Options
Microseepage in drylands: Flux and implications in the global atmospheric source/sink budget of methane
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/72 (2010)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
265-274
Issued date
2010
Abstract
Drylands are considered a net sink for atmospheric methane and a main item of the global inventories of the
greenhouse gas budget. It is outlined here, however, that a significant portion of drylands occur over
sedimentary basins hosting natural gas and oil reservoirs, where gas migration to the surface takes place,
producing positive fluxes of methane into the atmosphere. New field surveys, in different hydrocarbonprone
basins, confirm that microseepage, enhanced by faults and fractures in the rocks, overcomes the
methanotrophic consumption occurring in dry soil throughout large areas, especially in the winter season.
Fluxes of a few units to some tens of mg m−2 day−1 are frequent over oil–gas fields, whose global extent is
estimated at 3.5–4.2 million km2; higher fluxes (>50 mg m−2 day−1) are primarily, but not exclusively,
found in basins characterized by macro-seeps. Microseepage may however potentially exist over a wider
area (∼8 million km2, i.e. 15% of global drylands), including the Total Petroleum Systems, coal measures and
portions of sedimentary basins that have experienced thermogenesis. Based on a relatively large and
geographically dispersed data-set (563 measurements) from different hydrocarbon-prone basins in USA and
Europe, upscaling suggests that global microseepage emission exceeding 10 Tg year−1 is very likely.
Microseepage is then only one component of a wider class of geological sources, including mud volcanoes,
seeps, geothermal and marine seepage, which cannot be ignored in the atmospheric methane budget.
greenhouse gas budget. It is outlined here, however, that a significant portion of drylands occur over
sedimentary basins hosting natural gas and oil reservoirs, where gas migration to the surface takes place,
producing positive fluxes of methane into the atmosphere. New field surveys, in different hydrocarbonprone
basins, confirm that microseepage, enhanced by faults and fractures in the rocks, overcomes the
methanotrophic consumption occurring in dry soil throughout large areas, especially in the winter season.
Fluxes of a few units to some tens of mg m−2 day−1 are frequent over oil–gas fields, whose global extent is
estimated at 3.5–4.2 million km2; higher fluxes (>50 mg m−2 day−1) are primarily, but not exclusively,
found in basins characterized by macro-seeps. Microseepage may however potentially exist over a wider
area (∼8 million km2, i.e. 15% of global drylands), including the Total Petroleum Systems, coal measures and
portions of sedimentary basins that have experienced thermogenesis. Based on a relatively large and
geographically dispersed data-set (563 measurements) from different hydrocarbon-prone basins in USA and
Europe, upscaling suggests that global microseepage emission exceeding 10 Tg year−1 is very likely.
Microseepage is then only one component of a wider class of geological sources, including mud volcanoes,
seeps, geothermal and marine seepage, which cannot be ignored in the atmospheric methane budget.
References
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Baciu C., Caracausi C., Etiope G., Italiano F., 2007. Mud volcanoes and methane seeps in
Romania: main features and gas flux. Annals of Geoph., 50, 501–512.
Balakin, V.A., Gabrielants, G.A., Guliyev, I.S., Dadashev, F.G., Kolobashkin, V.M.,
Popov, A.I., Feyzullayev, A.A., 1981. Test of experimental study of hydrocarbon
degassing of lithosphere of South Caspian basin and adjacent mountains
systems, using laser gas-analyzer “Iskatel-2”. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 260 (1),
154–156. In Russian.
Batjes, N.H., Bridges, E.M., 1994. Potential emissions of radiatively active gases from soil
to atmosphere with special reference to methane: development of a global database
(WISE). J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D8), 16,479–16,489.
Bellizzia, G.A., Pimentel M.N., Bajo O.R., 1976. Mapa geologico estructural de Venezuela.
Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos, Direccion Geologico, Caracas, scala 1:500,000.
Brown, A., 2000. Evaluation of possible gas microseepage mechanisms. Am. Assoc. Pet.
Geol. Bull. 84, 1775–1789.
