Options
Revised slip rates for the Alpine fault at Inchbonnie: Implications for plate boundary kinematics of South Island, New Zealand
Author(s)
Other Titles
Revised slip rates for the Alpine fault at Inchbonnie
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.2. Tettonica attiva
Status
Published
JCR Journal
N/A or not JCR
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3/2(2010)
Publisher
Geological Society of America
Pages (printed)
139-152
Issued date
May 25, 2010
Alternative Location
Subjects
Abstract
The northeast-striking, dextral-reverse Alpine fault transitions into the Marlborough Fault System near Inchbonnie in the central South Island, New Zealand. New slip-rate estimates for the Alpine fault are presented following a reassessment of the geomorphology and age of displaced late Holocene alluvial surfaces of the Taramakau River at Inchbonnie. Progressive avulsion and abandonment of the Taramakau floodplain, aided by fault movements during the late Holocene, have preserved a left-stepping fault scarp that grows in height to the northeast. Surveyed dextral (22.5 ± 2 m) and vertical (4.8 ± 0.5 m) displacements across a left stepover in the fault across an alluvial surface are
combined with a precise maximum age from a remnant tree stump (≥1590–1730 yr) to yield dextral, vertical, and reverse-slip rates of 13.6 ± 1.8, 2.9 ± 0.4, and 3.4 ± 0.6 mm/yr, respectively. These values are larger (dextral) and smaller (dip slip) than previous estimates for this site, but they refl ect advances in the local chronology of surfaces and represent improved time-averaged results over 1.7 k.y. A geological kinematic circuit constructed for the central South Island demonstrates that (1) 69%–89% of the Australian-Pacific plate motion is accommodated by the major faults (Alpine-Hope-Kakapo) in this transitional area, (2) the 50% drop in slip rate on the Alpine fault between Hokitika and Inchbonnie is taken up by the Hope and Kakapo faults at the southwestern edge of the Marlborough Fault System, and (3) the new slip rates are more compatible with contemporary models of strain partitioning presented from geodesy.
combined with a precise maximum age from a remnant tree stump (≥1590–1730 yr) to yield dextral, vertical, and reverse-slip rates of 13.6 ± 1.8, 2.9 ± 0.4, and 3.4 ± 0.6 mm/yr, respectively. These values are larger (dextral) and smaller (dip slip) than previous estimates for this site, but they refl ect advances in the local chronology of surfaces and represent improved time-averaged results over 1.7 k.y. A geological kinematic circuit constructed for the central South Island demonstrates that (1) 69%–89% of the Australian-Pacific plate motion is accommodated by the major faults (Alpine-Hope-Kakapo) in this transitional area, (2) the 50% drop in slip rate on the Alpine fault between Hokitika and Inchbonnie is taken up by the Hope and Kakapo faults at the southwestern edge of the Marlborough Fault System, and (3) the new slip rates are more compatible with contemporary models of strain partitioning presented from geodesy.
References
Akima, H., 1978, A method for bivariate interpolation and
smooth surface fi tting for irregularly distributed data
points: ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software,
v. 4, p. 148–159, doi: 10.1145/355780.355786.
Barnes, P.M., 2009, Postglacial (after 20 ka) dextral slip rate of
the offshore Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Geology, v. 37,
p. 3–6, doi: 10.1130/G24764A.1.
Barnes, P.M., Sutherland, R., and Delteil, J., 2005, Strike-slip
structure and sedimentary basins of the southern Alpine
Fault, Fiordland, New Zealand: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 411–435, doi: 10.1130/B25458.1.
Berryman, K.R., 1975, Earth Deformation Studies Reconnaissance
of the Alpine Fault: New Zealand Geological Survey
Report, EDS 30, 25 p.
Berryman, K., 1979, Active faulting and derived PHS directions
in the South Island, New Zealand: Royal Society
of New Zealand Bulletin, v. 18, p. 29–34.
Berryman, K., and Villamor, P., 2004, Surface rupture of the
Poulter Fault in the March 9, 1929 Arthur’s Pass Earthquake,
and re-defi nition of the Kakapo Fault, New Zealand:
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,
v. 47, p. 341–351.
