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The Pomici di Avellino eruption of Somma–Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). Part II: sedimentology and physical volcanology of pyroclastic density current deposits
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/72 (2010)
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Pages (printed)
559–577
Issued date
February 23, 2010
Abstract
Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) generated
during the Plinian eruption of the Pomici di Avellino (PdA)
of Somma–Vesuvius were investigated through field and
laboratory studies, which allowed the detailed reconstruction
of their eruptive and transportation dynamics and the
calculation of key physical parameters of the currents. PDCs
were generated during all the three phases that characterised
the eruption, with eruptive dynamics driven by both magmatic
and phreatomagmatic fragmentation. Flows generated during
phases 1 and 2 (EU1 and EU3pf, magmatic fragmentation)
have small dispersal areas and affected only part of the
volcano slopes. Lithofacies analysis demonstrates that the
flow-boundary zones were dominated by granular-flow
regimes, which sometimes show transitions to traction
regimes. PDCs generated during eruptive phase 3 (EU5,
phreatomagmatic fragmentation) were the most voluminous
and widespread in the whole of Somma–Vesuvius’ eruptive
history, and affected a wide area around the volcano with
deposit thicknesses of a few centimetres up to more than
25 km from source. Lithofacies analysis shows that the flowboundary
zones of EU5 PDCs were dominated by granular
flows and traction regimes. Deposits of EU5 PDC show
strong lithofacies variation northwards, from proximally
thick, massive to stratified beds towards dominantly alternating
beds of coarse and fine ash in distal reaches. The EU5
lithofacies also show strong lateral variability in proximal
areas, passing fromthe western and northern to the eastern and
southern volcano slopes, where the deposits are stacked beds
of massive, accretionary lapilli-bearing fine ash. The sedimentological
model developed for the PDCs of the PdA
eruption explains these strong lithofacies variations in the
light of the volcano’s morphology at the time of the eruption.
In particular, the EU5 PDCs survived to pass over the break in
slope between the volcano sides and the surrounding
volcaniclastic apron–alluvial plain, with development of new
flows from the previously suspended load. Pulses were
developed within individual currents, leading to stepwise
deposition on both the volcano slopes and the surrounding
volcaniclastic apron and alluvial plain. Physical parameters
including velocity, density and concentration profile with
height were calculated for a flow of the phreatomagmatic
phase of the eruption by applying a sedimentological method,
and the values of the dynamic pressure were derived. Some
hazard considerations are summarised on the assumption that,
although not very probable, similar PDCs could develop
during future eruptions of Somma–Vesuvius
during the Plinian eruption of the Pomici di Avellino (PdA)
of Somma–Vesuvius were investigated through field and
laboratory studies, which allowed the detailed reconstruction
of their eruptive and transportation dynamics and the
calculation of key physical parameters of the currents. PDCs
were generated during all the three phases that characterised
the eruption, with eruptive dynamics driven by both magmatic
and phreatomagmatic fragmentation. Flows generated during
phases 1 and 2 (EU1 and EU3pf, magmatic fragmentation)
have small dispersal areas and affected only part of the
volcano slopes. Lithofacies analysis demonstrates that the
flow-boundary zones were dominated by granular-flow
regimes, which sometimes show transitions to traction
regimes. PDCs generated during eruptive phase 3 (EU5,
phreatomagmatic fragmentation) were the most voluminous
and widespread in the whole of Somma–Vesuvius’ eruptive
history, and affected a wide area around the volcano with
deposit thicknesses of a few centimetres up to more than
25 km from source. Lithofacies analysis shows that the flowboundary
zones of EU5 PDCs were dominated by granular
flows and traction regimes. Deposits of EU5 PDC show
strong lithofacies variation northwards, from proximally
thick, massive to stratified beds towards dominantly alternating
beds of coarse and fine ash in distal reaches. The EU5
lithofacies also show strong lateral variability in proximal
areas, passing fromthe western and northern to the eastern and
southern volcano slopes, where the deposits are stacked beds
of massive, accretionary lapilli-bearing fine ash. The sedimentological
model developed for the PDCs of the PdA
eruption explains these strong lithofacies variations in the
light of the volcano’s morphology at the time of the eruption.