Clarke, R.H., Cleverly, R.W., 1991. Petroleumseepage and post-accumulation migration.
In: England, W.A., Fleet, A.J. (Eds.), Petroleum Migration. Geological Society Special
Publication N. 59. Geological Society of London, Bath, pp. 265–271.
Davidson, J.J. (Ed.), 1986. Unconventional Methods in Exploration for Petroleum and
Natural Gas-IV. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. 350 pp.
Dong, Y., Scharffe, D., Lobert, J.M., Crutzen, P.J., Sanhueza, E., 1998. Fluxes of CO2, CH4
and N2O from temperate forest soil: the effect of leaves and humus layers. Tellus
50B, 243–252.
Dorr, H., Katruff, L., Levin, I., 1993. Soil texture parameterization of the methane uptake
in aerated soils. Chemosphere 26, 697–713.
Duchscherer, W., 1981. Nongasometric geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbons with
case histories. Oil Gas J. 312–327 Oct. 19.
Duchscherer, W., Mashburn, L., 1987. Application of the delta-C method of geochemical
hydrocarbon prospecting. Assoc. Petrol. Geochem. Explor. Bull. 3, 15–39.
Erlich, R.N., Barrett, S.F., 1992. Petroleum geology of the Eastern Venezuelan Foreland
Basin. In: Macqueen, R.W., Leckie, D.A. (Eds.), Foreland Basins and Fold Belts: AAPG
Memoir, vol. 55, pp. 341–362.
Etiope, G., 1999. Subsoil CO2, and CH4 and their advective transfer from faulted
grassland to the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D14), 16,889.
Etiope, G., 2004. GEM — Geologic Emissions of Methane, the missing source in the
atmospheric methane budget. Atmos. Environ. 38, 3099–3100.
Etiope, G., 2005. Mud volcanoes and microseepage: the forgotten geophysical
components of atmospheric methane budget. Ann. Geophys. 48, 1–7.
Etiope, G., Klusman, R.W., 2002. Geologic emissions of methane to the atmosphere.
Chemosphere 49, 777–789.
Etiope, G., Martinelli, G., 2002. Migration of carrier and trace gases in the geosphere: an
overview. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 129 (3–4), 185–204.
Etiope, G., Milkov, A.V., 2004. A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore
and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere. Environ. Geol. 46,
997–1002.
Etiope, G., Caracausi, A., Favara, R., Italiano, F., Baciu, C., 2002. Methane emission from the
mudvolcanoes of Sicily (Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (8). doi:10.1029/2001GL014340.
Etiope, G., Baciu, C., Caracausi, A., Italiano, F., Cosma, C., 2004a. Gas flux to the
atmosphere from mud volcanoes in eastern Romania. Terra Nova 16, 179–184.
Etiope, G., Feyzullaiev, A., Baciu, C.L., Milkov, A.V., 2004b. Methane emission from mud
volcanoes in eastern Azerbaijan. Geology 32 (6), 465–468.
Etiope, G., Papatheodorou, G., Christodoulou, D., Ferentinos, G., Sokos, E., Favali, P., 2006.
Methane and hydrogen sulfide seepage in the NWPeloponnesus petroliferous basin
(Greece): origin and geohazard. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 90 (5), 701–713.
Etiope, G., Fridriksson, T., Italiano, F., Winiwarter, W., Theloke, J., 2007a. Natural
emissions of methane from geothermal and volcanic sources in Europe. J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 165, 76–86.
Etiope, G., Martinelli, G., Caracausi, A., Italiano, F., 2007b. Methane seeps and mud
volcanoes in Italy: gas origin, fractionation and emission to the atmosphere. Geoph.
Res. Lett., 34, L14303. doi: 10.1029/2007GL030341.
Etiope, G., Lassey, K.R., Klusman, R.W., Boschi, E., 2008a. Reappraisal of the fossil
methane budget and related emission from geologic sources. Geoph. Res. Lett., 35,
L09307. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033623.
