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THE ASSOGEO GPS NETWORK TO MONITOR SURFACE VARIATION IN THE EMILIA ROMAGNA REGION (NORTH-CENTRAL ITALY): DATA MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Author(s)
Sponsors
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.9. Rete GPS nazionale
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Issued date
2009
Series/Report No.
2009
97
Abstract
The global positioning system (GPS), in both static and kinematic modes, allows a highly accurate
measurement of point coordinates and therefore is widely used for monitoring both slow and fast surface
deformations. The information provided by a GPS network can be used at the regional scale, to evaluate
tectonic and seismogenic structure evolutions [Hunstad et al., 1999; Pietrantonio and Riguzzi, 2004], such as
the estimation of deformation rates in the central Apennine chain [Pesci and Teza, 2007], or at larger scale,
to monitor gravitational macroscopic effects due to, for example, rock-mass collapses, landslide activations
or other instabilities [Mora et al., 2003; Tzenkov and Gospodinov, 2003; Squarzoni et al., 2005].
The accuracies of GPS measurements are generally a few millimeters for the horizontal coordinate
components and sub-centimeters for the vertical ones. In fact, the elevation is highly influenced by
atmospheric perturbations, involving zenith delays, which are difficult to be completely removed by means
of data modeling. When referring to high accuracy, GPS surveying implies the precise measurements of the
vectors between two or more receivers (baselines), the so-called relative positioning: data can be acquired on
static and rapid-static conditions, which require GPS stations to be stationary.
Several permanent GPS stations continuously operate on the Italian territory, belonging to different
institutes like IGS (International GPS Service), EUREF (European Reference Frame), ASI (Agenzia Spaziale
Italiana), INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) and others [Serpelloni et al. 2006; Falco et
al., 2007; Devoti et al., 2008]. Due to the high efficiency of this surveying methodology, in the last few years,
the number of GPS permanent stations has rapidly increased and continues to expand; the Earth Science
Department of Siena University, for example, installed 8 new stations in 2003 to study the tectonic processes
in the Central-Northern Apennines [Cenni et al., 2004].
Also private GPS networks planned for commercial civil proposal exist; in particular the ASSOGEO
s.r.l (Italian Trimble provider), established a dense GPS network for real time positioning by means of the
VRS (Virtual Reference Station) concept [Hu et al., 2003] and work is still in progress to cover the whole
Italian territory with a mean size of about 20-50 km.
measurement of point coordinates and therefore is widely used for monitoring both slow and fast surface
deformations. The information provided by a GPS network can be used at the regional scale, to evaluate
tectonic and seismogenic structure evolutions [Hunstad et al., 1999; Pietrantonio and Riguzzi, 2004], such as
the estimation of deformation rates in the central Apennine chain [Pesci and Teza, 2007], or at larger scale,
to monitor gravitational macroscopic effects due to, for example, rock-mass collapses, landslide activations
or other instabilities [Mora et al., 2003; Tzenkov and Gospodinov, 2003; Squarzoni et al., 2005].
The accuracies of GPS measurements are generally a few millimeters for the horizontal coordinate
components and sub-centimeters for the vertical ones. In fact, the elevation is highly influenced by
atmospheric perturbations, involving zenith delays, which are difficult to be completely removed by means
of data modeling. When referring to high accuracy, GPS surveying implies the precise measurements of the
vectors between two or more receivers (baselines), the so-called relative positioning: data can be acquired on
static and rapid-static conditions, which require GPS stations to be stationary.
Several permanent GPS stations continuously operate on the Italian territory, belonging to different
institutes like IGS (International GPS Service), EUREF (European Reference Frame), ASI (Agenzia Spaziale
Italiana), INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) and others [Serpelloni et al. 2006; Falco et
al., 2007; Devoti et al., 2008]. Due to the high efficiency of this surveying methodology, in the last few years,
the number of GPS permanent stations has rapidly increased and continues to expand; the Earth Science
Department of Siena University, for example, installed 8 new stations in 2003 to study the tectonic processes
in the Central-Northern Apennines [Cenni et al., 2004].