In particular, the EU5 PDCs survived to pass over the break in
slope between the volcano sides and the surrounding
volcaniclastic apron–alluvial plain, with development of new
flows from the previously suspended load. Pulses were
developed within individual currents, leading to stepwise
deposition on both the volcano slopes and the surrounding
volcaniclastic apron and alluvial plain. Physical parameters
including velocity, density and concentration profile with
height were calculated for a flow of the phreatomagmatic
phase of the eruption by applying a sedimentological method,
and the values of the dynamic pressure were derived. Some
hazard considerations are summarised on the assumption that,
although not very probable, similar PDCs could develop
during future eruptions of Somma–Vesuvius
References
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and deposition of the Ito pyroclastic flow: determinations using
anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. J Geophys Res 102:22565–
22586
Baxter PJ, Boyle R, Cole P, Neri A, Spence R, Zuccaro G (2005) The
impacts of pyroclastic surges on buildings at the eruption of the
Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. Bull Volcanol 67:292–313
Blott SJ, Pye K (2001) GRADISTAT: a grain-size distribution and
statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments.
Earth Surf Process Landf 26:1237–1248
Branney MJ, Kokelaar P (1992) A reappraisal of ignimbrite
emplacement: progressive aggradation and changes from particulate
to non-particulate flow during emplacement of high-grade
ignimbrite. Bull Volcanol 54:504–520
Branney MJ, Kokelaar P (2002) Pyroclastic density currents and the
sedimentation of ignimbrites. Geol Soc London Mem 27:1–143
Burgissier A, Bergantz GW (2002) Reconciling pyroclastic flow and
surge: the multiphase physics of pyroclastic density currents.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 202:405–418
Carey SN (1991) Transport and deposition of tephra by pyroclastic
flows and surges. In: Fisher RV, Smith GA (eds), Sedimentation
in volcanic settings. SEPM Spec Pub 45: 39–57 Cas R, Wright JW (1987) Volcanic successions: modern and ancient.
Allen and Unwin, London
Chough SK, Sohn YK (1990) Depositional mechanics and sequences
of base surges, Songaksan tuff ring, Cheju Island, Korea.
Sedimentology 37:1115–1135
Cioni R, Morandi D, Sbrana A, Sulpizio R (1999) L’eruzione delle
pomici di Avellino: aspetti stratigrafici e vulcanologici. In:
Albore Livadie C (ed) L’eruzione vesuviana delle “Pomici di
Avellino” e la facies di Palma Campania (Bronzo antico).
Territorio Storico e Ambiente 2. Centro Universitario Europeo
per i Beni Culturali, Ravello, Edipuglia, Bari, pp 61–82
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long distance indicator of the Avellino Pumice eruption (Vesuvius,
Italy). In: McGuireWG, Griffiths DR, Hancock PL, Stewart IS (eds)
The archaeology of geological catastrophes. Geol Soc London Spec
Pub 171:159–177
Cioni R, Gurioli L, Lanza R, Zanella E (2004) Temperatures of the A.
D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy). J
Geophys Res 109:1–18
Cole PD, Fernandez E, Duarte E, Duncan AM (2005) Explosive
activity and generation mechanisms of pyroclastic flows at
Arenal volcano, Costa Rica between 1987 and 2001. Bull Volcanol
67:695–716
Colella A, Hiscott RN (1997) Pyroclastic surges of the Pleistocene
Monte Guardia sequence (Lipari island, Italy): depositional
processes. Sedimentology 44:47–66
Dade BW, Huppert HE (1996) Emplacement of the Taupo Ignimbrite
by a dilute turbulent flow. Nature 381:509–512
De Astis G, Dellino P, De Rosa R, La Volpe L (1997) Eruptive and
emplacement mechanisms of widespread fine-grained pyroclastic
deposits on Vulcano Island (Italy). Bull Volcanol 59:87–102
Dellino P, Mele D, Bonasia R, Braia G, La Volpe L, Sulpizio R (2005)
The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal
velocity. Geophys Res Lett 32:L21306. doi:10.1029/2005
GL023954
Dellino P, Mele D, Sulpizio R, La Volpe L, Braia G (2008) A method
for the calculation of the impact parameters of dilute pyroclastic
density currents based on deposit particle characteristics. J
Geophys Res 113:B07206. doi:10.1029/JB005365
Denlinger RP, Iverson RM (2001) Flow of variably fluidized granular
masses across three dimensional terrain, 2. Numerical predictions
and experimental texts. J Geophys Res 106:553–566
Di Vito MA (1999) Distribuzione dei depositi dell’eruzione delle
“Pomici di Avellino” nell’area napoletana e ricostruzione del
paleoambiente prima e dopo l’eruzione. In: Albore Livadie C
(ed) L’eruzione vesuviana delle “Pomici di Avellino” e la facies
di Palma Campania (Bronzo antico). Territorio Storico e
Ambiente 2. Centro Universitario Europeo per i Beni Culturali,
Ravello, Edipuglia, Bari, pp 83–92
Di Vito MA, Zanella E, Gurioli L, Lanza R, Sulpizio R, Bishop J,
Tema E, Bonzi G, La Forgia E (2009) The Afragola settlement
near Vesuvius, Italy: the destruction and abandonment of a
Bronze Age village revealed by archaeology, volcanology and
rock-magnetism. Earth Planet Sci Lett 277:408–421. doi:10.
