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Contrasting triggering mechanisms of the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions of Mount Etna (Italy)
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
1-4/144(2005)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
235-255
Issued date
June 15, 2005
Abstract
Mount Etna produced two significant eruptions in 2001 and 2002–2003, which we have analysed using geological, seismic and deformation data. These eruptions showed some similarities, such as the activating of two magmatic plumbing systems (central–lateral and eccentric), but they differed in their triggering mechanisms. While the 2001 eruption was largely the result of the emplacement of a N–S eccentric dike (independent from the central conduits) consistent with E–W regional extension, the 2002–2003 eruption occurred in response to a major flank slip on the eastern and southeastern sides of the volcano. This is demonstrated by the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity and deformation preceding and accompanying the two eruptions. During the months prior to the 2001 eruption, most epicenters were concentrated on the southern flank, at depths of 5–15 km below sea level. During the 4 days before the eruption, earthquake hypocenters migrated to shallower levels (from 5 km bsl. upward) indicating the emplacement of the eccentric dike. This is confirmed by the patterns of ground fracturing observed in the field and deformation documented by electronic distance measurements (EDM). In contrast, the months before the 2002–2003 eruption were characterised by shallower seismicity, mainly concentrated along the active faults bordering the slipping flank sector. Flank slip accelerated in September 2002 and a second, more vigorous acceleration of flank slip occurred on 26–27 October 2002, accompanying the opening of eruptive vents. The very short (2 h) seismic crisis preceding the onset of eruptive activity stands in neat contrast with the 4 days of intense seismicity before the 2001 eruption. Subsequently, flank slip-deformation extended all over the eastern and southeastern flanks of the volcano, causing serious damage in this sector. The events of 2001–2003 can be seen as a continuous chain of intimately interacting processes including regional tectonics, magma accumulation and eruption, and flank instability. In this scenario the 2001 eruption led to increased flank instability that subsequently accelerated and culminated with the massive flank slip, which in turn facilitated the 2002–2003 eruption. This sequence of events points to a long-term feedback mechanism between magmatism and flank instability at Etna.
References
Acocella and Neri, 2003 Acocella V., Neri M., What makes flank eruptions? The 2001 Mount Etna eruption and its possible triggering mechanisms, Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 65, (2003), pp. 517--529 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-003-0280-3 Bibliographic Page Full text
Acocella et al., 2003 Acocella V., Behncke B., Neri M., D'Amico S., Link between major flank slip and eruptions at Mt. Etna (Italy), J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 30, (2003), p. 2286 DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018642
Allard, 1997 Allard P., Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount Etna, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 24, (1997), pp. 2219--2222 CrossRef
Aloisi et al., 2002 Aloisi M., D'Agostino M., Dean K.G., Mostaccio A., Neri G., Satellite analysis and PUFF simulation of the eruptive cloud generated by the Mount Etna paroxysm of 22 July 1998, J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 107, (2002), DOI: 10.1029/2001JB000630
Alparone et al., 2003 Alparone S., Andronico D., Lodato L., Sgroi T., Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000, J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 108, (2003), DOI: 10.1029/2002JB001866
Andronico et al., in press Andronico, D., Branca, S., Calvari S., Burton, M., Caltabiano, T., Corsaro, R. A., Del Carlo, P., Garfì, G., Lodato L., Miraglia, L., Muré, F., Neri, M., Pecora, E., Pompilio, M., Salerno, G., Spampinato, L., in press. A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: insights into a complex plumbing system. Bull. Volcanol.
