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Characteristics of the strong ground motions from the 6 April 2009 L’Aquila
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
5/30 (2010)
Publisher
elsevier
Issued date
2010
Abstract
An Mw 6.25 earthquake occurred on April 6, 2009 at 03:33 a.m. local time, in the Abruzzo region (Central Italy), close to the city of L’Aquila. The earthquake ruptured a North-West (NW)-South-East (SE) oriented normal fault dipping toward the South-West (SW), with the city of L’Aquila lying a few kilometers away on the hanging wall.
The main shock has been recorded by fifty-eight accelerometric stations: the highest number of digital recordings ever obtained in Italy for a single earthquake, one of the best-recorded earthquakes with a normal fault mechanism. Very high values of peak ground acceleration (0.3-0.65g) were observed close to the center of L’Aquila (6 stations at zero JB distance from the fault). The earthquake caused severe loss of lives (299 victims and 1500 injured) and damage (about 18000 unusable buildings) in the epicentral area.
In this study we analyze the ground motion characteristics of both the main shock in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and pseudo-acceleration response spectra (5% of damping ratio). In particular, we compare the pseudo-acceleration response spectra for horizontal directions with the EC8 design spectrum and the new Italian building code (NTC08). In order to understand the characteristics of the ground motions induced by L’Aquila earthquake, we also study the source-related effects and site response of the strong motion stations that recorded the seismic sequence. A novel method is used for the analysis of inter-station and site-specific H/V spectral ratios for the main event and for 12 aftershocks.
The main shock has been recorded by fifty-eight accelerometric stations: the highest number of digital recordings ever obtained in Italy for a single earthquake, one of the best-recorded earthquakes with a normal fault mechanism. Very high values of peak ground acceleration (0.3-0.65g) were observed close to the center of L’Aquila (6 stations at zero JB distance from the fault). The earthquake caused severe loss of lives (299 victims and 1500 injured) and damage (about 18000 unusable buildings) in the epicentral area.
In this study we analyze the ground motion characteristics of both the main shock in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and pseudo-acceleration response spectra (5% of damping ratio). In particular, we compare the pseudo-acceleration response spectra for horizontal directions with the EC8 design spectrum and the new Italian building code (NTC08). In order to understand the characteristics of the ground motions induced by L’Aquila earthquake, we also study the source-related effects and site response of the strong motion stations that recorded the seismic sequence. A novel method is used for the analysis of inter-station and site-specific H/V spectral ratios for the main event and for 12 aftershocks.
References
Akkar, S. and Bommer, J.J., (2007a). Empirical prediction equations for peak ground velocity derived from strong-motion records from Europe and the Middle East. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , Vol. 97(2), 511-530.
Akkar, S. and Bommer, J.J., (2007b). Prediction of Elastic Displacement Response Spectra in Europe and the Middle East. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 36, pp:1275-1301.
Akinci, A., Galadini, F., Pantosti, D., Petersen, M., Malagnini, L., and Perkins, D., (2009a). Effect of Time Dependence on Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Maps and Deaggregation for the Central Apennines, Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol. 99, No. 2A, pp. 585–610.
Akinci, A., Perkins, D., Lombardi, A M., and Basili, R., (2009b). Uncertainties in probability of occurrence of strong earthquakes for fault sources in the Central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Seismology, DOI 10.1007/s10950-008-9142-y.
Ameri, G., Augliera, P., Bindi, D., D’Alema, E., Ladina, C., Lovati, S., Luzi, L., Marzorati, S., Massa, M., Pacor, F. and Puglia, R. (2009). Strong-motion parameters of the M 6.3 Abruzzo (Central Italy) earthquake. http://esse4.mi.ingv.it/.
Arias, A. (1970). A measure of earthquake intensity, Seismic design for nuclear power plants, R. Hansen ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 438-483.
Barchi M., Galadini F., Lavecchia G., Messina P., Michetti A.M., Peruzza L., Pizzi A., Tondi E., Vittori E. (a cura di), (2000). Sintesi delle conoscenze sulle faglie attive in Italia centrale. CNR – Rapporto del Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti.
Boschi E., E. Guidoboni, Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Valensise G. and P. Gasperini (eds.); (2000): Catalogue of Strong Italian Earthquakes from 461 B.C. to 1997. Ann. Geofis. (43), 609-868.