1016/j.epsl.2008.11.006
Dobran F, Neri A, Macedonio G (1993) Numerical simulations of
collapsing volcanic columns. J Geophys Res 98:4231–4259
Felix G, Thomas N (2004) Relation between dry granular flow
regimes and morphology of deposits; formation of levees in
pyroclastic deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 221:197–213
Fisher RV (1966) Mechanism of deposition from pyroclastic flows.
Am J Sci 264:350–366
Fisher RV, Schmincke HU (1984) Pyroclastic rocks. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin
Gray TE, Alexander J, Leeder MR (2005) Quantifying velocity and
turbulence structure in depositing sustained turbidity currents
across breaks in slope. Sedimentology 52:467–488. doi:10.1111/
j.1365-3091.2005.00705.x
Gurioli L, Cioni R, Sbrana A, Zanella E (2002) Transport and
deposition of pyroclastic density currents over an inhabited area:
the deposits of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius at Herculaneum,
Italy. Sedimentology 49:1–26
Gurioli L, Pareschi MT, Zanella E, Lanza R, Deluca E, Bisson M
(2005) Interaction of pyroclastic currents with human settlements:
evidences from ancient Pompeii. Geology 33:441–444
Gurioli L, Zanella E, Pareschi MT, Lanza R (2007) Influences of
urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii (Italy): 1.
Flow direction and deposition. J Geophys Res 112:B05213.
doi:10.1029/2006JB004444
Horwell CJ, Baxter P (2006) The respiratory health hazards of
volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation. Bull Volcanol
69:1–24. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y
Le Roux JP (2003) Can dispersive pressure cause inverse grading in
grain flows?—discussion. J Sed Res 73:333–334
Lowe DR (1982) Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models
with special references to deposits of high density turbidity
currents. J Sed Petrol 52:279–297
Macias JL, Espindola JM, Bursik M, Sheridan MF (1998) Development
of lithic-breccias in the 1982 pyroclastic flowdeposits of El Chichon
volcano, Mexico. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 83:173–196
Marzocchi W, Sandri L, Gasparini P, Newhall C, Boschi E (2004)
Quantifying probabilities of volcanic events: the example of
volcanic hazard at Mount Vesuvius. J Geophys Res 109:B11201.
doi:10.1029/2004JB003155
Mastrolorenzo G, Petrone P, Pappalardo L, Sheridan M (2006) The
Avellino 3780-yr-B.P. catastrophe as a worst-case scenario for a
future eruption at Vesuvius. PNAS 103:4366–4370
Mathisen ME, Vondra CF (1983) The fluvial and pyroclastic deposits
of the Cagayan basin, Northern Luzon, Philippines—an example
of non-marine volcaniclastic sedimentation in an interarc basin.
