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The 1974 flank eruption of Mount Etna: An archetype for deep dike-fed eruptions at basaltic volcanoes and a milestone in Etna's recent history
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/114(2009)
Publisher
AGU
Pages (printed)
B07204
Issued date
2009
Last version
http://www.earth-prints.org/handle/2122/4577
Keywords
Abstract
The 1974 western flank eruption of Mount Etna produced a rare, nearly aphyric and
plagioclase-free trachybasalt that could not be derived from the central volcano
conduits and was more alkaline and more radiogenic than all previous historical lavas.
New results for the petrochemistry and volatile content of its products, combined with
contemporaneous seismic and volcanological observations, allow us to reinterpret the
origin and significance of this event. We show that the eruption was most likely triggered
by deep tectonic fracturing that allowed a dike-like intrusion to propagate in 9 days
from 11 km depth up to the surface, bypassing the central conduits. Relatively fast,
closed system decompression of the volatile-rich magma initially led to lava fountaining
and the rapid growth of two pyroclastic cones (Mounts De Fiore), followed by
Strombolian activity and the extrusion of viscous lava flows when gas-melt separation
developed in the upper portion of the feeding fracture. The 1974 trachybasalt
geochemistry indicates its derivation by mixing 25% of preexisting K-poor magma
(best represented by 1763 La Montagnola eruption’s products) and 75% of a new K-rich
feeding magma that was gradually invading Mount Etna’s plumbing system and
became directly extruded during two violent flank eruptions in 2001–2003. We propose to
classify 1974-type so-called ‘‘eccentric’’ eruptions on Etna as deep dike-fed (DDF)
eruptions, as opposed to more common central conduit-fed flank eruptions, in order to
highlight their actual origin rather than their topographic location. We ultimately
discuss the possible precursors of such DDF eruptions.
plagioclase-free trachybasalt that could not be derived from the central volcano
conduits and was more alkaline and more radiogenic than all previous historical lavas.
New results for the petrochemistry and volatile content of its products, combined with
contemporaneous seismic and volcanological observations, allow us to reinterpret the
origin and significance of this event. We show that the eruption was most likely triggered
by deep tectonic fracturing that allowed a dike-like intrusion to propagate in 9 days
from 11 km depth up to the surface, bypassing the central conduits. Relatively fast,
closed system decompression of the volatile-rich magma initially led to lava fountaining
and the rapid growth of two pyroclastic cones (Mounts De Fiore), followed by
Strombolian activity and the extrusion of viscous lava flows when gas-melt separation
developed in the upper portion of the feeding fracture. The 1974 trachybasalt
geochemistry indicates its derivation by mixing 25% of preexisting K-poor magma
(best represented by 1763 La Montagnola eruption’s products) and 75% of a new K-rich
feeding magma that was gradually invading Mount Etna’s plumbing system and
became directly extruded during two violent flank eruptions in 2001–2003. We propose to
classify 1974-type so-called ‘‘eccentric’’ eruptions on Etna as deep dike-fed (DDF)
eruptions, as opposed to more common central conduit-fed flank eruptions, in order to
highlight their actual origin rather than their topographic location. We ultimately
discuss the possible precursors of such DDF eruptions.
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Etna, Nature, 351, 387–391, doi:10.1038/351387a0.
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Mount Etna 1993– 2005: Anatomy of an evolving eruptive cycle, Earth
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Andronico, D., and L. Lodato (2005), Effusive activity at Mount Etna
Volcano (Italy) during the 20th century: A contribution to volcanic hazard
assessment, Nat.Hazards, 36, 407–443, doi:10.1007/s11069-005-1938-2.
Andronico, D., et al. (2005), A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002– 03
Etna eruption: Insights into a complex plumbing system, Bull. Volcanol.,
67, 314– 330, doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8.
Armienti, P., F. Innocenti, R. Petrini, M. Pompilio, and L. Villari (1988),
Sub-aphyric alkali basalt from Mt. Etna: Inferences on the depth and
composition of the source magma, Bull. Mineral. Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral.
Petrol., 43, 877– 891.
Armienti, P., S. Tonarini, M. D’Orazio, and F. Innocenti (2004), Genesis
and evolution of Mt. Etna alkaline lavas: Petrological and Sr-Nd-B
isotope constraints, Period. Mineral., 73, 29– 52.
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Bonaccorso, A., and P. M. Davis (2004), Modeling of ground deformation
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intermediate storage atMt. Etna, inMt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory, Geophys.
Monogr. Ser, vol. 143, edited by A. Bonaccorso et al., pp. 293 – 320, AGU,
Washington, D. C.
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L’eruzione etnea del Gennaio-Marzo 1974, Riv. Miner. Siciliana,
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