Boatwright, J. and D.M. Boore, (1982). Analysis of the ground accelerations radiated by the 1980 Livermore Valley earthquakes for directivity and dynamic source characteristics. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72 (6), 1843–1865.
Boatwright, J., (2007). The persistence of directivity in small earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. 97 (6), 1850–1861. doi:10.1785/0120050228.
Bindi, D., L. Luzi, F. Pacor, F ., (2009). Inter-event and Inter-station Variability Computed for the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA). Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. Vol. 99, (4) 2471–2488, doi: 10.1785/0120080209.
Boore, D. M. and W. B. Joyner, (1997). Site amplifications for generic rock sites, Bull. Seism. Soc.Am, Vol. 87, 327-341.
Bommer, J.J., Stafford, P., Alarcon, J. and Akkar, S., 2007. The influence of magnitude range on empirical ground-motion prediction, Bull. Seism. Soc.Am., 97(6), 2152-2170.
Cirella A., A. Piatanesi, M. Cocco, E. Tinti, L. Scognamiglio, A. Michelini, A. Lomax and E. Boschi (2009): Rupture History of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake from non-linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data, accepted to GRL.
CNR-PFG, (1987). Neotectonic Map of Italy, Quaderni de La Ricerca Scientifica, 114.
Cultrera, C, Pacor, F., Franceschina, G., Emolo, A., and Cocco, M., (2008). Directivity effects for moderate-magnitude earthquakes (Mw 5.6–6.0) during the 1997 Umbria–Marche sequence, central Italy. Tectonophysics, TECTO-124355; No of Pages 11.
Decanini, L. et al. (1995). Proposta di definizione delle relazioni tra intensità macrosismica e parametri del moto del suolo. 7° Convegno Nazionale: L’ingegneria sismica in Italia, Siena, pp. 63-72.
De Luca, S. Marcucci, G. Milana, T. Sano' (2005). Evidence of Low-Frequency Amplification in the City of L'Aquila, Central Italy, through a Multidisciplinary Approach Including Strong- and Weak-Motion Data, Ambient Noise, and Numerical Modeling. Bull Seism Soc Am. (95), 1469 - 1481.
Decreto (1996) D.M. 16/01/1996 Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche.
Decreto (2008). Decreto 14/01/2008 del Ministero delle Infrastrutture. Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni, GU n.29 del 04/02/2008.
Di Capua, G., Lanzo, G.,, Luzi, L., Pacor, F., Paolucci, R.,, Peppoloni, S., Scasserra, G., Puglia, R., (2009). Caratteristiche geologiche e classificazione di sito delle stazioni accelerometriche della RAN ubicate a L’Aquila. Internal INGV report, 28 pages.
Elter P., Grasso M., Parotto M., Vezzani L., (2003). Structural setting of the Apennine-
Maghrebian thrust belt. Episodes, 26, 205-211.
Faccioli E. and Rovelli A (2007). Definizione dell’input sismico sulla base degli spostamenti attesi. Progetti sismologici di interesse per il DPC - Relazione scientifica finale. http://progettos5.stru.polimi.it
Galadini F. and Galli P., (2000). Active tectonics in the Central Apennines (Italy)- Input data for seismic hazard Assessment. Natural Hazards, (22), 225-270.
Gorini, A., Marcucci, S., Marsan, P., Milana, G., (2004). Strong motion records of the 2002. Molise, Italy, earthquake sequence and stochastic simulation of the main shock. Earthquake. Spectra 20 (S1), S65–S79.
Housner, G.W., 1952. Spectrum intensities of strong motion earthquakes. Proceedings of Symposium on Earthquake and Blast Effects on Structures, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Luzi L., Sabetta F., Hailemikael S., Bindi D., Pacor F., Mele F. (2008). ITACA (ITalian ACcelerometric Archive): a web portal for the dissemination of Italian strong motion data. Seismological Research Letters. 79(5): 716- 722. DOI: 10.1785/gssrl.79.5.
Malagnini, L., Scognamiglio, L., Mercuri, A., Akinci, A., and Mayeda, K., (2008). Strong evidence for non-similar earthquake source scaling in central Italy. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, L17303.