Also private GPS networks planned for commercial civil proposal exist; in particular the ASSOGEO
s.r.l (Italian Trimble provider), established a dense GPS network for real time positioning by means of the
VRS (Virtual Reference Station) concept [Hu et al., 2003] and work is still in progress to cover the whole
Italian territory with a mean size of about 20-50 km.
References
Altamimi, Z., Sillard, P. and Boucher, C. (2002). ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial
Reference Frame for Earth Science Applications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2214,
doi:10.1029/2001JB000561.
Altamimi Z., Boucher, C. and Gambis, D. (2005). Long-term Stability of the Terrestrial Reference Frame,
Advances in Space Reseacrh 33(6): 342-349.
Altamimi, Z., Collilieux, X., Legrand, J., Garayt, B. and Boucher, C. (2007). ITRF2005: A new release of
the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth
Orientation Parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B09401, doi:10.1029/2007JB004949.
Anzidei, M., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Riguzzi, F., Pietrantonio, G., Serpelloni, E., Esposito, A., Pesci, A.,
Loddo, F., Massicci, A. and Del Mese, S. (2006). Le prime stazioni GPS permanenti INGV-CNT per il
monitoraggio delle deformazioni crostali nell’area italiana. Quaderni di Geofisica, 39, pp. 1-46. Istituto
Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma.
Arca, S. and Beretta, G.P. (1985). Prima sintesi geodetico-geologica sui movimenti verticali del suolo
nell’Italia Settentrionale (1897-1957). Bollettino di Geodesia e scienze affini, 44 (2), 125-156.
Beutler, G., Mueller, I.I. and Neilan, R.E. (1994). The International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS):
Development and start of official service on January 1, 1994. Bulletin Geodesique, 68, 39-70.
Boehm, J., Werl, B. and Schuh, H. (2006). Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline
interferometry form European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B02406, doi:10.1029/2005JB003629.
Bruyninx, C. (2004). The EUREF Permanent Network: a multi-disciplinary network serving surveyors as
well as scientists, GeoInformatics, 7, 32-35.
Carminati, E. and Martinelli, G. (2002). Subsidence rates in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: the relative impact
of natural and anthropic causation. Engineering Geology, 66, 241-255.
Carminati, E., C. Doglioni, and D. Scrocca (2003), Apennines subduction-related subsidence of Venice
(Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(13), 1717.
Casula, G., Dubbini, M. and Galeandro, A. (2007). Modeling environmental bias and computing velocity
field from data of Terra Nova Bay network in Antartica by means of a quasi-observation processing
approach. U.S. Geological Survey and the National Academies, Short research paper, USGS OF-2007-
1041, doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp054.
Colombo, O.L. (1986). Ephemeris errors of GPS satellites, Bulletin Geodesique, 60, 64–84.
Colombetti, A. and Mazza, G. (1986). Le aree subsidenti nel territorio di Modena e rapporti con le variazioni
del livello piezometrico della falda acquifera del sottosuolo. Atti Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici
di Modena, 117, 15-30.
Devoti R, Riguzzi F, Cuffaro M, Doglioni C (2008) New GPS constraints on the kinematics of the
Apennines subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273(1-2): 163-174
Dong, D., Fang, P., Bock, Y., Cheng, M.K. and Miyazaki, S. (2002). Anatomy of apparent seasonal variation
from GPS–derived site position. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (B4), doi:
10.1029/2001JB000573.
Dong, D., Herring, T.A. and King, R.W., (1998). Estimating regional deformation from a combination of
space and terrestrial geodetic data. Journal of Geodesy, 72 (4), 200-214.
Estey, L.H. and Meertens, C.M. (1999). TEQC: The Multi-Purpose Toolkit for GPS/GLONASS Data, GPS
Solutions, 3 (1), 42-49.
Falco, L., Avallone, A., Cattaneo, M., Cecere, G., Cogliano, R., D'Agostino, N., D'Ambrosio, C.,
D'Anastasio, E., Selvaggi, G. (2007). The RING and Seismic Network: Data Acquisition of Co-located
Stations. Eos Transactions AGU, 88(52).
Feigl, K.L., King, R.W. and Jordan T.H. (1990). Geodetic Measurements of Tectonic Deformation in the
Santa Maria Fold and Thrust Belt, California, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95 (B3), 2679-2699.