Sedimentology 30:369–392
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braided river deposits: a summary. In: Miall AD (ed), Fluvial
sedimentology. Can Soc of Petrol Geol Mem, 5: 597–604
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dell’età del Bronzo Antico. Notizie degli scavi di antichità. Atti
Acc Naz Lincei 8:59–101
Andronico D, Calderoni G, Cioni R, Sbrana A, Sulpizio R, Santacroce
R (1995) Geological map of Somma–Vesuvius volcano. Period
Mineral 64:77–78
Arnò V, Principe C, Rosi M, Santacroce R, Sbrana A, Sheridan MF
(1987) Eruptive history. In: Santacroce R (ed) Somma–Vesuvius.
Quad Ricerc Scientif CNR 8 (114):53–103
Baer EM, Fisher RV, Fuller M, Valentine G (1997) Turbulent transport
and deposition of the Ito pyroclastic flow: determinations using
anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. J Geophys Res 102:22565–
22586
Baxter PJ, Boyle R, Cole P, Neri A, Spence R, Zuccaro G (2005) The
impacts of pyroclastic surges on buildings at the eruption of the
Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. Bull Volcanol 67:292–313
Blott SJ, Pye K (2001) GRADISTAT: a grain-size distribution and
statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments.
Earth Surf Process Landf 26:1237–1248
Branney MJ, Kokelaar P (1992) A reappraisal of ignimbrite
emplacement: progressive aggradation and changes from particulate
to non-particulate flow during emplacement of high-grade
ignimbrite. Bull Volcanol 54:504–520
Branney MJ, Kokelaar P (2002) Pyroclastic density currents and the
sedimentation of ignimbrites. Geol Soc London Mem 27:1–143
Burgissier A, Bergantz GW (2002) Reconciling pyroclastic flow and
surge: the multiphase physics of pyroclastic density currents.
Earth Planet Sci Lett 202:405–418
Carey SN (1991) Transport and deposition of tephra by pyroclastic
flows and surges. In: Fisher RV, Smith GA (eds), Sedimentation
in volcanic settings. SEPM Spec Pub 45: 39–57 Cas R, Wright JW (1987) Volcanic successions: modern and ancient.
Allen and Unwin, London
Chough SK, Sohn YK (1990) Depositional mechanics and sequences
of base surges, Songaksan tuff ring, Cheju Island, Korea.
Sedimentology 37:1115–1135
Cioni R, Morandi D, Sbrana A, Sulpizio R (1999) L’eruzione delle
pomici di Avellino: aspetti stratigrafici e vulcanologici. In:
Albore Livadie C (ed) L’eruzione vesuviana delle “Pomici di
Avellino” e la facies di Palma Campania (Bronzo antico).
Territorio Storico e Ambiente 2. Centro Universitario Europeo
per i Beni Culturali, Ravello, Edipuglia, Bari, pp 61–82
Cioni R, Levi S, Sulpizio R (2000) Apulian Bronze Age pottery as a
long distance indicator of the Avellino Pumice eruption (Vesuvius,
Italy). In: McGuireWG, Griffiths DR, Hancock PL, Stewart IS (eds)
The archaeology of geological catastrophes. Geol Soc London Spec
Pub 171:159–177
Cioni R, Gurioli L, Lanza R, Zanella E (2004) Temperatures of the A.
