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The growth and erosion of cinder cones in Guatemala and El Salvador: Models and statistics
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/201(2011)
Publisher
Elsevier B.V.
Pages (printed)
39-52
Issued date
April 15, 2011
Subjects
Keywords
Abstract
Morphologic data for 147 cinder cones in southern Guatemala andwestern El Salvador are comparedwith data from
the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona (USA), Cima volcanic field, California (USA), Michoácan–Guanajuato
volcanic field, Mexico, and the Lamongan volcanic field, East Java. The Guatemala cones have an average height of
110+/-50 m, an average basal diameter of 660+/-230 m and an average top diameter of 180+/-150 m. The
generalmorphology of these cones can be described by their average cone angle of slope (24+/-7), average heightto-
radius ratio (0.33+/-0.09) and their flatness (0.24+/-0.18). Although the mean values for the Guatemalan
cones are similar to those for other volcanic fields (e.g., San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona; Cima volcanic field,
California; Michoácan–Guanajuato volcanic field, Mexico; and Lamongan volcanic field, East Java), the range of
morphologies encompasses almost all of those observed worldwide for cinder cones.
Three new 40Ar/39Ar age dates are combined with 19 previously published dates for cones in Guatemala and El
Salvador. There is no indication that the morphologies of these cones have changed over the last 500–1000 ka.
Furthermore, a re-analysis of published data for other volcanic fields suggests that only in the Cima volcanic field (of
those studied) is there clear evidence of degradation with age.
Preliminary results of a numerical model of cinder cone growth are used to show that the range of morphologies
observed in the Guatemalan cinder cones could all be primary, that is, due to processes occurring at the time of
eruption.
the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona (USA), Cima volcanic field, California (USA), Michoácan–Guanajuato
volcanic field, Mexico, and the Lamongan volcanic field, East Java. The Guatemala cones have an average height of
110+/-50 m, an average basal diameter of 660+/-230 m and an average top diameter of 180+/-150 m. The
generalmorphology of these cones can be described by their average cone angle of slope (24+/-7), average heightto-
radius ratio (0.33+/-0.09) and their flatness (0.24+/-0.18). Although the mean values for the Guatemalan
cones are similar to those for other volcanic fields (e.g., San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona; Cima volcanic field,
California; Michoácan–Guanajuato volcanic field, Mexico; and Lamongan volcanic field, East Java), the range of
morphologies encompasses almost all of those observed worldwide for cinder cones.
Three new 40Ar/39Ar age dates are combined with 19 previously published dates for cones in Guatemala and El
Salvador. There is no indication that the morphologies of these cones have changed over the last 500–1000 ka.
Furthermore, a re-analysis of published data for other volcanic fields suggests that only in the Cima volcanic field (of
those studied) is there clear evidence of degradation with age.
Preliminary results of a numerical model of cinder cone growth are used to show that the range of morphologies
observed in the Guatemalan cinder cones could all be primary, that is, due to processes occurring at the time of
eruption.
Sponsors
Support for Walker was provided by NSF MARGINS grant OCE-
0405666.
0405666.
References
Bemis, K. G., 1995. A morphometric study of volcanoes in Guatemala, Iceland, the Snake
River Plain, and the South Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University.
Bemis, K.G., Bonar, D.E., 1997. Models of cinder cone growth: the effects of ballistic drag
and grain flow. Abstract. Symposium on Localization Phenomena and Dynamics of
Brittle and Granular Systems.
Bemis, K., Borgia, A., Neri, M., 2008. Magma Supply Rates Inferred from Cinder Cone
Radii. IAVCEI, Iceland. 2008 (abstract).
Bemis, K., Borgia, A., and Neri, M., 2010. Magma supply rates inferred from cinder cone
radii. Forthcoming.
Bekncke, B., Neri, M., 2003. The July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily). Bulletin
of Volcanology 65, 461–476.
Burkhart, B., Self, S., 1985. Extension and rotation of crustal blocks in Northern Central
America and effect of the volcanic arc. Geology 13, 22–26.
Bloomfield, K., 1975. A late-Quaternary monogenetic volcano field in Central Mexico.
Geologishce Rundschau 64, 476–497.