Herring, T.A. (2003) MATLAB Tools for viewing GPS velocities and time series. GPS Solutions, 7, 194-
199.
Herring, T.A., King, R.W. and McClusky, S.C. (2006a). GPS Analysis at MIT, GAMIT Reference Manual,
Release 10.3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge MA. Available at: http://chandler.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/GAMIT_Ref_10.3.pdf.
Accessed 23 Mar 2009.
16
Herring,T.A., King, R.W. and McClusky, S.C. (2006a). GPS Analysis at MIT, GAMIT Reference Manual,
Release 10.3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge MA. Available at: http://chandler.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/GAMIT_Ref_10.3.pdf.
Accessed 23 Mar 2009.
Herring, T.A., King, R.W. and McClusky, S.C. (2006b). Global Kalman filter VLBI and GPS analysis
program, GLOBK Reference Manual, Release 10.3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA. Available at:
http://chandler.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/GLOBK_Ref_10.3.pdf. Accessed 23 Mar 2009.
Hu, G.R., Khoo, H.S., Goh, P.C. and Law, C.L. (2003). Development and assessment of virtual reference
stations for RTK positioning. Journal of Geodesy, 77 (5-6), 292-302.
Hunstad, I., Anzidei, M., Cocco, M., Baldi, P., Galvani, A. and Pesci, A. (1999). Modelling Coseismic
Displacements During The 1997 Umbria–Marche Earthquake (Central Italy). Geophysical Journal
International, 139, 283-295.
Kenyeres, A. and Bruyninx, C., (2004). Monitoring of the EPN Coordinate Time Series for Improved
Reference Frame Maintenance. GPS Solutions, 8 (4), 200-209.
Lyard, F., Lefevre, F., Letellier, T., Francis, O. (2006). Modelling the global ocean tides : insights frpm
FES2004. Ocean Dynamics, 56, 394-415.
Mazzotti, S., Dragert, H., Hyndman, R.D., Miller, M.M. and Henton, J.A. (2002). GPS deformation in a
region of high crustal seismicity: N. Cascadia forearc. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, 198 (1-2),
41-48.
Mazzotti, S., Dragert, H., Henton, J., Schmidt, M., Hyndman, R.D., James,T.S., Lu, Y. and Craymer, M.
(2003). Current tectonics of northern Cascadia from a decade of GPS measurements. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 108, 2554, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002653.
McCarthy, D.D. and Petit, G. (2003). IERS Conventions (2003). IERS Technical Note 32, Verlag des
Budesamts fur Kartographie und Geodasie, Frankfurt.
Melbourne, W.G. (1985). The Case for Ranging in GPS Based Geodetic Systems. In: Proceedings of the 1st
International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System (C. Goad, ed.), pp.
373-386, US Department of Commerce, Rockville.
Mora, P., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Fabris, M., Ghiotti, M., Mazzini, E. and Pesci, A. (2003). Global Positioning
Systems and digital photogrammetry for the monitoring of mass movements: application to the Ca’ di
Malta landslide (northern Apennines, Italy). Engineering Geology, 68, 103-121.
Pesci, A., Teza, G. (2007). Strain rate computation, results validation and application: the kinematics of
Central Apennines from GPS velocities. Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, 56 (2), 69-88.
Pesci, A., Teza, G., Casula, G. (2009) Improving strain rate estimation from velocity data of non-permanent
GPS stations: the Central Apennine study case (Italy). GPS solutions. In press. DOI: 10.1007/s10291-
009-0118-3.
Pietrantonio, G., Riguzzi, F. (2004). Three-dimensional strain tensor estimation by GPS observations:
methodological aspects and geophysical applications. Journal of Geodynamics, 38 (1), 1-18.
