Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6642| DC Field | Value | Language |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.authorall | Bonini, L.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | en |
| dc.contributor.authorall | Di Bucci, D.; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile | en |
| dc.contributor.authorall | Toscani, G.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | en |
| dc.contributor.authorall | Seno, S.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | en |
| dc.contributor.authorall | Valensise, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2011-01-14T07:57:35Z | en |
| dc.date.available | 2011-01-14T07:57:35Z | en |
| dc.date.issued | 2011-01-06 | en |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/2122/6642 | en |
| dc.description.abstract | The catastrophic 28 December 1908, Mw 7.1, Messina Straits earthquake was generated by a large, low-angle, SE-dipping, blind normal fault. A number of shallow, high-angle normal faults arranged in a graben-like fashion occur in the same area both on land and offshore, reaching the surface and in some instances affecting recent deposits. These faults are normally interpreted as active and have often been considered potentially seismogenic. We used an analogue modelling approach to simulate the evolution of a large, low-angle normal fault and investigate its relationships with the overlying secondary faults. We find that these faults represent the brittle surface expression of the long-term activity of the underlying master fault, and that all faults mapped by previous workers in the Messina Straits are compatible with sustained slip along the fault responsible for the 1908 earthquake. Our results confirm that analogue modelling provides a useful tool to investigate the evolution and the hierarchical relationships of fault systems, suggesting that this approach is effective in the investigation of complex seismogenic areas. | en |
| dc.language.iso | English | en |
| dc.publisher.name | Geological Society of London | en |
| dc.relation.ispartof | Journal of the Geological Society, London | en |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | /168(2011) | en |
| dc.subject | Analogue modeling | en |
| dc.subject | Fault hierarchy | en |
| dc.title | Reconciling deep seismogenic and shallow active faults through analogue modelling: the case of the Messina Straits (southern Italy) | en |
| dc.type | article | en |
| dc.description.status | Published | en |
| dc.type.QualityControl | Peer-reviewed | en |
| dc.description.pagenumber | 191-199 | en |
| dc.subject.INGV | 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution | en |
| dc.subject.INGV | 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability | en |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1144/0016-76492010-055 | en |
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Withjack, M.O. & Callaway, S. 2000. Active normal faulting beneath a salt layer: an experimental study of deformation in the cover sequence. AAPG Bulletin, 84, 627–651.0.8 and 1.6 km. These values correspond to our models MS 1 and MS 2, which simulate a displacement of respectively 0.5 and 2.0 km in nature. In map view these models show a fault configuration very similar to the fault pattern seen in the Messina Straits at all scales. Figure 3a shows the faults mapped by various investiga- tors (e.g. Monaco & Tortorici 2000; Catalano et al. 2008; Ferranti et al. 2008; Argnani et al. 2009); their strike is roughly parallel to that of the faults that developed in our models. A detail of the Messina Straits and the corresponding part of analogue model is shown in Figure 7. It is noteworthy that the active faults mapped in the Straits have the same strike as reproduced by the model. This means that suitably oriented shallow faults can be reactivated by slip over the deep Messina Straits Fault. A comparison of the central cross-section of MS 2 (Fig. 5b) with the geological section of Figure 2b shows that the asymmetric graben G1 located above the upper tip of the MSF seems to correspond to the shallow, high-angle normal faults seen in the Straits and located above the deeper seismogenic fault. Furthermore, synthetic normal faults predominate in num- ber both in the models and in nature. The faults located on the Calabrian shore look secondary with respect to the faults located near to the upper tip of the MSF. Various factors could have induced their development, including the following. (1) The formation of the graben basin (e.g. graben G1) causes isostatic rebound and flexure of the footwall of the master fault, favouring faulting in its hanging wall (Buck 1988). Similar results were obtained by the investigators who studied analogue and numerical models of a low-angle detachment zone in the Gulf of Corinth (Le Pourhiet et al. 2004, 2006; Mattioni et al. 2006), where faults developed in the whole hanging wall. Our models do not reproduce this deformation because the footwall is rigid. (2) A crestal graben developed perpendicular to the extension by bending-moment faulting in the hanging wall, as shown by our models (graben G2 in Figs 4d and 5c). In any case, the antithetic faults that developed in the central part of the modelled area seem to be secondary faults with respect to those located in the Straits because they are not directly connected to slip of the MSF fault plane. Conclusions Analogue modelling allowed us to develop a more realistic understanding of the long-term deformation associated with the seismogenic fault that caused the 1908 earthquake. Our models show that the minor, high-angle, shallower normal faults seen in the Messina Straits are compatible with a major, low-angle, deeper normal fault and, in fact, that they are the expression of the