Calvari, S., Pinkerton, H., 2004. Birth, growth and morphologic evolution of the
‘Laghetto’ cinder cone during the 2001 Etna eruption. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 132, 225–239.
Carn, S.A., 2000. The Lamongan volcanic field, East Java, Indonesia: physical
volcanology, historic activity, and hazards. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 95, 81–108.
Carr, M.J., Stoiber, R.E., 1990. Volcanism. In: Dengo, G., Case, J.E. (Eds.), The geology of
North America: The Caribbean region: Geol Soc Am H, pp. 375–391. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F., Stein, S., 1990. Current plate motions. Geophysical
Journal International 101, 425–478.
Donnelly, T.W., Horne, G.S., Finch, R.C., Lopez-Ramos, E., 1990. Northern Central
America; the Maya and Chortis Block. In: Dengo, G., Case, J.E. (Eds.), The geology of
North America: The Caribbean region: Geol Soc Am H, pp. 37–75.
Chouet, B., Hamisevicz, N., McGetchin, T.R., 1974. Photoballistics of volcanic jet activity
at Stromboli, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 79, 4961–4976.
Cohen, B., Bemis, K.G., 1998. Spontaneous stratification as a possible mechanism for the
formation of reverse graded layering in cinder cones (abs.): EOS, Trans. AGU, Spring
Meet. Suppl., Abstract T21B-06.
Dohrenwend, J.C., Wells, S.G., Turrin, B.D., 1986. Degradation of Quaternary cinder
cones in the Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 97, 421–427.
Favalli, M., Karatson, D., Mazzarini, F., Pareschi, M.T., Boschi, E., 2009. Morphometry of
scoria cones located on a volcano flank: a case study from Mt. Etna (Italy), based on
high-resolution LiDAR data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 183,
320–330.
Fedotov, S.A., Markhinin, Ye.K. (Eds.), 1983. The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption:
Geological and Geophysical Data 1975–1976. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
England.
Fornaciai, A., Behncke, B., Favalli, M., Neri, M., Tarquini, S., Boschi, E., 2010. Detecting
short-term evolution of Etnean cinder cones: a LIDAR-based approach. Bulletin of
Volcanology. doi:10.1007/s00445-010-0394-3.
Hasenaka, T., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1985a. The cinder cones of Michoacán–Guanajuato,
Central Mexico: their age, volume and distribution, and magma discharge rate.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 25, 105–124.
Hasenaka, T., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1985b. A compilation of location, size, and geomorphological
parameters of volcanoes of the Michoacan–Guanajuato volcanic field,
central Mexico. Geofisica Internacional 24–4, 577–607.
Hooper, D. M., 1994. Geomorphologic modeling of the degradational evolution of cinder
cones. PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 312 pp.
Hooper, D.M., Sheridan, M.F., 1998. Computer-simulation models of scoria cone
degradation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 83, 241–267.
Kervyn, M., Ernst, G., Carracedo, J.-C., Jacobs, P., 2010. Geomorphology of “monogenetic”
volcanic cones, submitted to Geomorphology. Luhr, J.F., Simkin, T. (Eds.), 1993. Paricutin, the Volcano Born in a Mexican Cornfield.
Geoscience Press, Inc., Phoenix. 427 pp.
McGetchin, T.R., Settle, M., Chouet, B.A., 1974. Cinder cone growth modeled after Northeast
crater, Mount Etna, Sicily. Journal of Geophysical Research 79, 3257–3272.
Porter, S.C., 1972. Distribution, morphology, and size distribution of cinder cones on
Mauna Lea Volcano, Hawaii. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83, 3607–3612.
Riedel, C., Ernst, G.G.J., Riley, M., 2003. Controls on the growth and geometry of pyroclastic
constructs. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 127, 121–152.
Settle, M., 1979. The structure and emplacement of cinder cone fields. American Journal
of Science 279, 1089–1107.
Smith, D.K., Cann, J.R., 1992. The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (24°–30°N). Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 1645–1658.
Turrin, B.D., Dohrenwend, J.C., Wells, S.G.,McFadden, L.D., 1984. Geochronology and eruptive
history of the Cima volcanic field, easternMojave Desert, California: Geological Society of
America 1984 Annual Meeting Guidebook, Reno, Nevada, field trip 14, 88–100.