Selvaggi, G., Mattia, M., Avallone, A., D’Agostino, N., Anzidei, M., Cantarero, M., Cardinale, V.,
Castagnozzi, A., Casula, G., Cecere, G., Cogliano, R., Criscuoli, F., D’Ambrosio, C., D’Anastasio, E.,
De Martino, P., Del Mese, S., Devoti, R., Falco, L., Galvani, A., Giovani, L., Hunstad, I., Massucci, A.,
Minichiello, F., Memmolo, A., Migliari, F., Moschillo, R., Obrizzo, F., Pietrantonio, G., Pignone, M.,
Pulvirenti, M., Rossi, M., Riguzzi, F., Serpelloni, E., Tammaro, U. and Zarrilli, L., (2006). La Rete
Integrata Nazionale GPS (RING) dell’INGV: un’infrastruttura aperta per la ricerca scientifica. In: Atti
della 10.a Conferenza ASITA, Bolzano, 1749-1754.
Serpelloni, E., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P. (2006). Data analysis of permanent GPS
networks in Italy and surrounding regions:application of a distributed processing approach. Annals Of
Geophysics, 49 (4/5), 853-863.
Sherneck, H.G. (1991). A parameterised solid earth tide model and ocean tide loading effect for global
geodetic baseline measurements, Geophysical Journal International, 106, 677-694.
Squarzoni, C., Delacourt, C., Allemand, P. (2005a). Differential single-frequency GPS monitoring of the La
Valette landslide (French Alps). Engineering Geology, 79 (3-4), 215-229.
Squarzoni, C., Genevois, R., Rocca, M. (2005b). Finite differences stability model of the Sant’Andrea
landslide (Italy). In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference and Field Trip on Landslides
(ICFL), 1-10 September, 2005, Norway (K. Senneset, K. Flaate, and J.O. Larsen, eds.), pp. 335-341.
Stramondo, S., Saroli, M., Tolomei, C., Moro, M., Doumaz, F., Pesci, A., Loddo, F., Baldi, P., Boschi, E.
(2006). Surface movements in Bologna (Po Plain - Italy) detected by multitemporal DInSAR. Remote
Sensing of Environment, 110, 304-316.
Tzenkov, T., Gospodinov, S. (2003). Geometric analysis of geodetic data for investigation of 3D landslide
deformations. Natural Hazard Review, 4 (2), 78-81.
17
Wubbena, G. (1985). Software Developments for Geodetic Positioning with GPS Using TI 4100 Code and
Carrier Measurements. In: Proceedings of First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with
the Global Positioning System (C. Goad, ed.), pp. 403–412, US Department of Commerce, Rockville.
Reference Frame for Earth Science Applications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2214,
doi:10.1029/2001JB000561.
Altamimi Z., Boucher, C. and Gambis, D. (2005). Long-term Stability of the Terrestrial Reference Frame,
Advances in Space Reseacrh 33(6): 342-349.
Altamimi, Z., Collilieux, X., Legrand, J., Garayt, B. and Boucher, C. (2007). ITRF2005: A new release of
the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth
Orientation Parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B09401, doi:10.1029/2007JB004949.
Anzidei, M., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Riguzzi, F., Pietrantonio, G., Serpelloni, E., Esposito, A., Pesci, A.,
Loddo, F., Massicci, A. and Del Mese, S. (2006). Le prime stazioni GPS permanenti INGV-CNT per il
monitoraggio delle deformazioni crostali nell’area italiana. Quaderni di Geofisica, 39, pp. 1-46. Istituto
Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma.
Arca, S. and Beretta, G.P. (1985). Prima sintesi geodetico-geologica sui movimenti verticali del suolo
nell’Italia Settentrionale (1897-1957). Bollettino di Geodesia e scienze affini, 44 (2), 125-156.
Beutler, G., Mueller, I.I. and Neilan, R.E. (1994). The International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS):
Development and start of official service on January 1, 1994. Bulletin Geodesique, 68, 39-70.
Boehm, J., Werl, B. and Schuh, H. (2006). Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline
interferometry form European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B02406, doi:10.1029/2005JB003629.
Bruyninx, C. (2004). The EUREF Permanent Network: a multi-disciplinary network serving surveyors as
well as scientists, GeoInformatics, 7, 32-35.
Carminati, E. and Martinelli, G. (2002). Subsidence rates in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: the relative impact
of natural and anthropic causation. Engineering Geology, 66, 241-255.
Carminati, E., C. Doglioni, and D. Scrocca (2003), Apennines subduction-related subsidence of Venice
(Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(13), 1717.