Barberi et al., 2003a Barberi G., Cocina O., Maiolino V., Privitera E., Seismic activity related to the 2002–2003 Mt. Etna volcano eruption (Italy): fault plane solutions and stress tensor computation (Poster), EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly (2003), Nice, France
Barberi et al., 2003b Barberi G., Cocina O., Maiolino V., Privitera E., Seismogenic stress and strain evolution at Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption (Poster), Cities on Volcanoes, Hawaii, USA, (2003),
Behncke and Neri, 2003a Behncke B., Neri M., The July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily), Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 65, (2003), pp. 461--476 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-003-0274-1 Bibliographic Page Full text
Behncke and Neri, 2003b Behncke B., Neri M., Cycles and trends in the recent eruptive behaviour of Mount Etna (Italy), Can. J. Earth Sci., Volume: 40, (2003), pp. 1405--1411 DOI: 10.1139/E03-052
Behncke et al., 2003 Behncke B., Neri M., Carniel R., An exceptional case of endogenous lava dome growth spawning pyroclastic avalanches: the 1999 Bocca Nuova eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 124, (2003), pp. 115--128 DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00072-6 Bibliographic Page Full text
Billi et al., 2003 Billi A., Acocella V., Funiciello R., Giordano G., Lanzafame G., Neri M., Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope failure associated to the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: analysis of ephemeral field data, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 122, (2003), pp. 281--294 DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00507-3 Bibliographic Page Full text
Bonaccorso et al., 1990 Bonaccorso A., Falzone G., Puglisi B., Velardita R., Villari L., Ground deformation: geodemeter trilateration and borehole tiltmetry, Barberi F., Bertagnini A., Landi P., (Ed.) Mt. Etna: the 1989 eruption, Gruppo Naz. Vulcanol., (1990), Giardini, Pisa. pp. 44--47
Bonaccorso et al., 1995 Bonaccorso A., Velardita R., Villari L., Magma uprising and intrusion at Mt. Etna (Sicilly, Italy): some insight from ground deformation modelling, Proc. Workshop New challenges for Geodesy in Volcanoes Monitoring, Walferdange, Luxembourg, 14–16 June 1993, Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Sismologie, Volume: vol. 8, (1995), pp. 231--243
Bonaccorso et al., 2002 Bonaccorso A., Aloisi M., Mattia M., Dike emplacement forerunning the Etna July 2001 eruption modeled through continuous tilt and GPS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), DOI: 10.1029/2001GL014397
Borgia et al., 1992 Borgia A., Ferrari L., Pasquarè G., Importance of gravitational spreading in the tectonic and volcanic evolution of Mount Etna, Nature, Volume: 357, (1992), pp. 231--235 CrossRef
Borgia et al., 2000 Borgia A., Lanari R., Sansosti E., Tesauro M., Berardino P., Fornaro G., Neri M., Murray J.B., Actively growing anticlines beneath Catania from the distal motion of Mount Etna's decollement measured by SAR interferometry and GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 27, (2000), pp. 3409--3412 CrossRef
Calvari and INGV-CT scientific staff, 2002 Calvari S., INGV-CT scientific staffUpdate on the eruptive activity at Mt. Etna: multidisciplinary evidence of magma refilling (abs), Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Volume: 83, Issue: 47 (2002), p. F1483 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)
Calvari and Pinkerton, 2002 Calvari S., Pinkerton H., Instabilities in the summit region of Mount Etna during the 1999 eruption, Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 63, (2002), pp. 526--535 CrossRef
Calvari et al., 1994 Calvari S., Coltelli M., Neri M., Pompilio M., Scribano V., The 1991–1993 Etna eruption: chronology and lava flow-field evolution, Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 1--14
Calvari et al., 2002 Calvari S., Neri M., Pinkerton H., Effusion rate estimates during the 1999 summit eruption on Mt. Etna and growth of two distinct lava flow fields, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 119, (2002), pp. 107--123
Falzone et al., 1988 Falzone G., Pugliesi B., Pugliesi G., Velardita R., Villari L., Componente orizzontale delle deformazioni lente del suolo nell'area del vulcano Etna, Boll. Gruppo Naz. Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1988), pp. 311--348
Froger et al., 2001 Froger J.L., Merle O., Briole P., Active spreading and regional extension at Mount Etna imaged by SAR interferometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Volume: 187, (2001), pp. 245--258 Bibliographic Page Full text
Gambino et al., 2003 Gambino S., Mostaccio A., Scarfì L., Ursino A., Patanè D., Evidence of magma ascent by relocation of the seismicity preceding the 2002 Mt. Etna eruption (Poster), EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly (2003), Nice, France
Gudmundsson, 1992 Gudmundsson A., Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland, Terra Nova, Volume: 4, (1992), pp. 464--471
Gudmundsson, 1998 Gudmundsson A., Magma chambers modeled as cavities explain the formation of rift zone central volcanoes and their eruption and intrusion statistics, J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 103, (1998), pp. 7401--7412 CrossRef
Harris and Neri, 2002 Harris A., Neri M., Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow magma chamber or pulsed supply?, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 116, (2002), pp. 79--95 Bibliographic Page Full text
Hirn et al., 1991 Hirn A., Nercessian A., Sapin M., Ferrucci F., Wittlinger G., Seismic heterogeneity of Mt Etna: structure and activity, Geophys. J. Int., Volume: 105, (1991), pp. 139--153
INGV-CT Scientific Staff, 2001 INGV-CT Scientific StaffMultidisciplinary approach yields insight into Mt. Etna eruption, Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Volume: 82, Issue: 50 (2001), pp. 653--656
Lahr, 1989 Lahr, J.C., 1989. HYPOELLIPSE/VERSION 2.0*: A computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first motion pattern. U.S. Geol. Surv., Open File Rept. 89–116, 81 pp.