Masi A., and L., Chauizzi, (2009). Preliminary analyses on the main shock of the Aquilano earthquake occurred on April 6th, 2009. Comparison between response spectra evaluated close to the source and elastic demand spectra according to the 2008 Italian Seismic Code. ReLUIS, internal report, 22 page, http://www.reluis.it/doc/
McGuire, J.J., (2004). Estimating the finite source properties of small earthquake ruptures. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, 377–393.
Montaldo, V., E. Faccioli, G. Zonno, A. Akinci, and L. Malagnini, (2005). Treatment of
ground-motion predictive relationships for the reference seismic hazard map of Italy,
Journal of Seismology, 9, 295-316.
Olsen, K. B., Akinci, A., A. Rovelli, F. Marra, L. Malagnini, (2006). 3-D Finite-Difference Modeling of Earthquakes in the City of Rome, Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 96, (1), p. 133-146.
Ordinanza (2006). Ordinanza PCM 3519 del 28/04/2006. Criteri generali per l'individuazione delle zone sismiche e per la formazione e l'aggiornamento degli elenchi delle medesime zone, G.U. n.108 del 11/05/2006.
Piccinini, D., Margheriti, L., Chiaraluce, L., Cocco, M., (2006). Space and time variations of crustal anisotropy during the 1997 Umbria–Marche, central Italy, seismic sequence. Geophys. J. Int. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03112.x.
Pino, N.A., Mazza, S., Boschi, E., (1999). Rupture directivity of the major shocks in the 1997 Umbria–Marche (central Italy) sequence from regional broadband waveforms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (no. 14), 2101–2104.
Sabetta, F. and Pugliese, A.,(1996). Estimation of Response Spectra and Simulation of Non-stationary Earthquake Ground Motions. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, 337-352.
Sabetta F., Lucantoni A., Bommer J. and H. Bungum (2005).Sensitivity of PSHA results to ground motion prediction relations and logic-tree weights, Soil Dyn. & Earthquake Engineering, Vol.25/4, 317-329.
Sabetta F., Rovelli A., Celebi M. e D. Rinaldis (2009). Sequenza sismica dell’Abruzzo: analisi delle registrazioni accelerometriche. ENEA- Energia Ambiente e Innovazione - N° 3, 12-28
Scherbaum F, Schmedes J, Cotton F., (2004). On the conversion of source-to site distance measures for extended earthquake source models. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 94(3):1053–69.
Somerville, P., G., (2003). Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. Vol.137, 201–212
Stucchi, M., Akinci, A., Faccioli, E., Gasperini, P., Malagnini, L., Meletti, C., Montaldo, V., Valensise, G., (2004). Mappa di Pericolosità sismica del territorioNazionale http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/documenti/rapporto_conclusivo.pdf (in italian).
Takemura,S., T. Furumura, and T. Saito (2009). Distortion of the apparent S-wave radiation pattern in the high-frequency wavefield: Tottori-Ken Seibu, Japan, earthquake of 2000, Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04210.x.
Trifunac M.D. and A.G. Brady (1975). A study of the duration of strong earthquake ground motion. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 65, 581-626.
Tondi E., Vittori E. (a cura di), (2000). Sintesi delle conoscenze sulle faglie attive in Italia centrale. CNR - Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti, 62 pp.
Vanmarcke E.H. and Shih-Sheng P. Lai (1980). Strong-motion duration and RMS amplitude of earthquake records. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 70(4), 1293-1307.
Akkar, S. and Bommer, J.J., (2007b). Prediction of Elastic Displacement Response Spectra in Europe and the Middle East. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 36, pp:1275-1301.
Akinci, A., Galadini, F., Pantosti, D., Petersen, M., Malagnini, L., and Perkins, D., (2009a). Effect of Time Dependence on Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Maps and Deaggregation for the Central Apennines, Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol. 99, No. 2A, pp. 585–610.
Akinci, A., Perkins, D., Lombardi, A M., and Basili, R., (2009b). Uncertainties in probability of occurrence of strong earthquakes for fault sources in the Central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Seismology, DOI 10.1007/s10950-008-9142-y.