Casula, G., Dubbini, M. and Galeandro, A. (2007). Modeling environmental bias and computing velocity
field from data of Terra Nova Bay network in Antartica by means of a quasi-observation processing
approach. U.S. Geological Survey and the National Academies, Short research paper, USGS OF-2007-
1041, doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp054.
Colombo, O.L. (1986). Ephemeris errors of GPS satellites, Bulletin Geodesique, 60, 64–84.
Colombetti, A. and Mazza, G. (1986). Le aree subsidenti nel territorio di Modena e rapporti con le variazioni
del livello piezometrico della falda acquifera del sottosuolo. Atti Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici
di Modena, 117, 15-30.
Devoti R, Riguzzi F, Cuffaro M, Doglioni C (2008) New GPS constraints on the kinematics of the
Apennines subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273(1-2): 163-174
Dong, D., Fang, P., Bock, Y., Cheng, M.K. and Miyazaki, S. (2002). Anatomy of apparent seasonal variation
from GPS–derived site position. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (B4), doi:
10.1029/2001JB000573.
Dong, D., Herring, T.A. and King, R.W., (1998). Estimating regional deformation from a combination of
space and terrestrial geodetic data. Journal of Geodesy, 72 (4), 200-214.
Estey, L.H. and Meertens, C.M. (1999). TEQC: The Multi-Purpose Toolkit for GPS/GLONASS Data, GPS
Solutions, 3 (1), 42-49.
Falco, L., Avallone, A., Cattaneo, M., Cecere, G., Cogliano, R., D'Agostino, N., D'Ambrosio, C.,
D'Anastasio, E., Selvaggi, G. (2007). The RING and Seismic Network: Data Acquisition of Co-located
Stations. Eos Transactions AGU, 88(52).
Feigl, K.L., King, R.W. and Jordan T.H. (1990). Geodetic Measurements of Tectonic Deformation in the
Santa Maria Fold and Thrust Belt, California, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95 (B3), 2679-2699.
Herring, T.A. (2003) MATLAB Tools for viewing GPS velocities and time series. GPS Solutions, 7, 194-
199.
Herring, T.A., King, R.W. and McClusky, S.C. (2006a). GPS Analysis at MIT, GAMIT Reference Manual,
Release 10.3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge MA. Available at: http://chandler.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/GAMIT_Ref_10.3.pdf.
Accessed 23 Mar 2009.
16
Herring,T.A., King, R.W. and McClusky, S.C. (2006a). GPS Analysis at MIT, GAMIT Reference Manual,
Release 10.3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge MA. Available at: http://chandler.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/GAMIT_Ref_10.3.pdf.
Accessed 23 Mar 2009.
Herring, T.A., King, R.W. and McClusky, S.C. (2006b). Global Kalman filter VLBI and GPS analysis
program, GLOBK Reference Manual, Release 10.3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA. Available at:
http://chandler.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/GLOBK_Ref_10.3.pdf. Accessed 23 Mar 2009.
Hu, G.R., Khoo, H.S., Goh, P.C. and Law, C.L. (2003). Development and assessment of virtual reference
stations for RTK positioning. Journal of Geodesy, 77 (5-6), 292-302.
Hunstad, I., Anzidei, M., Cocco, M., Baldi, P., Galvani, A. and Pesci, A. (1999). Modelling Coseismic
Displacements During The 1997 Umbria–Marche Earthquake (Central Italy). Geophysical Journal
International, 139, 283-295.
Kenyeres, A. and Bruyninx, C., (2004). Monitoring of the EPN Coordinate Time Series for Improved
Reference Frame Maintenance. GPS Solutions, 8 (4), 200-209.
Lyard, F., Lefevre, F., Letellier, T., Francis, O. (2006). Modelling the global ocean tides : insights frpm
FES2004. Ocean Dynamics, 56, 394-415.
Mazzotti, S., Dragert, H., Hyndman, R.D., Miller, M.M. and Henton, J.A. (2002). GPS deformation in a
region of high crustal seismicity: N. Cascadia forearc. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, 198 (1-2),
41-48.
Mazzotti, S., Dragert, H., Henton, J., Schmidt, M., Hyndman, R.D., James,T.S., Lu, Y. and Craymer, M.