Lanzafame et al., 2003 Lanzafame G., Neri M., Acocella V., Billi A., Funiciello R., Giordano G., Structural features of the July–August 2001 Mount Etna eruption: evidence for a complex magmatic system, J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.), Volume: 160, (2003), pp. 531--544
Le Cloarec and Pennisi, 2001 Le Cloarec M.F., Pennisi M., Radionuclides and sulfur content in Mount Etna plume in 1983–1995: new constraints on the magma feeding system, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 108, (2001), pp. 141--155 Bibliographic Page Full text
Lo Giudice and Rasà, 1992 Lo Giudice E., Rasà R., Very shallow earthquakes and brittle deformation in active volcanic areas: the Etnean region as an example, Tectonophysics, Volume: 202, (1992), pp. 257--268
Lundgren et al., 2003 Lundgren P., Berardino P., Coltelli M., Fornaro G., Lanari R., Puglisi G., Sansosti E., Tesauro M., Coupled magma chamber inflation and sector collapse slip observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry on Mt. Etna volcano, J. Geophys., (2003), p. 108 DOI: 10.1029/2001JB000657
McGuire et al., 1997 McGuire W.J., Stewart I.S., Saunders S.J., Intra-volcanic rifting at Mount Etna in the context of regional tectonics, Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 9, (1997), pp. 147--156
Neri and Tomarchio, 2000 Neri M., Tomarchio G., Mount Etna: eruptions welcoming the Third Millennium (Movie). RAI Radiotelevisione Italiana - Sistema Poseidon Production, Presented at: Geoexpo 31st Int. Geol. Cong. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2000),
Neri et al., 1991 Neri M., Garduño V.H., Pasquarè G., Rasà R., Studio strutturale e modello cinematico della Valle del Bove e del settore nord-orientale etneo, Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 1, (1991), pp. 17--24
Neri et al., 2004 Neri M., Acocella V., Behncke B., The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption, Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 66, (2004), pp. 417--430 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-003-0322-x Bibliographic Page Full text
Patanè et al., 2002 Patanè D., Chiarabba C., Cocina O., De Gori P., Moretti M., Boschi E., Tomographic images and 3D earthquake locations of the seismic swarm preceding the 2001 Mt. Etna eruption: evidence for a dike intrusion, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), DOI: 10.1029/2001GL014391
Patanè et al., 2003a Patanè D., De Gori P., Chiarabba C., Bonaccorso A., Magma ascent and the pressurization of Mount Etna's volcanic system, Science, Volume: 299, (2003), pp. 2061--2063 DOI: 10.1126/science.1080653
Patanè et al., 2003b Patanè D., Privitera E., Gresta S., Akinci A., Alparone S., Barberi G., Chiaraluce L., Cocina O., D'Amico S., De Gori P., Di Grazia G., Falsaperla S., Ferrari F., Gambino S., Giampiccolo E., Langer H., Maiolino V., Moretti M., Mostaccio A., Musumeci C., Piccinini D., Reitano D., Scarfì L., Spampinato S., Ursino A., Zuccarello L., Seismological constraints for the dike emplacement of July–August 2001 lateral eruption at Mt. Etna volcano, Italy, Ann. Geophys., Volume: 46, (2003), pp. 599--608
Pompilio and Rutherford, 2002 Pompilio M., Rutherford M.J., Pre-eruption conditions and magma dynamics of recent amphibole-bearing Etna basalt (abs.), Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Volume: 83, Issue: 47 (2002), p. F1419 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)
Privitera et al., 2001 Privitera E., Alparone S., D'Amico S., Gambino S., Maiolino V., Reitano D., Spampinato S., Zuccarello L., Evoluzione spazio-temporale dei campi di stress e strain sismici al M. Etna: relazioni con i recenti cicli eruttivi al Cratere di Sud-Est (Poster), Ann. Assembly Gruppo Naz. Vulcanol. (2001), Rome, Italy
Privitera et al., 2003 Privitera E., Alparone S., D'Amico S., Gambino S., Maiolino V., Spampinato S., Zuccarello L., Seismic evidences of magma intrusion at intermediate depth before the July–August 2001 Mt. Etna (Italy) eruption (Poster), Cities on Volcanoes, Hawaii, USA, (2003),
Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985 Reasenberg, P.A., Oppenheimer, D., 1985. FPFIT, FPPLOT and FPPAGE: Fortran computer programs for calculating and displaying earthquake fault-plane solutions, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rept., 85–739.