long-term activity of this master fault. We hence conclude that the geological and seismological data that constrain the seismotectonics of the Messina Straits are not in contrast but can be reconciled in a single comprehensive model. These findings imply that major earthquakes are expected to be generated by the deeper and larger low-angle normal fault. Shallower and smaller faults can also be seismogenic, but the magnitude of the associated earthquakes is expected to be smaller, as suggested by empirical relationships (Wells & Coppersmith 1994) based on their length and, even more, on their limited width, which in its turn is controlled by the depth at which they intercept the underlying master fault. This study was supported by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The editor K. McCaffrey and the referees R. Caputo and E. Tavarnelli are gratefully acknowledged for the review and the constructive criticisms that improved this paper. References Anderson, H. & Jackson, J. 1987. The deep seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 91, 613–637. Argnani, A., Brancolini, G., Bonazzi, C., Rovere, M., Accaino, F., Zgur, F. & Lodolo, E. 2009. The results of the Taormina 2006 seismic survey: Possible implications for active tectonics in the Messina Straits. Tectonophy- sics, 476, 159–169. Argus, D.F., Gordon, R.G., DeMets, C. & Stein, S. 1989. Closure of the Africa– Eurasia–North American plate motion circuit and tectonics of the Gloria fault. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 5585–5602. 198 L. BONINI ET AL. Bahroudi, A., Koyi, H.A. & Talbot, C.J. 2003. Effect of ductile and frictional de ́collements on style of extension. Journal of Structural Geology, 25, 1401– 1423. Baratta, M. 1910. La catastrofe sismica calabro-messinese (28 dicembre 1908). Relazione alla Societa` Geografica Italiana, Roma. Ristampa anastatica, Sala Bolognese, 1985. Basili, R., Valensise, G., et al. 2008. The Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), version 3: summarizing 20 years of research on Italy’s earthquake geology. Tectonophysics, 453, 20–43. Ben-Avraham, Z. & Grasso, M. 1990. Collisional zone segmentation in Sicily and surrounding areas in the Central Mediterranean. Annales Tectonicae, 4, 131 – 139. Bordoni, P. & Valensise, G. 1998. Deformation of the 125 ka marine terrace in Italy: tectonic implications. In: Stewart, I.S. & Vita Finzi, C. (eds) Coastal Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 146, 71–110. Boschi, E., Pantosti, D. & Valensise, G. 1989. Modello di sorgente per il terremoto di Messina del 1908 ed evoluzione recente dell’area dello Stretto. In: Atti VIII Convegno GNGTS, Roma, 245–258. Bose, S. & Mitra, S. 2009. Deformation along oblique and lateral ramps in listric normal faults: Insights from experimental models. AAPG Bulletin, 93, 431– 451. Bottari, A., Carapezza, E., Carapezza, M., Carveni, P., Cefali, F., Lo Giudice, E. & Pandolfo, C. 1986. The 1908 Messina Strait earthquake in the regional geostructural framework. Journal of Geodynamics, 5, 275–302. Bottari, A., Caccamo, D. & Neri, G. 1992. An example of seismic occurrence modelling by a several-state random process. Geophysical Journal Interna- tional, 108, 267–272. Brancaleoni, F., Diana, G., et al. 2009. The Messina Strait Bridge: a Challenge and a Dream. Taylor & Francis, London. Buck, W.R. 1988. Flexural rotation of normal faults. Tectonics, 7, 959–993. Butler, R.W.H., Grasso, M. & La Manna, F. 1992. Origin and deformation of the Neogene–Recent Maghrebian foredeep at the Gela Nappe, SE Sicily. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 547–556. 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Withjack, M.O. & Callaway, S. 2000. Active normal faulting beneath a salt layer: an experimental study of deformation in the cover sequence. AAPG Bulletin, 84, 627–651. | en |
| dc.description.obiettivoSpecifico | 3.2. Tettonica attiva | en |
| dc.description.journalType | JCR Journal | en |
| dc.description.fulltext | reserved | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Bonini, L. | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Di Bucci, D. | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Toscani, G. | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Seno, S. | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Valensise, G. | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Dipartimento della Protezione Civile | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | en |
| dc.contributor.department | Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia | en |
| item.openairetype | article | - |
| item.cerifentitytype | Publications | - |
| item.languageiso639-1 | en | - |
| item.grantfulltext | restricted | - |
| item.openairecristype | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18cf | - |
| item.fulltext | With Fulltext | - |
| crisitem.author.dept | Dipartimento della Protezione Civile | - |
| crisitem.author.dept | Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia. Via Ferrata, 1 - 27100 Pavia, Italy | - |
| crisitem.author.dept | Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pavia | - |
| crisitem.author.dept | Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione Roma1, Roma, Italia | - |
| crisitem.author.orcid | 0000-0001-5613-7813 | - |
| crisitem.author.orcid | 0000-0003-1290-4456 | - |
| crisitem.author.orcid | 0000-0001-7631-1903 | - |
| crisitem.author.parentorg | Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia | - |
| crisitem.classification.parent | 04. Solid Earth | - |
| crisitem.classification.parent | 04. Solid Earth | - |
| crisitem.department.parentorg | Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia | - |
| Appears in Collections: | Article published / in press | |
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