Berryman, K.R., Beanland, S., Cooper, A.F., Cutten, H.N., Norris,
R.J., and Wood, P.R., 1992, The Alpine Fault, New Zealand:
Variation in Quaternary structural style and geomorphic
expression: Annales Tectonicae, v. 6, p. 126–163.
Berryman, K., Almond, P., Villamor, P., Read, S., Tonkin, P., and
Alloway, B., 2009, Alpine Fault ruptures shape the geomorphology
of Westland, New Zealand: Data from the
Whataroa catchment: Melboune, Australia, 7th ANZIAG
International Conference on Geomorphology, abs. 214.
Biasi, G., and Weldon, R.J., 1994, Quantitative refi nement
of calibrated C-14 distributions: Quaternary Research,
v. 41, p. 1–18, doi: 10.1006/qres.1994.1001.
Bronk Ramsey, C., 2007, OxCal Program, v. 4.0: University of
Oxford, UK, Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, https://c14.
arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html.
Cowan, H.A., Nicol, A., and Tonkin, P., 1996, A comparison
of historical and paleoseismicity in a newly formed
fault zone and a mature fault zone, North Canterbury,
New Zealand: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101,
p. 6021–6036, doi: 10.1029/95JB01588.
Cox, S.C., and Findlay, R.H., 1995, The Main Divide Fault Zone
and its role in formation of the Southern Alps, New Zealand:
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,
v. 38, p. 489–499.
Cox, S.C., and Sutherland, R., 2007, Regional geologic framework
of South Island, New Zealand, and its signifi cance
for understanding the active plate boundary, in Okaya,
D., et al., eds., A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics
at South Island, New Zealand: Washington, D.C., American
Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 175,
p. 19–46.
DeMets, C., Gordon, G., Argus, D.F., and Stein, S., 1994,
Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal
time scale on estimates of current plate motions:
Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, p. 2191–2194, doi:
10.1029/94GL02118.
Golder Associates, 2007, Geotechnical Site Suitability Assessment
for Proposed Subdivision at Lake Poerua, Westland:
Ref. no. R06812016-02-V2.
Hewitt, A.E., 1998, New Zealand Soil Classifi cation (2nd edition):
Lincoln, New Zealand, Manaaki Press, Landcare
Research Science Serial 1, 133 p.
Holt, W.E., and Haines, A.J., 1995, The kinematics of northern
South Island, New Zealand, determined from geologic
strain rates: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100,
p. 17,991–18,010, doi: 10.1029/95JB01059.
Howard, M., Nicol, A., Campbell, J., and Pettinga, J.R., 2005,
Holocene paleoearthquakes on the strike-slip Porters
Pass Fault, Canterbury, New Zealand: New Zealand
Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 48, p. 59–74.
Humphreys, E.D., and Weldon, R.J., II, 1994, Deformation
across the western United States: A local estimate of
Pacifi c–North America transform deformation: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 19,975–20,010, doi:
10.1029/94JB00899.
Langridge, R.M., and Berryman, K.R., 2005, Morphology and
slip rate of the Hurunui section of the Hope Fault, South
Island, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology
and Geophysics, v. 48, p. 43–58.
Langridge, R.M., and McSaveney, M., 2008, Updated review
of proposed Lake Poerua subdivision, Grey District:
GNS Science Consultancy Report 2008/11.
Langridge, R.M., Villamor, P., Basili, R., Hemphill-Haley, M.,
2008, Slip rate of the Alpine fault at the Inchbonnie
stepover and implications for the kinematics of South
Island, New Zealand, in Programme and Abstracts of
the 31st General Assembly of the European Seismological
Congress, Crete, 7–12 September 2008.
McCormac, F.G., Hogg, A.G., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E.,
Higham, T.F.G., and Reimer, P.J., 2004, SHCAL04 Southern
Hemisphere calibration 0–11.0 kyr BP: Radiocarbon,
v. 46, p. 1087–1092.
McSaveney, M.J., 1992, A Manual for Weathering Rind Dating
of Grey Sandstones of the Torlesse Supergroup, New
Zealand: Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Institute of Geological
and Nuclear Sciences Science Report 92/4, 52 p.