D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy). J
Geophys Res 109:1–18
Cole PD, Fernandez E, Duarte E, Duncan AM (2005) Explosive
activity and generation mechanisms of pyroclastic flows at
Arenal volcano, Costa Rica between 1987 and 2001. Bull Volcanol
67:695–716
Colella A, Hiscott RN (1997) Pyroclastic surges of the Pleistocene
Monte Guardia sequence (Lipari island, Italy): depositional
processes. Sedimentology 44:47–66
Dade BW, Huppert HE (1996) Emplacement of the Taupo Ignimbrite
by a dilute turbulent flow. Nature 381:509–512
De Astis G, Dellino P, De Rosa R, La Volpe L (1997) Eruptive and
emplacement mechanisms of widespread fine-grained pyroclastic
deposits on Vulcano Island (Italy). Bull Volcanol 59:87–102
Dellino P, Mele D, Bonasia R, Braia G, La Volpe L, Sulpizio R (2005)
The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal
velocity. Geophys Res Lett 32:L21306. doi:10.1029/2005
GL023954
Dellino P, Mele D, Sulpizio R, La Volpe L, Braia G (2008) A method
for the calculation of the impact parameters of dilute pyroclastic
density currents based on deposit particle characteristics. J
Geophys Res 113:B07206. doi:10.1029/JB005365
Denlinger RP, Iverson RM (2001) Flow of variably fluidized granular
masses across three dimensional terrain, 2. Numerical predictions
and experimental texts. J Geophys Res 106:553–566
Di Vito MA (1999) Distribuzione dei depositi dell’eruzione delle
“Pomici di Avellino” nell’area napoletana e ricostruzione del
paleoambiente prima e dopo l’eruzione. In: Albore Livadie C
(ed) L’eruzione vesuviana delle “Pomici di Avellino” e la facies
di Palma Campania (Bronzo antico). Territorio Storico e
Ambiente 2. Centro Universitario Europeo per i Beni Culturali,
Ravello, Edipuglia, Bari, pp 83–92
Di Vito MA, Zanella E, Gurioli L, Lanza R, Sulpizio R, Bishop J,
Tema E, Bonzi G, La Forgia E (2009) The Afragola settlement
near Vesuvius, Italy: the destruction and abandonment of a
Bronze Age village revealed by archaeology, volcanology and
rock-magnetism. Earth Planet Sci Lett 277:408–421. doi:10.
1016/j.epsl.2008.11.006
Dobran F, Neri A, Macedonio G (1993) Numerical simulations of
collapsing volcanic columns. J Geophys Res 98:4231–4259
Felix G, Thomas N (2004) Relation between dry granular flow
regimes and morphology of deposits; formation of levees in
pyroclastic deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 221:197–213
Fisher RV (1966) Mechanism of deposition from pyroclastic flows.
Am J Sci 264:350–366
Fisher RV, Schmincke HU (1984) Pyroclastic rocks. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin
Gray TE, Alexander J, Leeder MR (2005) Quantifying velocity and
turbulence structure in depositing sustained turbidity currents
across breaks in slope. Sedimentology 52:467–488. doi:10.1111/
j.1365-3091.2005.00705.x
Gurioli L, Cioni R, Sbrana A, Zanella E (2002) Transport and
deposition of pyroclastic density currents over an inhabited area:
the deposits of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius at Herculaneum,
Italy. Sedimentology 49:1–26
Gurioli L, Pareschi MT, Zanella E, Lanza R, Deluca E, Bisson M
(2005) Interaction of pyroclastic currents with human settlements:
evidences from ancient Pompeii. Geology 33:441–444
Gurioli L, Zanella E, Pareschi MT, Lanza R (2007) Influences of
urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii (Italy): 1.
Flow direction and deposition. J Geophys Res 112:B05213.
doi:10.1029/2006JB004444
Horwell CJ, Baxter P (2006) The respiratory health hazards of
volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation. Bull Volcanol
69:1–24. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y
Le Roux JP (2003) Can dispersive pressure cause inverse grading in
grain flows?—discussion. J Sed Res 73:333–334
Lowe DR (1982) Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models
with special references to deposits of high density turbidity
currents. J Sed Petrol 52:279–297
Macias JL, Espindola JM, Bursik M, Sheridan MF (1998) Development
of lithic-breccias in the 1982 pyroclastic flowdeposits of El Chichon
volcano, Mexico. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 83:173–196
Marzocchi W, Sandri L, Gasparini P, Newhall C, Boschi E (2004)
Quantifying probabilities of volcanic events: the example of
volcanic hazard at Mount Vesuvius. J Geophys Res 109:B11201.
doi:10.1029/2004JB003155
Mastrolorenzo G, Petrone P, Pappalardo L, Sheridan M (2006) The
Avellino 3780-yr-B.P. catastrophe as a worst-case scenario for a
future eruption at Vesuvius. PNAS 103:4366–4370
Mathisen ME, Vondra CF (1983) The fluvial and pyroclastic deposits
of the Cagayan basin, Northern Luzon, Philippines—an example
of non-marine volcaniclastic sedimentation in an interarc basin.
Sedimentology 30:369–392
Miall AD (1978) Lithofacies types and vertical profiles models in
braided river deposits: a summary. In: Miall AD (ed), Fluvial
sedimentology. Can Soc of Petrol Geol Mem, 5: 597–604
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