Rittmann, 1964 Rittmann A., Vulkanismus und Tektonik des Ätna, Geol. Rundsch., Volume: 53, (1964), pp. 788--800
Rust and Neri, 1996 Rust D., Neri M., The boundaries of large-scale collapse on the flanks of Mount Etna, Sicily, McGuire W.J., Jones A.P., Neuberg J., (Ed.) Volcano instability on the Earth and other planets, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Volume: vol. 110, (1996), pp. 193--208
Stevens et al., 1997 Stevens N.F., Murray J.B., Wadge G., The volume and shape of the 1991–1993 lava flow field at Mount Etna, Sicily, Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 58, (1997), pp. 449--454 Bibliographic Page Full text
Tanguy et al., 1996 Tanguy J.C., Kieffer G., Patanè G., Dynamics, lava volume and effusion rate during the 1991–1993 eruption of Mount Etna, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 71, (1996), pp. 259--265 Bibliographic Page Full text
Acocella et al., 2003 Acocella V., Behncke B., Neri M., D'Amico S., Link between major flank slip and eruptions at Mt. Etna (Italy), J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 30, (2003), p. 2286 DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018642
Allard, 1997 Allard P., Endogenous magma degassing and storage at Mount Etna, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 24, (1997), pp. 2219--2222 CrossRef
Aloisi et al., 2002 Aloisi M., D'Agostino M., Dean K.G., Mostaccio A., Neri G., Satellite analysis and PUFF simulation of the eruptive cloud generated by the Mount Etna paroxysm of 22 July 1998, J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 107, (2002), DOI: 10.1029/2001JB000630
Alparone et al., 2003 Alparone S., Andronico D., Lodato L., Sgroi T., Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000, J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 108, (2003), DOI: 10.1029/2002JB001866
Andronico et al., in press Andronico, D., Branca, S., Calvari S., Burton, M., Caltabiano, T., Corsaro, R. A., Del Carlo, P., Garfì, G., Lodato L., Miraglia, L., Muré, F., Neri, M., Pecora, E., Pompilio, M., Salerno, G., Spampinato, L., in press. A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: insights into a complex plumbing system. Bull. Volcanol.
Barberi et al., 2003a Barberi G., Cocina O., Maiolino V., Privitera E., Seismic activity related to the 2002–2003 Mt. Etna volcano eruption (Italy): fault plane solutions and stress tensor computation (Poster), EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly (2003), Nice, France
Barberi et al., 2003b Barberi G., Cocina O., Maiolino V., Privitera E., Seismogenic stress and strain evolution at Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption (Poster), Cities on Volcanoes, Hawaii, USA, (2003),
Behncke and Neri, 2003a Behncke B., Neri M., The July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna (Sicily), Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 65, (2003), pp. 461--476 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-003-0274-1 Bibliographic Page Full text
Behncke and Neri, 2003b Behncke B., Neri M., Cycles and trends in the recent eruptive behaviour of Mount Etna (Italy), Can. J. Earth Sci., Volume: 40, (2003), pp. 1405--1411 DOI: 10.1139/E03-052
Behncke et al., 2003 Behncke B., Neri M., Carniel R., An exceptional case of endogenous lava dome growth spawning pyroclastic avalanches: the 1999 Bocca Nuova eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 124, (2003), pp. 115--128 DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00072-6 Bibliographic Page Full text
Billi et al., 2003 Billi A., Acocella V., Funiciello R., Giordano G., Lanzafame G., Neri M., Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope failure associated to the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: analysis of ephemeral field data, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 122, (2003), pp. 281--294 DOI: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00507-3 Bibliographic Page Full text
Bonaccorso et al., 1990 Bonaccorso A., Falzone G., Puglisi B., Velardita R., Villari L., Ground deformation: geodemeter trilateration and borehole tiltmetry, Barberi F., Bertagnini A., Landi P., (Ed.) Mt. Etna: the 1989 eruption, Gruppo Naz. Vulcanol., (1990), Giardini, Pisa. pp. 44--47