Ameri, G., Augliera, P., Bindi, D., D’Alema, E., Ladina, C., Lovati, S., Luzi, L., Marzorati, S., Massa, M., Pacor, F. and Puglia, R. (2009). Strong-motion parameters of the M 6.3 Abruzzo (Central Italy) earthquake. http://esse4.mi.ingv.it/.
Arias, A. (1970). A measure of earthquake intensity, Seismic design for nuclear power plants, R. Hansen ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 438-483.
Barchi M., Galadini F., Lavecchia G., Messina P., Michetti A.M., Peruzza L., Pizzi A., Tondi E., Vittori E. (a cura di), (2000). Sintesi delle conoscenze sulle faglie attive in Italia centrale. CNR – Rapporto del Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti.
Boschi E., E. Guidoboni, Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Valensise G. and P. Gasperini (eds.); (2000): Catalogue of Strong Italian Earthquakes from 461 B.C. to 1997. Ann. Geofis. (43), 609-868.
Boatwright, J. and D.M. Boore, (1982). Analysis of the ground accelerations radiated by the 1980 Livermore Valley earthquakes for directivity and dynamic source characteristics. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 72 (6), 1843–1865.
Boatwright, J., (2007). The persistence of directivity in small earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. 97 (6), 1850–1861. doi:10.1785/0120050228.
Bindi, D., L. Luzi, F. Pacor, F ., (2009). Inter-event and Inter-station Variability Computed for the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA). Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. Vol. 99, (4) 2471–2488, doi: 10.1785/0120080209.
Boore, D. M. and W. B. Joyner, (1997). Site amplifications for generic rock sites, Bull. Seism. Soc.Am, Vol. 87, 327-341.
Bommer, J.J., Stafford, P., Alarcon, J. and Akkar, S., 2007. The influence of magnitude range on empirical ground-motion prediction, Bull. Seism. Soc.Am., 97(6), 2152-2170.
Cirella A., A. Piatanesi, M. Cocco, E. Tinti, L. Scognamiglio, A. Michelini, A. Lomax and E. Boschi (2009): Rupture History of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake from non-linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data, accepted to GRL.
CNR-PFG, (1987). Neotectonic Map of Italy, Quaderni de La Ricerca Scientifica, 114.
Cultrera, C, Pacor, F., Franceschina, G., Emolo, A., and Cocco, M., (2008). Directivity effects for moderate-magnitude earthquakes (Mw 5.6–6.0) during the 1997 Umbria–Marche sequence, central Italy. Tectonophysics, TECTO-124355; No of Pages 11.
Decanini, L. et al. (1995). Proposta di definizione delle relazioni tra intensità macrosismica e parametri del moto del suolo. 7° Convegno Nazionale: L’ingegneria sismica in Italia, Siena, pp. 63-72.
De Luca, S. Marcucci, G. Milana, T. Sano' (2005). Evidence of Low-Frequency Amplification in the City of L'Aquila, Central Italy, through a Multidisciplinary Approach Including Strong- and Weak-Motion Data, Ambient Noise, and Numerical Modeling. Bull Seism Soc Am. (95), 1469 - 1481.
Decreto (1996) D.M. 16/01/1996 Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche.
Decreto (2008). Decreto 14/01/2008 del Ministero delle Infrastrutture. Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni, GU n.29 del 04/02/2008.
Di Capua, G., Lanzo, G.,, Luzi, L., Pacor, F., Paolucci, R.,, Peppoloni, S., Scasserra, G., Puglia, R., (2009). Caratteristiche geologiche e classificazione di sito delle stazioni accelerometriche della RAN ubicate a L’Aquila. Internal INGV report, 28 pages.
Elter P., Grasso M., Parotto M., Vezzani L., (2003). Structural setting of the Apennine-
Maghrebian thrust belt. Episodes, 26, 205-211.
Faccioli E. and Rovelli A (2007). Definizione dell’input sismico sulla base degli spostamenti attesi. Progetti sismologici di interesse per il DPC - Relazione scientifica finale. http://progettos5.stru.polimi.it
Galadini F. and Galli P., (2000). Active tectonics in the Central Apennines (Italy)- Input data for seismic hazard Assessment. Natural Hazards, (22), 225-270.
Gorini, A., Marcucci, S., Marsan, P., Milana, G., (2004). Strong motion records of the 2002. Molise, Italy, earthquake sequence and stochastic simulation of the main shock. Earthquake. Spectra 20 (S1), S65–S79.
