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An overview of earthquake related liquefaction events in Italy
Sponsors
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italia
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Issued date
2010
Series/Report No.
Miscellanea INGV
6/2010
Abstract
This report was prepared by Mr Edoardo Borgomeo during the summer pause of
Imperial College (London, UK) lectures.
Mr Borgomeo have joined the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) for an internship under the supervision of Dr. Giuseppe Di Capua and Prof Silvia Peppoloni. This internship was an opportunity to gain an understanding on the functioning of a research institute and on the tasks a researcher has to undertake in the creation of a scientific publication. The result of the internship is presented in the following report that investigated the phenomenon of liquefaction under seismic conditions. The most serious direct effect of earthquakes on buildings and structures is ground shaking. However earthquake shocks might pose other hazards in the form of soil liquefaction, which can result in considerable financial losses. Some soils such as quicksands and quickclays can give rise to major problems when disturbed by ground shaking. The ground vibrations produced by an earthquake lead to a decrease in the effective stress and in the shear strength of the soil which in turn trigger the liquefaction.
Imperial College (London, UK) lectures.
Mr Borgomeo have joined the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) for an internship under the supervision of Dr. Giuseppe Di Capua and Prof Silvia Peppoloni. This internship was an opportunity to gain an understanding on the functioning of a research institute and on the tasks a researcher has to undertake in the creation of a scientific publication. The result of the internship is presented in the following report that investigated the phenomenon of liquefaction under seismic conditions. The most serious direct effect of earthquakes on buildings and structures is ground shaking. However earthquake shocks might pose other hazards in the form of soil liquefaction, which can result in considerable financial losses. Some soils such as quicksands and quickclays can give rise to major problems when disturbed by ground shaking. The ground vibrations produced by an earthquake lead to a decrease in the effective stress and in the shear strength of the soil which in turn trigger the liquefaction.
References
Ambraseys, N.N, (1991). Engineering Seismology. International Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 17, 1- 105.
Bell, F.G., (1998). Environmental Geology. Principles and practice. Blackwell.
Berardi, R. , Margottini, C., Molin, D. and Parisi, A., (1991). Soil liquefaction: case histories in Italy. Tectonophysics. 193, 141-164.
Colombo, P. and Colleselli, F., (2003). Elementi di Geotecnica. 2nd edition. Zanichelli.
Craig, R.F. (2004) Craig’s soil mechanics. 7th edition. Spon Press.
Crespellani, T., Nardi, R., Simoncini, C., (1988). La liquefazione del terreno in condizioni sismiche. Bologna, Zanichelli.
Crespellani, T., Madiai, C., Vannucchi, G., (2002). Liquefaction hazard during earthquakes at Nocera Scalo, Italy. Part I: Assessment of liquefaction potential using simplified procedures. Italian Geotechnical
Journal XXXVI. 4, 24-25.
Galli, P., (2000). New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction. Tectonophysics. 324, 169-187.
Gonzalez de Vallejo, L.I., (2004). Geoingegneria. Pearson Education Italia.
Guarnieri, P., Pirrotta, C., Barbano, M.S., De Martini, P.M., Pantosti, D., Gerardi, F. and Smedile, A., (2007). Liquefaction structures induced by historical earthquakes along the Ionian coast of Sicily (southern Italy) [Online]. Available from: http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/gngts/gngts/convegniprecedenti/2007/riassunti/tema-
2/2-sess-1/21-guar.pdf.
Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W., (2006). Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering. 26, 115-130.
Kuribayashi, E. and F. Tatsuoka, (1975). Brief reviewer of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan, Soil Foundations, 15 (4), 81-92.
Lenz, J.A. and Baise, L.G., (2006). Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT and SPT data. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 27, 690-702.
Liam Finn, W.D., (2001). State of the art for the evaluation of seismic liquefaction potential. Computers and Geotechnics. 29, 329-341.
Liyanapathirana, D.S. and Poulos, H.G. (2004). Assessment of soil liquefaction incorporating earthquake characteristics. Engineering Geology. 24, 867-875.
Monge, O., Chassagneux, D. and Mouroux, P., (1998). Methodology for liquefaction hazard studies: new tool and recent applications. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 17, 415-425.
Obermeier, S.F., Olson, S. and Green, R., (2005). Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking. Engineering Geology. 76, 209 -234.
Papadopoulos, G.A. and Lefkopoulos, G., (1993). Magnitude-distance relations for liquefaction in soil from earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 83 (3), 925-938.
Papathanassiou, G., Pavlides, S., Christaras, B. and Pitilakis, K., (2005). Liquefaction case histories and empirical relations of earthquake magnitude versus distance from the broader Aegean region. Journal of Geodynamics. 40, 257-278.