Bonaccorso et al., 1995 Bonaccorso A., Velardita R., Villari L., Magma uprising and intrusion at Mt. Etna (Sicilly, Italy): some insight from ground deformation modelling, Proc. Workshop New challenges for Geodesy in Volcanoes Monitoring, Walferdange, Luxembourg, 14–16 June 1993, Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Sismologie, Volume: vol. 8, (1995), pp. 231--243
Bonaccorso et al., 2002 Bonaccorso A., Aloisi M., Mattia M., Dike emplacement forerunning the Etna July 2001 eruption modeled through continuous tilt and GPS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), DOI: 10.1029/2001GL014397
Borgia et al., 1992 Borgia A., Ferrari L., Pasquarè G., Importance of gravitational spreading in the tectonic and volcanic evolution of Mount Etna, Nature, Volume: 357, (1992), pp. 231--235 CrossRef
Borgia et al., 2000 Borgia A., Lanari R., Sansosti E., Tesauro M., Berardino P., Fornaro G., Neri M., Murray J.B., Actively growing anticlines beneath Catania from the distal motion of Mount Etna's decollement measured by SAR interferometry and GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 27, (2000), pp. 3409--3412 CrossRef
Calvari and INGV-CT scientific staff, 2002 Calvari S., INGV-CT scientific staffUpdate on the eruptive activity at Mt. Etna: multidisciplinary evidence of magma refilling (abs), Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Volume: 83, Issue: 47 (2002), p. F1483 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)
Calvari and Pinkerton, 2002 Calvari S., Pinkerton H., Instabilities in the summit region of Mount Etna during the 1999 eruption, Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 63, (2002), pp. 526--535 CrossRef
Calvari et al., 1994 Calvari S., Coltelli M., Neri M., Pompilio M., Scribano V., The 1991–1993 Etna eruption: chronology and lava flow-field evolution, Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1994), pp. 1--14
Calvari et al., 2002 Calvari S., Neri M., Pinkerton H., Effusion rate estimates during the 1999 summit eruption on Mt. Etna and growth of two distinct lava flow fields, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 119, (2002), pp. 107--123
Falzone et al., 1988 Falzone G., Pugliesi B., Pugliesi G., Velardita R., Villari L., Componente orizzontale delle deformazioni lente del suolo nell'area del vulcano Etna, Boll. Gruppo Naz. Vulcanol., Volume: 4, (1988), pp. 311--348
Froger et al., 2001 Froger J.L., Merle O., Briole P., Active spreading and regional extension at Mount Etna imaged by SAR interferometry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Volume: 187, (2001), pp. 245--258 Bibliographic Page Full text
Gambino et al., 2003 Gambino S., Mostaccio A., Scarfì L., Ursino A., Patanè D., Evidence of magma ascent by relocation of the seismicity preceding the 2002 Mt. Etna eruption (Poster), EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly (2003), Nice, France
Gudmundsson, 1992 Gudmundsson A., Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland, Terra Nova, Volume: 4, (1992), pp. 464--471
Gudmundsson, 1998 Gudmundsson A., Magma chambers modeled as cavities explain the formation of rift zone central volcanoes and their eruption and intrusion statistics, J. Geophys. Res., Volume: 103, (1998), pp. 7401--7412 CrossRef
Harris and Neri, 2002 Harris A., Neri M., Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow magma chamber or pulsed supply?, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 116, (2002), pp. 79--95 Bibliographic Page Full text
Hirn et al., 1991 Hirn A., Nercessian A., Sapin M., Ferrucci F., Wittlinger G., Seismic heterogeneity of Mt Etna: structure and activity, Geophys. J. Int., Volume: 105, (1991), pp. 139--153
INGV-CT Scientific Staff, 2001 INGV-CT Scientific StaffMultidisciplinary approach yields insight into Mt. Etna eruption, Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Volume: 82, Issue: 50 (2001), pp. 653--656
Lahr, 1989 Lahr, J.C., 1989. HYPOELLIPSE/VERSION 2.0*: A computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first motion pattern. U.S. Geol. Surv., Open File Rept. 89–116, 81 pp.