Etiope, G., Milkov A.V., Derbyshire E., 2008b. Did geologic emissions of methane play
any role in Quaternary climate change? Global Planet. Change, 61, 79–88.
Hao, W.M., Scharffe, D., Crutzen, P.J., Sanhueza, E., 1988. Production of N2O, CH4 and
CO2 from soils in the tropical savannah during the dry season. J. Atmos. Chem. 7,
93–105.
Hernandez, P.A., Perez, N.M., Salazar, J.M., Nakai, S., Notsu, K., Wakita, H., 1998. Diffuse
emission of carbon dioxide, methane and helium-3 from Teide volcano, Tenerife,
Canary Islands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (17), 3311–3314.
Hunt, J.M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Co., New
York. 743 pp.
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D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C.A. (Eds.), Climate
Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.
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Jones, V.T., Drozd, R.J., 1983. Predictions of oil or gas potential by near-surface
geochemistry. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 67, 932–952.
Klusman, R.W., 1993. Soil Gas and Related Methods for Natural Resource Exploration.
J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K. 483 pp.
Klusman, R.W., 2003a. Rate measurements and detection of gas microseepage to the
atmosphere from an enhanced oil recovery/sequestration project, Rangely, Colorado,
USA. Appl. Geochem. 18, 1825–1838.
Klusman, R.W., 2003b. A geochemical perspective and assessment of leakage potential
for a mature carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery project and as a prototype for
carbon dioxide sequestration: Rangely field, Colorado. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 87,
1485–1507. Klusman, R.W., 2005. Baseline studies of surface gas exchange and soil–gas composition
in preparation for CO2 sequestration research: Teapot Dome, Wyoming USA. Am.
Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 89, 981–1003.
Klusman, R.W., 2006. Detailed compositional analysis of gas seepage at theNational Carbon
Storage Test Site, Teapot Dome,Wyoming USA. Appl. Geochem. 21, 1498–1521.
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hydrocarbons contribute to the atmospheric budget of methane and to global
climate change? Assoc. Petrol. Geochem. Explor. Bull. 11, 1–55.
Klusman, R.W., Leopold, M.E., LeRoy, M.P., 2000a. Seasonal variation in methane fluxes
fromsedimentary basins to the atmosphere: results fromchambermeasurements and
modeling of transport from deep sources. J. Geophys. Res. (105D), 24,661–24,670.
Klusman, R.W., Moore, J.N., LeRoy, M.P., 2000b. Potential for surface gas flux measurements
in exploration and surface evaluation of geothermal resources. Geothermics
29, 637–670.
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Pet. Geol. 22, 579–590.
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Hydrocarbons: Petrol. London, vol. 29, p. 14.
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Pet. Geol. Bull. 36, 1505–1540.
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Romania: main features and gas flux. Annals of Geoph., 50, 501–512.
Balakin, V.A., Gabrielants, G.A., Guliyev, I.S., Dadashev, F.G., Kolobashkin, V.M.,
Popov, A.I., Feyzullayev, A.A., 1981. Test of experimental study of hydrocarbon
degassing of lithosphere of South Caspian basin and adjacent mountains
systems, using laser gas-analyzer “Iskatel-2”. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 260 (1),
154–156. In Russian.
Batjes, N.H., Bridges, E.M., 1994. Potential emissions of radiatively active gases from soil
to atmosphere with special reference to methane: development of a global database
(WISE). J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D8), 16,479–16,489.
Bellizzia, G.A., Pimentel M.N., Bajo O.R., 1976. Mapa geologico estructural de Venezuela.
Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos, Direccion Geologico, Caracas, scala 1:500,000.
Brown, A., 2000. Evaluation of possible gas microseepage mechanisms. Am. Assoc. Pet.
Geol. Bull. 84, 1775–1789.
Clarke, R.H., Cleverly, R.W., 1991. Petroleumseepage and post-accumulation migration.
In: England, W.A., Fleet, A.J. (Eds.), Petroleum Migration. Geological Society Special
Publication N. 59. Geological Society of London, Bath, pp. 265–271.