Nathan, S., Rattenbury, M.R., and Suggate, R.P. (compilers),
2002, Geology of the Greymouth Area: Lower Hutt, New
Zealand, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences
Geological Map 12, scale 1:250,000, 1 sheet plus 65 p.
Norris, R.J., and Cooper, A.F., 2001, Late Quaternary slip rates
and slip partitioning on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 507–520, doi:
10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00122-X.
Rhoades, D.A., and Van Dissen, R.J., 2003, Estimates of the
time-varying hazard of rupture of the Alpine Fault,
allowing for uncertainties: New Zealand Journal of
Geology and Geophysics, v. 46, p. 479–488.
Rieser, U., Wang, N., 2009, Determination of sediment deposition
ages by Luminescence Dating: Victoria University
of Wellington Luminescence Laboratory, Technical
Report 09/02.
Robinson, R., 2004, Potential earthquake triggering in the
Alpine-Marlborough-Buller fault network, New Zealand:
Geophysical Journal International, v. 159, p. 734–
748, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02446.x.
Stirling, M.W., McVerry, G.H., and Berryman, K.R., 2002, A
new seismic hazard analysis for New Zealand: Bulletin
of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, p. 1878–
1903, doi: 10.1785/0120010156.
Stuiver, M., and Polach, H.A., 1977, Discussion: Reporting of
14C data: Radiocarbon, v. 19, p. 355–363.
Suggate, R.P., 1965, Late Pleistocene Geology of the Northern
Part of the South Island, New Zealand: New Zealand
Geological Survey Bulletin 77, 91 p.
Suggate, R.P., and Waight, T.E., 1999, Geology of the Kumara-
Moana Area: Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Institute of Geological
and Nuclear Sciences Geological Map 24, scale
1:50,000, 1 sheet plus 124 p.
Sutherland, R., and Norris, R.J., 1995, Late Quaternary displacement
rate, paleoseismicity, and geomorphic evolution
of the Alpine fault: Evidence from Hokuri Creek,
South Westland, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of
Geology and Geophysics, v. 38, p. 419–430.
Sutherland, R., Berryman, K.R., and Norris, R.J., 2006, Quaternary
slip rate and geomorphology of the Alpine fault:
Implications for the kinematics and seismic hazard in
southwest New Zealand: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 118, p. 464–474, doi: 10.1130/B25627.1.
Sutherland, R., Eberhart-Phillips, D., Harris, R.A., Stern, T.,
Beavan, J., Ellis, S., Henrys, S., Cox, S., Norris, R.J., Berryman,
K.R., Townend, J., Bannister, S., Pettinga, J., Leitner,
B., Wallace, L., Little, T.A., Cooper, A.F., Yetton, M.,
and Stirling, M., 2007, Do great earthquakes occur on
the Alpine fault in central South Island, New Zealand?,
in Okaya, D., et al., eds., A Continental Plate Boundary:
Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand: Washignton,
D.C., American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph
175, p. 235–251.
Tonkin, P.J., and Basher, L.R., 1990, Soil-stratigraphic techniques
in the study of soil and landform evolution
across the Southern Alps, New Zealand, in Kneupfer,
P.L.K., and McFadden, L.D., eds., Soils and Landscape
Evolution: Geomorphology, v. 3, p. 547–575.
Toy, V. (compiler), 2007, Field Trip Guide, in Pre-Workshop
Field Trip for the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP),
Alpine Fault, New Zealand, 5–7 November 2007: Dunedin,
University of Otago Press, 85 p.
U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1999, Soil Taxonomy:
A Basic System of Soil Classifi cation for Making
and Interpreting Soil Surveys: Washington, D.C., U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 869 p.
Van Dissen, R., and Yeats, R., 1991, Hope fault, Jordan thrust,
and uplift of the Seaward Kaikoura Range, New Zealand:
Geology, v. 19, p. 393–396, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613
(1991)019<0393:HFJTAU>2.3.CO;2.
Wallace, L.M., Beavan, R.J., McCaffrey, R., Berryman, K.R., and
Denys, P., 2007, Balancing the plate motion budget in the
South Island, New Zealand using GPS, geological and
seismological data: Geophysical Journal International,
v. 168, p. 332–352, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03183.x.