Turrin, B.D., Dohrenwend, J.C., Drake, R.E., Curtis, G.H., 1985. Potassium–argon ages from the
Cima volcanic field, eastern Mojave Desert, California. IsochronWest 44, 9–16.
Turrin, B.D., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., Hearn, B.C., 1994. 40Ar/39Ar ages from the rhyolite of
Alder Creek, California: age of the Cobb Mountain normal-polarity subchron
revisited. Geology 22, 251–254.
Turrin, B.D., Christiansen, R.L., Clynne, M.A., Champion, D.E., Gerstel, W.J., Muffler, L.J.P.,
Trimble, D.A., 1998. Age of Lassen Peak, California, and implications for the ages of
late Pleistocene glaciations in the southern Cascade Range. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.
110, 931–945.
Walker, J.A., Singer, B.S., Jicha, B.R., Cameron, B.I., Carr, M.J., Olney, J.L., 2011.
Monogenetic, behind-the-front volcanism in southeastern Guatemala and western
El Salvador: 40Ar/39Ar ages and tectonic implications. Lithos 123, 243–253.
Williams, H., McBirney, A.R., Dengo, G., 1964. Geologic Reconnaissance of Southeastern
Guatemala. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Wood, C. A., 1979. Morphometric studies of planetary landforms: impact craters and
volcanoes. Ph.D. Thesis: Brown University.
Wood, C.A., 1980a. Morphometric evolution of cinder cones. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 7, 387–413.
Wood, C.A., 1980b. Morphometric analysis of cinder cone degradation. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research 8, 137–160.
River Plain, and the South Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University.
Bemis, K.G., Bonar, D.E., 1997. Models of cinder cone growth: the effects of ballistic drag
and grain flow. Abstract. Symposium on Localization Phenomena and Dynamics of
Brittle and Granular Systems.
Bemis, K., Borgia, A., Neri, M., 2008. Magma Supply Rates Inferred from Cinder Cone
Radii. IAVCEI, Iceland. 2008 (abstract).
Bemis, K., Borgia, A., and Neri, M., 2010. Magma supply rates inferred from cinder cone
radii. Forthcoming.
Bekncke, B., Neri, M., 2003. The July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily). Bulletin
of Volcanology 65, 461–476.
Burkhart, B., Self, S., 1985. Extension and rotation of crustal blocks in Northern Central
America and effect of the volcanic arc. Geology 13, 22–26.
Bloomfield, K., 1975. A late-Quaternary monogenetic volcano field in Central Mexico.
Geologishce Rundschau 64, 476–497.
Calvari, S., Pinkerton, H., 2004. Birth, growth and morphologic evolution of the
‘Laghetto’ cinder cone during the 2001 Etna eruption. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 132, 225–239.
Carn, S.A., 2000. The Lamongan volcanic field, East Java, Indonesia: physical
volcanology, historic activity, and hazards. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 95, 81–108.
Carr, M.J., Stoiber, R.E., 1990. Volcanism. In: Dengo, G., Case, J.E. (Eds.), The geology of
North America: The Caribbean region: Geol Soc Am H, pp. 375–391. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F., Stein, S., 1990. Current plate motions. Geophysical
Journal International 101, 425–478.
Donnelly, T.W., Horne, G.S., Finch, R.C., Lopez-Ramos, E., 1990. Northern Central
America; the Maya and Chortis Block. In: Dengo, G., Case, J.E. (Eds.), The geology of
North America: The Caribbean region: Geol Soc Am H, pp. 37–75.
Chouet, B., Hamisevicz, N., McGetchin, T.R., 1974. Photoballistics of volcanic jet activity
at Stromboli, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 79, 4961–4976.
Cohen, B., Bemis, K.G., 1998. Spontaneous stratification as a possible mechanism for the
formation of reverse graded layering in cinder cones (abs.): EOS, Trans. AGU, Spring
Meet. Suppl., Abstract T21B-06.
Dohrenwend, J.C., Wells, S.G., Turrin, B.D., 1986. Degradation of Quaternary cinder
cones in the Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 97, 421–427.