Davidson, J.J. (Ed.), 1986. Unconventional Methods in Exploration for Petroleum and
Natural Gas-IV. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. 350 pp.
Dong, Y., Scharffe, D., Lobert, J.M., Crutzen, P.J., Sanhueza, E., 1998. Fluxes of CO2, CH4
and N2O from temperate forest soil: the effect of leaves and humus layers. Tellus
50B, 243–252.
Dorr, H., Katruff, L., Levin, I., 1993. Soil texture parameterization of the methane uptake
in aerated soils. Chemosphere 26, 697–713.
Duchscherer, W., 1981. Nongasometric geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbons with
case histories. Oil Gas J. 312–327 Oct. 19.
Duchscherer, W., Mashburn, L., 1987. Application of the delta-C method of geochemical
hydrocarbon prospecting. Assoc. Petrol. Geochem. Explor. Bull. 3, 15–39.
Erlich, R.N., Barrett, S.F., 1992. Petroleum geology of the Eastern Venezuelan Foreland
Basin. In: Macqueen, R.W., Leckie, D.A. (Eds.), Foreland Basins and Fold Belts: AAPG
Memoir, vol. 55, pp. 341–362.
Etiope, G., 1999. Subsoil CO2, and CH4 and their advective transfer from faulted
grassland to the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D14), 16,889.
Etiope, G., 2004. GEM — Geologic Emissions of Methane, the missing source in the
atmospheric methane budget. Atmos. Environ. 38, 3099–3100.
Etiope, G., 2005. Mud volcanoes and microseepage: the forgotten geophysical
components of atmospheric methane budget. Ann. Geophys. 48, 1–7.
Etiope, G., Klusman, R.W., 2002. Geologic emissions of methane to the atmosphere.
Chemosphere 49, 777–789.
Etiope, G., Martinelli, G., 2002. Migration of carrier and trace gases in the geosphere: an
overview. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 129 (3–4), 185–204.
Etiope, G., Milkov, A.V., 2004. A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore
and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere. Environ. Geol. 46,
997–1002.
Etiope, G., Caracausi, A., Favara, R., Italiano, F., Baciu, C., 2002. Methane emission from the
mudvolcanoes of Sicily (Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (8). doi:10.1029/2001GL014340.
Etiope, G., Baciu, C., Caracausi, A., Italiano, F., Cosma, C., 2004a. Gas flux to the
atmosphere from mud volcanoes in eastern Romania. Terra Nova 16, 179–184.
Etiope, G., Feyzullaiev, A., Baciu, C.L., Milkov, A.V., 2004b. Methane emission from mud
volcanoes in eastern Azerbaijan. Geology 32 (6), 465–468.
Etiope, G., Papatheodorou, G., Christodoulou, D., Ferentinos, G., Sokos, E., Favali, P., 2006.
Methane and hydrogen sulfide seepage in the NWPeloponnesus petroliferous basin
(Greece): origin and geohazard. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 90 (5), 701–713.
Etiope, G., Fridriksson, T., Italiano, F., Winiwarter, W., Theloke, J., 2007a. Natural
emissions of methane from geothermal and volcanic sources in Europe. J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 165, 76–86.
Etiope, G., Martinelli, G., Caracausi, A., Italiano, F., 2007b. Methane seeps and mud
volcanoes in Italy: gas origin, fractionation and emission to the atmosphere. Geoph.
Res. Lett., 34, L14303. doi: 10.1029/2007GL030341.
Etiope, G., Lassey, K.R., Klusman, R.W., Boschi, E., 2008a. Reappraisal of the fossil
methane budget and related emission from geologic sources. Geoph. Res. Lett., 35,
L09307. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033623.
Etiope, G., Milkov A.V., Derbyshire E., 2008b. Did geologic emissions of methane play
any role in Quaternary climate change? Global Planet. Change, 61, 79–88.
Hao, W.M., Scharffe, D., Crutzen, P.J., Sanhueza, E., 1988. Production of N2O, CH4 and
CO2 from soils in the tropical savannah during the dry season. J. Atmos. Chem. 7,
93–105.