Port and Harbour Research Institute, (1997). Handbook on liquefaction. Remediation of reclaimed land. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema.
Prestininzi, A. and Romeo, R. (2000). Earthquake-induced ground failures in Italy. Engineering Geology. 58, 387-397.
Santucci de Magistris, F., (2005). Liquefazione. In: Associazione Geotecnica Italiana (eds.). Aspetti geotecnici della progettazione in zona sismica. AGI. pp. 99-108.
Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M., (1971). Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE. 97, SM9.
Seed, H.B., Mori, K. and Chan, C.K., (1977). Influence of Seismic History on Liquefaction of Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE. 103, GT4.
Seed, H.B. and Silver, M.L., (1972). Settlement of Dry Sands during Earthquakes. Journal of the Soil Mechanics Foundation Division, ASCE. SM4.
Trifunac, M.D. and Todorovska, M.I., (2003). Maximum distance and minimum energy to initiate liquefaction in water saturated sands. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 24, 89-101.
Bell, F.G., (1998). Environmental Geology. Principles and practice. Blackwell.
Berardi, R. , Margottini, C., Molin, D. and Parisi, A., (1991). Soil liquefaction: case histories in Italy. Tectonophysics. 193, 141-164.
Colombo, P. and Colleselli, F., (2003). Elementi di Geotecnica. 2nd edition. Zanichelli.
Craig, R.F. (2004) Craig’s soil mechanics. 7th edition. Spon Press.
Crespellani, T., Nardi, R., Simoncini, C., (1988). La liquefazione del terreno in condizioni sismiche. Bologna, Zanichelli.
Crespellani, T., Madiai, C., Vannucchi, G., (2002). Liquefaction hazard during earthquakes at Nocera Scalo, Italy. Part I: Assessment of liquefaction potential using simplified procedures. Italian Geotechnical
Journal XXXVI. 4, 24-25.
Galli, P., (2000). New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction. Tectonophysics. 324, 169-187.
Gonzalez de Vallejo, L.I., (2004). Geoingegneria. Pearson Education Italia.
Guarnieri, P., Pirrotta, C., Barbano, M.S., De Martini, P.M., Pantosti, D., Gerardi, F. and Smedile, A., (2007). Liquefaction structures induced by historical earthquakes along the Ionian coast of Sicily (southern Italy) [Online]. Available from: http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/gngts/gngts/convegniprecedenti/2007/riassunti/tema-
2/2-sess-1/21-guar.pdf.
Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W., (2006). Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering. 26, 115-130.
Kuribayashi, E. and F. Tatsuoka, (1975). Brief reviewer of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan, Soil Foundations, 15 (4), 81-92.
Lenz, J.A. and Baise, L.G., (2006). Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT and SPT data. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 27, 690-702.
Liam Finn, W.D., (2001). State of the art for the evaluation of seismic liquefaction potential. Computers and Geotechnics. 29, 329-341.
Liyanapathirana, D.S. and Poulos, H.G. (2004). Assessment of soil liquefaction incorporating earthquake characteristics. Engineering Geology. 24, 867-875.
Monge, O., Chassagneux, D. and Mouroux, P., (1998). Methodology for liquefaction hazard studies: new tool and recent applications. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 17, 415-425.
Obermeier, S.F., Olson, S. and Green, R., (2005). Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking. Engineering Geology. 76, 209 -234.
Papadopoulos, G.A. and Lefkopoulos, G., (1993). Magnitude-distance relations for liquefaction in soil from earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 83 (3), 925-938.
Papathanassiou, G., Pavlides, S., Christaras, B. and Pitilakis, K., (2005). Liquefaction case histories and empirical relations of earthquake magnitude versus distance from the broader Aegean region. Journal of Geodynamics. 40, 257-278.
Port and Harbour Research Institute, (1997). Handbook on liquefaction. Remediation of reclaimed land. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema.
Prestininzi, A. and Romeo, R. (2000). Earthquake-induced ground failures in Italy. Engineering Geology. 58, 387-397.
Santucci de Magistris, F., (2005). Liquefazione. In: Associazione Geotecnica Italiana (eds.). Aspetti geotecnici della progettazione in zona sismica. AGI. pp. 99-108.
Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M., (1971). Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE. 97, SM9.
Seed, H.B., Mori, K. and Chan, C.K., (1977). Influence of Seismic History on Liquefaction of Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE. 103, GT4.
Seed, H.B. and Silver, M.L., (1972). Settlement of Dry Sands during Earthquakes. Journal of the Soil Mechanics Foundation Division, ASCE. SM4.
Trifunac, M.D. and Todorovska, M.I., (2003). Maximum distance and minimum energy to initiate liquefaction in water saturated sands. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 24, 89-101.
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