Wellman, H.W., 1955, New Zealand Quaternary tectonics:
Geologische Rundschau, v. 43, p. 248–257, doi: 10.1007/
BF01764108.
Wells, A., Yetton, M.D., Duncan, R.P., and Stewart, G.H., 1999,
Prehistoric dates of the most recent Alpine fault earthquakes,
New Zealand: Geology, v. 27, p. 995–998, doi:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0995:PDOTMR>2.3.CO;2.
Wells, A., Duncan, R.P., and Stewart, G.H., 2001, Forest
dynamics in Westland, New Zealand: The importance
of large, infrequent earthquake-induced disturbance:
Journal of Ecology, v. 89, p. 1006–1018, doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2745.2001.00594.x.
Yang, J.S., 1991, The Kakapo Fault—A major active dextral
fault in the central North Canterbury–Buller regions of
New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and
Geophysics, v. 34, p. 137–143.
Yeats, R., and Berryman, K.R., 1987, South Island, New Zealand,
and Transverse Ranges, California: A seismotectonic
comparison: Tectonics, v. 6, p. 363–376, doi: 10.1029/
TC006i003p00363.
Yetton, M.D., 1998, Progress in understanding the paleoseismicity
of the central and northern Alpine Fault, Westland,
New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology
and Geophysics, v. 41, p. 475–483.
Yetton, M.D., 2000, The probability and consequences of the
next Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand
[Ph.D. thesis]: Christchurch, New Zealand, University
of Canterbury, 312 p. + 2 maps.
smooth surface fi tting for irregularly distributed data
points: ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software,
v. 4, p. 148–159, doi: 10.1145/355780.355786.
Barnes, P.M., 2009, Postglacial (after 20 ka) dextral slip rate of
the offshore Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Geology, v. 37,
p. 3–6, doi: 10.1130/G24764A.1.
Barnes, P.M., Sutherland, R., and Delteil, J., 2005, Strike-slip
structure and sedimentary basins of the southern Alpine
Fault, Fiordland, New Zealand: Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 411–435, doi: 10.1130/B25458.1.
Berryman, K.R., 1975, Earth Deformation Studies Reconnaissance
of the Alpine Fault: New Zealand Geological Survey
Report, EDS 30, 25 p.
Berryman, K., 1979, Active faulting and derived PHS directions
in the South Island, New Zealand: Royal Society
of New Zealand Bulletin, v. 18, p. 29–34.
Berryman, K., and Villamor, P., 2004, Surface rupture of the
Poulter Fault in the March 9, 1929 Arthur’s Pass Earthquake,
and re-defi nition of the Kakapo Fault, New Zealand:
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,
v. 47, p. 341–351.
Berryman, K.R., Beanland, S., Cooper, A.F., Cutten, H.N., Norris,
R.J., and Wood, P.R., 1992, The Alpine Fault, New Zealand:
Variation in Quaternary structural style and geomorphic
expression: Annales Tectonicae, v. 6, p. 126–163.
Berryman, K., Almond, P., Villamor, P., Read, S., Tonkin, P., and
Alloway, B., 2009, Alpine Fault ruptures shape the geomorphology
of Westland, New Zealand: Data from the
Whataroa catchment: Melboune, Australia, 7th ANZIAG
International Conference on Geomorphology, abs. 214.
Biasi, G., and Weldon, R.J., 1994, Quantitative refi nement
of calibrated C-14 distributions: Quaternary Research,
v. 41, p. 1–18, doi: 10.1006/qres.1994.1001.
Bronk Ramsey, C., 2007, OxCal Program, v. 4.0: University of
Oxford, UK, Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, https://c14.
arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html.
Cowan, H.A., Nicol, A., and Tonkin, P., 1996, A comparison
of historical and paleoseismicity in a newly formed
fault zone and a mature fault zone, North Canterbury,
New Zealand: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101,
p. 6021–6036, doi: 10.1029/95JB01588.
Cox, S.C., and Findlay, R.H., 1995, The Main Divide Fault Zone
and its role in formation of the Southern Alps, New Zealand:
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,
v. 38, p. 489–499.