(2003). Current tectonics of northern Cascadia from a decade of GPS measurements. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 108, 2554, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002653.
McCarthy, D.D. and Petit, G. (2003). IERS Conventions (2003). IERS Technical Note 32, Verlag des
Budesamts fur Kartographie und Geodasie, Frankfurt.
Melbourne, W.G. (1985). The Case for Ranging in GPS Based Geodetic Systems. In: Proceedings of the 1st
International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning System (C. Goad, ed.), pp.
373-386, US Department of Commerce, Rockville.
Mora, P., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Fabris, M., Ghiotti, M., Mazzini, E. and Pesci, A. (2003). Global Positioning
Systems and digital photogrammetry for the monitoring of mass movements: application to the Ca’ di
Malta landslide (northern Apennines, Italy). Engineering Geology, 68, 103-121.
Pesci, A., Teza, G. (2007). Strain rate computation, results validation and application: the kinematics of
Central Apennines from GPS velocities. Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, 56 (2), 69-88.
Pesci, A., Teza, G., Casula, G. (2009) Improving strain rate estimation from velocity data of non-permanent
GPS stations: the Central Apennine study case (Italy). GPS solutions. In press. DOI: 10.1007/s10291-
009-0118-3.
Pietrantonio, G., Riguzzi, F. (2004). Three-dimensional strain tensor estimation by GPS observations:
methodological aspects and geophysical applications. Journal of Geodynamics, 38 (1), 1-18.
Selvaggi, G., Mattia, M., Avallone, A., D’Agostino, N., Anzidei, M., Cantarero, M., Cardinale, V.,
Castagnozzi, A., Casula, G., Cecere, G., Cogliano, R., Criscuoli, F., D’Ambrosio, C., D’Anastasio, E.,
De Martino, P., Del Mese, S., Devoti, R., Falco, L., Galvani, A., Giovani, L., Hunstad, I., Massucci, A.,
Minichiello, F., Memmolo, A., Migliari, F., Moschillo, R., Obrizzo, F., Pietrantonio, G., Pignone, M.,
Pulvirenti, M., Rossi, M., Riguzzi, F., Serpelloni, E., Tammaro, U. and Zarrilli, L., (2006). La Rete
Integrata Nazionale GPS (RING) dell’INGV: un’infrastruttura aperta per la ricerca scientifica. In: Atti
della 10.a Conferenza ASITA, Bolzano, 1749-1754.
Serpelloni, E., Casula, G., Galvani, A., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P. (2006). Data analysis of permanent GPS
networks in Italy and surrounding regions:application of a distributed processing approach. Annals Of
Geophysics, 49 (4/5), 853-863.
Sherneck, H.G. (1991). A parameterised solid earth tide model and ocean tide loading effect for global
geodetic baseline measurements, Geophysical Journal International, 106, 677-694.
Squarzoni, C., Delacourt, C., Allemand, P. (2005a). Differential single-frequency GPS monitoring of the La
Valette landslide (French Alps). Engineering Geology, 79 (3-4), 215-229.
Squarzoni, C., Genevois, R., Rocca, M. (2005b). Finite differences stability model of the Sant’Andrea
landslide (Italy). In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference and Field Trip on Landslides
(ICFL), 1-10 September, 2005, Norway (K. Senneset, K. Flaate, and J.O. Larsen, eds.), pp. 335-341.
Stramondo, S., Saroli, M., Tolomei, C., Moro, M., Doumaz, F., Pesci, A., Loddo, F., Baldi, P., Boschi, E.
(2006). Surface movements in Bologna (Po Plain - Italy) detected by multitemporal DInSAR. Remote
Sensing of Environment, 110, 304-316.
Tzenkov, T., Gospodinov, S. (2003). Geometric analysis of geodetic data for investigation of 3D landslide
deformations. Natural Hazard Review, 4 (2), 78-81.
17
Wubbena, G. (1985). Software Developments for Geodetic Positioning with GPS Using TI 4100 Code and
Carrier Measurements. In: Proceedings of First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with
the Global Positioning System (C. Goad, ed.), pp. 403–412, US Department of Commerce, Rockville.
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