Housner, G.W., 1952. Spectrum intensities of strong motion earthquakes. Proceedings of Symposium on Earthquake and Blast Effects on Structures, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Luzi L., Sabetta F., Hailemikael S., Bindi D., Pacor F., Mele F. (2008). ITACA (ITalian ACcelerometric Archive): a web portal for the dissemination of Italian strong motion data. Seismological Research Letters. 79(5): 716- 722. DOI: 10.1785/gssrl.79.5.
Malagnini, L., Scognamiglio, L., Mercuri, A., Akinci, A., and Mayeda, K., (2008). Strong evidence for non-similar earthquake source scaling in central Italy. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, L17303.
Masi A., and L., Chauizzi, (2009). Preliminary analyses on the main shock of the Aquilano earthquake occurred on April 6th, 2009. Comparison between response spectra evaluated close to the source and elastic demand spectra according to the 2008 Italian Seismic Code. ReLUIS, internal report, 22 page, http://www.reluis.it/doc/
McGuire, J.J., (2004). Estimating the finite source properties of small earthquake ruptures. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, 377–393.
Montaldo, V., E. Faccioli, G. Zonno, A. Akinci, and L. Malagnini, (2005). Treatment of
ground-motion predictive relationships for the reference seismic hazard map of Italy,
Journal of Seismology, 9, 295-316.
Olsen, K. B., Akinci, A., A. Rovelli, F. Marra, L. Malagnini, (2006). 3-D Finite-Difference Modeling of Earthquakes in the City of Rome, Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 96, (1), p. 133-146.
Ordinanza (2006). Ordinanza PCM 3519 del 28/04/2006. Criteri generali per l'individuazione delle zone sismiche e per la formazione e l'aggiornamento degli elenchi delle medesime zone, G.U. n.108 del 11/05/2006.
Piccinini, D., Margheriti, L., Chiaraluce, L., Cocco, M., (2006). Space and time variations of crustal anisotropy during the 1997 Umbria–Marche, central Italy, seismic sequence. Geophys. J. Int. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03112.x.
Pino, N.A., Mazza, S., Boschi, E., (1999). Rupture directivity of the major shocks in the 1997 Umbria–Marche (central Italy) sequence from regional broadband waveforms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (no. 14), 2101–2104.
Sabetta, F. and Pugliese, A.,(1996). Estimation of Response Spectra and Simulation of Non-stationary Earthquake Ground Motions. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, 337-352.
Sabetta F., Lucantoni A., Bommer J. and H. Bungum (2005).Sensitivity of PSHA results to ground motion prediction relations and logic-tree weights, Soil Dyn. & Earthquake Engineering, Vol.25/4, 317-329.
Sabetta F., Rovelli A., Celebi M. e D. Rinaldis (2009). Sequenza sismica dell’Abruzzo: analisi delle registrazioni accelerometriche. ENEA- Energia Ambiente e Innovazione - N° 3, 12-28
Scherbaum F, Schmedes J, Cotton F., (2004). On the conversion of source-to site distance measures for extended earthquake source models. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 94(3):1053–69.
Somerville, P., G., (2003). Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. Vol.137, 201–212
Stucchi, M., Akinci, A., Faccioli, E., Gasperini, P., Malagnini, L., Meletti, C., Montaldo, V., Valensise, G., (2004). Mappa di Pericolosità sismica del territorioNazionale http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/documenti/rapporto_conclusivo.pdf (in italian).
Takemura,S., T. Furumura, and T. Saito (2009). Distortion of the apparent S-wave radiation pattern in the high-frequency wavefield: Tottori-Ken Seibu, Japan, earthquake of 2000, Geophys. J. Int., doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04210.x.
Trifunac M.D. and A.G. Brady (1975). A study of the duration of strong earthquake ground motion. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 65, 581-626.
Tondi E., Vittori E. (a cura di), (2000). Sintesi delle conoscenze sulle faglie attive in Italia centrale. CNR - Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti, 62 pp.
Vanmarcke E.H. and Shih-Sheng P. Lai (1980). Strong-motion duration and RMS amplitude of earthquake records. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 70(4), 1293-1307.
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