Cox, S.C., and Sutherland, R., 2007, Regional geologic framework
of South Island, New Zealand, and its signifi cance
for understanding the active plate boundary, in Okaya,
D., et al., eds., A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics
at South Island, New Zealand: Washington, D.C., American
Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 175,
p. 19–46.
DeMets, C., Gordon, G., Argus, D.F., and Stein, S., 1994,
Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal
time scale on estimates of current plate motions:
Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, p. 2191–2194, doi:
10.1029/94GL02118.
Golder Associates, 2007, Geotechnical Site Suitability Assessment
for Proposed Subdivision at Lake Poerua, Westland:
Ref. no. R06812016-02-V2.
Hewitt, A.E., 1998, New Zealand Soil Classifi cation (2nd edition):
Lincoln, New Zealand, Manaaki Press, Landcare
Research Science Serial 1, 133 p.
Holt, W.E., and Haines, A.J., 1995, The kinematics of northern
South Island, New Zealand, determined from geologic
strain rates: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100,
p. 17,991–18,010, doi: 10.1029/95JB01059.
Howard, M., Nicol, A., Campbell, J., and Pettinga, J.R., 2005,
Holocene paleoearthquakes on the strike-slip Porters
Pass Fault, Canterbury, New Zealand: New Zealand
Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 48, p. 59–74.
Humphreys, E.D., and Weldon, R.J., II, 1994, Deformation
across the western United States: A local estimate of
Pacifi c–North America transform deformation: Journal
of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 19,975–20,010, doi:
10.1029/94JB00899.
Langridge, R.M., and Berryman, K.R., 2005, Morphology and
slip rate of the Hurunui section of the Hope Fault, South
Island, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology
and Geophysics, v. 48, p. 43–58.
Langridge, R.M., and McSaveney, M., 2008, Updated review
of proposed Lake Poerua subdivision, Grey District:
GNS Science Consultancy Report 2008/11.
Langridge, R.M., Villamor, P., Basili, R., Hemphill-Haley, M.,
2008, Slip rate of the Alpine fault at the Inchbonnie
stepover and implications for the kinematics of South
Island, New Zealand, in Programme and Abstracts of
the 31st General Assembly of the European Seismological
Congress, Crete, 7–12 September 2008.
McCormac, F.G., Hogg, A.G., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E.,
Higham, T.F.G., and Reimer, P.J., 2004, SHCAL04 Southern
Hemisphere calibration 0–11.0 kyr BP: Radiocarbon,
v. 46, p. 1087–1092.
McSaveney, M.J., 1992, A Manual for Weathering Rind Dating
of Grey Sandstones of the Torlesse Supergroup, New
Zealand: Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Institute of Geological
and Nuclear Sciences Science Report 92/4, 52 p.
Nathan, S., Rattenbury, M.R., and Suggate, R.P. (compilers),
2002, Geology of the Greymouth Area: Lower Hutt, New
Zealand, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences
Geological Map 12, scale 1:250,000, 1 sheet plus 65 p.
Norris, R.J., and Cooper, A.F., 2001, Late Quaternary slip rates
and slip partitioning on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 507–520, doi:
10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00122-X.
Rhoades, D.A., and Van Dissen, R.J., 2003, Estimates of the
time-varying hazard of rupture of the Alpine Fault,
allowing for uncertainties: New Zealand Journal of
Geology and Geophysics, v. 46, p. 479–488.
Rieser, U., Wang, N., 2009, Determination of sediment deposition
ages by Luminescence Dating: Victoria University
of Wellington Luminescence Laboratory, Technical
Report 09/02.
Robinson, R., 2004, Potential earthquake triggering in the
Alpine-Marlborough-Buller fault network, New Zealand:
Geophysical Journal International, v. 159, p. 734–
748, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02446.x.
Stirling, M.W., McVerry, G.H., and Berryman, K.R., 2002, A
new seismic hazard analysis for New Zealand: Bulletin
of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, p. 1878–
1903, doi: 10.1785/0120010156.
Stuiver, M., and Polach, H.A., 1977, Discussion: Reporting of
14C data: Radiocarbon, v. 19, p. 355–363.
Suggate, R.P., 1965, Late Pleistocene Geology of the Northern
Part of the South Island, New Zealand: New Zealand
Geological Survey Bulletin 77, 91 p.