Favalli, M., Karatson, D., Mazzarini, F., Pareschi, M.T., Boschi, E., 2009. Morphometry of
scoria cones located on a volcano flank: a case study from Mt. Etna (Italy), based on
high-resolution LiDAR data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 183,
320–330.
Fedotov, S.A., Markhinin, Ye.K. (Eds.), 1983. The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption:
Geological and Geophysical Data 1975–1976. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
England.
Fornaciai, A., Behncke, B., Favalli, M., Neri, M., Tarquini, S., Boschi, E., 2010. Detecting
short-term evolution of Etnean cinder cones: a LIDAR-based approach. Bulletin of
Volcanology. doi:10.1007/s00445-010-0394-3.
Hasenaka, T., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1985a. The cinder cones of Michoacán–Guanajuato,
Central Mexico: their age, volume and distribution, and magma discharge rate.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 25, 105–124.
Hasenaka, T., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1985b. A compilation of location, size, and geomorphological
parameters of volcanoes of the Michoacan–Guanajuato volcanic field,
central Mexico. Geofisica Internacional 24–4, 577–607.
Hooper, D. M., 1994. Geomorphologic modeling of the degradational evolution of cinder
cones. PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 312 pp.
Hooper, D.M., Sheridan, M.F., 1998. Computer-simulation models of scoria cone
degradation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 83, 241–267.
Kervyn, M., Ernst, G., Carracedo, J.-C., Jacobs, P., 2010. Geomorphology of “monogenetic”
volcanic cones, submitted to Geomorphology. Luhr, J.F., Simkin, T. (Eds.), 1993. Paricutin, the Volcano Born in a Mexican Cornfield.
Geoscience Press, Inc., Phoenix. 427 pp.
McGetchin, T.R., Settle, M., Chouet, B.A., 1974. Cinder cone growth modeled after Northeast
crater, Mount Etna, Sicily. Journal of Geophysical Research 79, 3257–3272.
Porter, S.C., 1972. Distribution, morphology, and size distribution of cinder cones on
Mauna Lea Volcano, Hawaii. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83, 3607–3612.
Riedel, C., Ernst, G.G.J., Riley, M., 2003. Controls on the growth and geometry of pyroclastic
constructs. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 127, 121–152.
Settle, M., 1979. The structure and emplacement of cinder cone fields. American Journal
of Science 279, 1089–1107.
Smith, D.K., Cann, J.R., 1992. The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (24°–30°N). Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 1645–1658.
Turrin, B.D., Dohrenwend, J.C., Wells, S.G.,McFadden, L.D., 1984. Geochronology and eruptive
history of the Cima volcanic field, easternMojave Desert, California: Geological Society of
America 1984 Annual Meeting Guidebook, Reno, Nevada, field trip 14, 88–100.
Turrin, B.D., Dohrenwend, J.C., Drake, R.E., Curtis, G.H., 1985. Potassium–argon ages from the
Cima volcanic field, eastern Mojave Desert, California. IsochronWest 44, 9–16.
Turrin, B.D., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., Hearn, B.C., 1994. 40Ar/39Ar ages from the rhyolite of
Alder Creek, California: age of the Cobb Mountain normal-polarity subchron
revisited. Geology 22, 251–254.
Turrin, B.D., Christiansen, R.L., Clynne, M.A., Champion, D.E., Gerstel, W.J., Muffler, L.J.P.,
Trimble, D.A., 1998. Age of Lassen Peak, California, and implications for the ages of
late Pleistocene glaciations in the southern Cascade Range. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.
110, 931–945.
Walker, J.A., Singer, B.S., Jicha, B.R., Cameron, B.I., Carr, M.J., Olney, J.L., 2011.
Monogenetic, behind-the-front volcanism in southeastern Guatemala and western
El Salvador: 40Ar/39Ar ages and tectonic implications. Lithos 123, 243–253.
Williams, H., McBirney, A.R., Dengo, G., 1964. Geologic Reconnaissance of Southeastern
Guatemala. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Wood, C. A., 1979. Morphometric studies of planetary landforms: impact craters and
volcanoes. Ph.D. Thesis: Brown University.
Wood, C.A., 1980a. Morphometric evolution of cinder cones. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 7, 387–413.
Wood, C.A., 1980b. Morphometric analysis of cinder cone degradation. Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research 8, 137–160.
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