Lanzafame et al., 2003 Lanzafame G., Neri M., Acocella V., Billi A., Funiciello R., Giordano G., Structural features of the July–August 2001 Mount Etna eruption: evidence for a complex magmatic system, J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.), Volume: 160, (2003), pp. 531--544
Le Cloarec and Pennisi, 2001 Le Cloarec M.F., Pennisi M., Radionuclides and sulfur content in Mount Etna plume in 1983–1995: new constraints on the magma feeding system, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Volume: 108, (2001), pp. 141--155 Bibliographic Page Full text
Lo Giudice and Rasà, 1992 Lo Giudice E., Rasà R., Very shallow earthquakes and brittle deformation in active volcanic areas: the Etnean region as an example, Tectonophysics, Volume: 202, (1992), pp. 257--268
Lundgren et al., 2003 Lundgren P., Berardino P., Coltelli M., Fornaro G., Lanari R., Puglisi G., Sansosti E., Tesauro M., Coupled magma chamber inflation and sector collapse slip observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry on Mt. Etna volcano, J. Geophys., (2003), p. 108 DOI: 10.1029/2001JB000657
McGuire et al., 1997 McGuire W.J., Stewart I.S., Saunders S.J., Intra-volcanic rifting at Mount Etna in the context of regional tectonics, Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 9, (1997), pp. 147--156
Neri and Tomarchio, 2000 Neri M., Tomarchio G., Mount Etna: eruptions welcoming the Third Millennium (Movie). RAI Radiotelevisione Italiana - Sistema Poseidon Production, Presented at: Geoexpo 31st Int. Geol. Cong. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2000),
Neri et al., 1991 Neri M., Garduño V.H., Pasquarè G., Rasà R., Studio strutturale e modello cinematico della Valle del Bove e del settore nord-orientale etneo, Acta Vulcanol., Volume: 1, (1991), pp. 17--24
Neri et al., 2004 Neri M., Acocella V., Behncke B., The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption, Bull. Volcanol., Volume: 66, (2004), pp. 417--430 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-003-0322-x Bibliographic Page Full text
Patanè et al., 2002 Patanè D., Chiarabba C., Cocina O., De Gori P., Moretti M., Boschi E., Tomographic images and 3D earthquake locations of the seismic swarm preceding the 2001 Mt. Etna eruption: evidence for a dike intrusion, Geophys. Res. Lett., Volume: 29, (2002), DOI: 10.1029/2001GL014391
Patanè et al., 2003a Patanè D., De Gori P., Chiarabba C., Bonaccorso A., Magma ascent and the pressurization of Mount Etna's volcanic system, Science, Volume: 299, (2003), pp. 2061--2063 DOI: 10.1126/science.1080653
Patanè et al., 2003b Patanè D., Privitera E., Gresta S., Akinci A., Alparone S., Barberi G., Chiaraluce L., Cocina O., D'Amico S., De Gori P., Di Grazia G., Falsaperla S., Ferrari F., Gambino S., Giampiccolo E., Langer H., Maiolino V., Moretti M., Mostaccio A., Musumeci C., Piccinini D., Reitano D., Scarfì L., Spampinato S., Ursino A., Zuccarello L., Seismological constraints for the dike emplacement of July–August 2001 lateral eruption at Mt. Etna volcano, Italy, Ann. Geophys., Volume: 46, (2003), pp. 599--608
Pompilio and Rutherford, 2002 Pompilio M., Rutherford M.J., Pre-eruption conditions and magma dynamics of recent amphibole-bearing Etna basalt (abs.), Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Volume: 83, Issue: 47 (2002), p. F1419 (Fall Meet. Suppl.)
Privitera et al., 2001 Privitera E., Alparone S., D'Amico S., Gambino S., Maiolino V., Reitano D., Spampinato S., Zuccarello L., Evoluzione spazio-temporale dei campi di stress e strain sismici al M. Etna: relazioni con i recenti cicli eruttivi al Cratere di Sud-Est (Poster), Ann. Assembly Gruppo Naz. Vulcanol. (2001), Rome, Italy
Privitera et al., 2003 Privitera E., Alparone S., D'Amico S., Gambino S., Maiolino V., Spampinato S., Zuccarello L., Seismic evidences of magma intrusion at intermediate depth before the July–August 2001 Mt. Etna (Italy) eruption (Poster), Cities on Volcanoes, Hawaii, USA, (2003),
Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985 Reasenberg, P.A., Oppenheimer, D., 1985. FPFIT, FPPLOT and FPPAGE: Fortran computer programs for calculating and displaying earthquake fault-plane solutions, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rept., 85–739.
Rittmann, 1964 Rittmann A., Vulkanismus und Tektonik des Ätna, Geol. Rundsch., Volume: 53, (1964), pp. 788--800
Rust and Neri, 1996 Rust D., Neri M., The boundaries of large-scale collapse on the flanks of Mount Etna, Sicily, McGuire W.J., Jones A.P., Neuberg J., (Ed.) Volcano instability on the Earth and other planets, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Volume: vol. 110, (1996), pp. 193--208
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