Suggate, R.P., and Waight, T.E., 1999, Geology of the Kumara-
Moana Area: Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Institute of Geological
and Nuclear Sciences Geological Map 24, scale
1:50,000, 1 sheet plus 124 p.
Sutherland, R., and Norris, R.J., 1995, Late Quaternary displacement
rate, paleoseismicity, and geomorphic evolution
of the Alpine fault: Evidence from Hokuri Creek,
South Westland, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of
Geology and Geophysics, v. 38, p. 419–430.
Sutherland, R., Berryman, K.R., and Norris, R.J., 2006, Quaternary
slip rate and geomorphology of the Alpine fault:
Implications for the kinematics and seismic hazard in
southwest New Zealand: Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 118, p. 464–474, doi: 10.1130/B25627.1.
Sutherland, R., Eberhart-Phillips, D., Harris, R.A., Stern, T.,
Beavan, J., Ellis, S., Henrys, S., Cox, S., Norris, R.J., Berryman,
K.R., Townend, J., Bannister, S., Pettinga, J., Leitner,
B., Wallace, L., Little, T.A., Cooper, A.F., Yetton, M.,
and Stirling, M., 2007, Do great earthquakes occur on
the Alpine fault in central South Island, New Zealand?,
in Okaya, D., et al., eds., A Continental Plate Boundary:
Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand: Washignton,
D.C., American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph
175, p. 235–251.
Tonkin, P.J., and Basher, L.R., 1990, Soil-stratigraphic techniques
in the study of soil and landform evolution
across the Southern Alps, New Zealand, in Kneupfer,
P.L.K., and McFadden, L.D., eds., Soils and Landscape
Evolution: Geomorphology, v. 3, p. 547–575.
Toy, V. (compiler), 2007, Field Trip Guide, in Pre-Workshop
Field Trip for the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP),
Alpine Fault, New Zealand, 5–7 November 2007: Dunedin,
University of Otago Press, 85 p.
U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1999, Soil Taxonomy:
A Basic System of Soil Classifi cation for Making
and Interpreting Soil Surveys: Washington, D.C., U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 869 p.
Van Dissen, R., and Yeats, R., 1991, Hope fault, Jordan thrust,
and uplift of the Seaward Kaikoura Range, New Zealand:
Geology, v. 19, p. 393–396, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613
(1991)019<0393:HFJTAU>2.3.CO;2.
Wallace, L.M., Beavan, R.J., McCaffrey, R., Berryman, K.R., and
Denys, P., 2007, Balancing the plate motion budget in the
South Island, New Zealand using GPS, geological and
seismological data: Geophysical Journal International,
v. 168, p. 332–352, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03183.x.
Wellman, H.W., 1955, New Zealand Quaternary tectonics:
Geologische Rundschau, v. 43, p. 248–257, doi: 10.1007/
BF01764108.
Wells, A., Yetton, M.D., Duncan, R.P., and Stewart, G.H., 1999,
Prehistoric dates of the most recent Alpine fault earthquakes,
New Zealand: Geology, v. 27, p. 995–998, doi:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0995:PDOTMR>2.3.CO;2.
Wells, A., Duncan, R.P., and Stewart, G.H., 2001, Forest
dynamics in Westland, New Zealand: The importance
of large, infrequent earthquake-induced disturbance:
Journal of Ecology, v. 89, p. 1006–1018, doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2745.2001.00594.x.
Yang, J.S., 1991, The Kakapo Fault—A major active dextral
fault in the central North Canterbury–Buller regions of
New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and
Geophysics, v. 34, p. 137–143.
Yeats, R., and Berryman, K.R., 1987, South Island, New Zealand,
and Transverse Ranges, California: A seismotectonic
comparison: Tectonics, v. 6, p. 363–376, doi: 10.1029/
TC006i003p00363.
Yetton, M.D., 1998, Progress in understanding the paleoseismicity
of the central and northern Alpine Fault, Westland,
New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology
and Geophysics, v. 41, p. 475–483.
Yetton, M.D., 2000, The probability and consequences of the
next Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand
[Ph.D. thesis]: Christchurch, New Zealand, University
of Canterbury, 312 p. + 2 maps.
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