Hernandez, P.A., Perez, N.M., Salazar, J.M., Nakai, S., Notsu, K., Wakita, H., 1998. Diffuse
emission of carbon dioxide, methane and helium-3 from Teide volcano, Tenerife,
Canary Islands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (17), 3311–3314.
Hunt, J.M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Co., New
York. 743 pp.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs,
D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C.A. (Eds.), Climate
Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. 881 pp.
Iseki, T., 2004. A portable remote methane detector using an InGaAsP DFB laser.
Environ. Geol. 46 (8), 1064–1069.
Jones, V.T., Drozd, R.J., 1983. Predictions of oil or gas potential by near-surface
geochemistry. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 67, 932–952.
Klusman, R.W., 1993. Soil Gas and Related Methods for Natural Resource Exploration.
J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K. 483 pp.
Klusman, R.W., 2003a. Rate measurements and detection of gas microseepage to the
atmosphere from an enhanced oil recovery/sequestration project, Rangely, Colorado,
USA. Appl. Geochem. 18, 1825–1838.
Klusman, R.W., 2003b. A geochemical perspective and assessment of leakage potential
for a mature carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery project and as a prototype for
carbon dioxide sequestration: Rangely field, Colorado. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 87,
1485–1507. Klusman, R.W., 2005. Baseline studies of surface gas exchange and soil–gas composition
in preparation for CO2 sequestration research: Teapot Dome, Wyoming USA. Am.
Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 89, 981–1003.
Klusman, R.W., 2006. Detailed compositional analysis of gas seepage at theNational Carbon
Storage Test Site, Teapot Dome,Wyoming USA. Appl. Geochem. 21, 1498–1521.
Klusman, R.W., Jakel, M.E., LeRoy, M.P., 1998. Does microseepage of methane and light
hydrocarbons contribute to the atmospheric budget of methane and to global
climate change? Assoc. Petrol. Geochem. Explor. Bull. 11, 1–55.
Klusman, R.W., Leopold, M.E., LeRoy, M.P., 2000a. Seasonal variation in methane fluxes
fromsedimentary basins to the atmosphere: results fromchambermeasurements and
modeling of transport from deep sources. J. Geophys. Res. (105D), 24,661–24,670.
Klusman, R.W., Moore, J.N., LeRoy, M.P., 2000b. Potential for surface gas flux measurements
in exploration and surface evaluation of geothermal resources. Geothermics
29, 637–670.
Kvenvolden, K.A., Rogers, B.W., 2005. Gaia's breath — global methane exhalations. Mar.
Pet. Geol. 22, 579–590.
Laubmeyer, G., 1933. A New Geophysical Prospecting Method, Especially for Deposits of
Hydrocarbons: Petrol. London, vol. 29, p. 14.
Link, W.K., 1952. Significance of oil and gas seeps in world oil exploration. Am. Assoc.
Pet. Geol. Bull. 36, 1505–1540.
Liu, Q., Chan, L., Liu, Q., Li, H., Wang, F., Zhang, S., Xia, X., Cheng, T., 2004. Relationship
between magnetic anomalies and hydrocarbon microseepage above the Jingbian
gas field, Ordos basin, China. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 88 (2), 241–251.
Livingston, G.P., Hutchinson, G.L., 1995. Enclosure-based measurement of trace gas
exchange: Applications and sources of errors. In: Matson, P.A., Harriss, R.C. (Eds.),
Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water. Blackwell Science,
Oxford, pp. 14–51.
Macgregor, D.S., 1993. Relationships between seepage, tectonics and subsurface
petroleum reserves. Mar. Pet. Geol. 10, 606–619.
Magoon, L.B., Schmoker, J.W., 2000. The Total Petroleum System — The Natural Fluid
Network that Constraints the Assessment Units. U.S. Geological Survey World
Petroleum Assessment 2000 — Description and results: USGS Digital Data Series 60,
World Energy Assessment Team, p. 31.
Matthews, M.D., 1996. Hydrocarbon migration—a view from the top. In: Schumacher,
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