38. E. Wolff, et al. 2004. EPICA Dome C Core EDC99 Dielectric Profiling Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2004-037. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.Zirizzotti, J.A. Baskaradas, C. Bianchi, U. Sciacca, I.E. Tabacco, E. Zuccheretti, ―Glacio Radar system and results‖, Radar Conference, 2008. RADAR ‘08. IEEE, 1-3, 26, doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.472099, 2008.
39. A. Zirizzotti, J.A. Baskaradas, C. Bianchi, U. Sciacca, I.E. Tabacco, E. Zuccheretti, ―Glacio Radar system and results‖, Radar Conference, 2008. RADAR ‗08. IEEE, 1-3, 26, doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.472099, 2008.
40. A. Zirizzotti, L. Cafarella, J.A. Baskaradas, I.E. Tabacco, S. Urbini, M. Mangialetti, C. Bianchi, ―Dry-wet bedrock interface detection by radio echo sounding measurements‖, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, volume 48, issue 5, 10.1109/TGRS.2009.2038900, 2010.
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