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Monitoring the mechanical stress of rocks through the electromagnetic emission produced by fracturing
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
5 / 46 (2009)
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Pages (printed)
940 - 945
Issued date
July 2009
Subjects
Abstract
The present note shows that the rock mass under stress and strain generates an ELF and VLF emission (EME) associated to the fracturing phenomena. On uniaxial stress this emission show two different modes. A disorderly succession of clustering EM pulses (DIS) is associated with the acoustics emission of fracturing. It is always manifested, culminates with the rupture and begins just before the 50% of the time necessary to break the rock with an constant increasing stress. In some cases, this phenomenon is preceded by a more orderly and homogeneous sequence of pulses EM (OIS), in this case not associated with the acoustics. The presence of water saturation influences the DIS EM emission.
From our experimental observations results that the emission in the ELF and VLF bands is independent from the type of rock, which however condition the deformation history, and form the structural characteristics of the material. In a quarry have observed a similar phenomenon also on large stone masses under strain.
These characteristics of the EME may be observed at great distances to monitor the preparation of an Earthquake; in fact radio waves as well as acoustic waves have their maximum propagation at the low frequency band.
From our experimental observations results that the emission in the ELF and VLF bands is independent from the type of rock, which however condition the deformation history, and form the structural characteristics of the material. In a quarry have observed a similar phenomenon also on large stone masses under strain.
These characteristics of the EME may be observed at great distances to monitor the preparation of an Earthquake; in fact radio waves as well as acoustic waves have their maximum propagation at the low frequency band.
References
[1] Caputo M. Sismologia E Segnali Precursori Dei Terremoti. Italy: Bologna
Calderini; 1987.
[2] Rikitake T. Previsione Dei Terremoti. Palermo: Libreria Dario Flaccovio
Editricel; 1986.
[3] Fidani C. Ipotesi Sulle Anomalie Elettromagnetiche Associate Ai Terremoti.
L’Aquila: Libreria Universitaria Benedetti; 2005.
[4 Galli I. Raccolta e classificazione di fenomeni luminosi osservati nei terremoti.
Boll Soc Ital Sismol 1910; 14: 221–448.
[5] Yoshida S, Ogawa T. Electromagnetic emissions from dry and wet granite
associated with acoustic emissions.
J Geophys Res 2004;109:B09204.
[6] Freund FT, Takeuchi A, Lau BWS. Electric currents streaming out of stressed
igneous rocks— a step towards understanding pre-earthquake low frequency
EM emissions. PhysChemEarth 2006;31:389–96.
[7] Soloviev SP, Sweeney JJ. Generation of electric and magnetic field during
detonation of high explosive charges in boreholes.J Geophys Res 2005;110:B01312.
[8] Takeuchi A,Lau BWS, Freund FT. Current and surface potential induced by
stress-activated positive holes in igneous rocks. Phys Chem Earth 2006;31:240–7.
[9] St-Laurent F,Derr JS,Freund FT. Earthquake lights and the stress-activation of positive hole charge carrier in rocks. Phys Chem Earth 2006;31:305–12.
[10]Moore JR, Glaser SD. Self-potential observations during hydraulic fracturing.
J Geophys Res 2007;112:B02204.
[11]Crespy A ,Revil A, Linde N, Byrdina S, Jardani A, Boleve A, et al. Detection and
localization of hydromechanical disturbances in a sand box using the self potential method. J Geophys Res2008;113:B01205.
[12]Nardi A. Emissioni elettromagnetiche in rocce sottoposte a sollecitazione
meccanica. Un possibile precursore sismico?PhD thesis, Univ‘‘LaSapienza’’, Rome,2001.
[13]Lichtenberger M. Regional stress field as determined from electromagnetic
radiation in a tunnel. J Struct Geol 2005;
27(12):2150–8.
[14]Lichtenberger M. Underground measurements of electromagnetic radiation
related to stress-induced fractures in the Odenwald Mountains(Germany).
Pure Appl Geophys 2006;163:1661–77.
Calderini; 1987.
[2] Rikitake T. Previsione Dei Terremoti. Palermo: Libreria Dario Flaccovio
Editricel; 1986.
[3] Fidani C. Ipotesi Sulle Anomalie Elettromagnetiche Associate Ai Terremoti.
L’Aquila: Libreria Universitaria Benedetti; 2005.
[4 Galli I. Raccolta e classificazione di fenomeni luminosi osservati nei terremoti.
Boll Soc Ital Sismol 1910; 14: 221–448.
[5] Yoshida S, Ogawa T. Electromagnetic emissions from dry and wet granite
associated with acoustic emissions.
J Geophys Res 2004;109:B09204.
[6] Freund FT, Takeuchi A, Lau BWS. Electric currents streaming out of stressed
igneous rocks— a step towards understanding pre-earthquake low frequency
EM emissions. PhysChemEarth 2006;31:389–96.
[7] Soloviev SP, Sweeney JJ. Generation of electric and magnetic field during
detonation of high explosive charges in boreholes.J Geophys Res 2005;110:B01312.
[8] Takeuchi A,Lau BWS, Freund FT. Current and surface potential induced by
stress-activated positive holes in igneous rocks. Phys Chem Earth 2006;31:240–7.
[9] St-Laurent F,Derr JS,Freund FT. Earthquake lights and the stress-activation of positive hole charge carrier in rocks. Phys Chem Earth 2006;31:305–12.
[10]Moore JR, Glaser SD. Self-potential observations during hydraulic fracturing.
J Geophys Res 2007;112:B02204.
[11]Crespy A ,Revil A, Linde N, Byrdina S, Jardani A, Boleve A, et al. Detection and
localization of hydromechanical disturbances in a sand box using the self potential method. J Geophys Res2008;113:B01205.
[12]Nardi A. Emissioni elettromagnetiche in rocce sottoposte a sollecitazione
meccanica. Un possibile precursore sismico?PhD thesis, Univ‘‘LaSapienza’’, Rome,2001.
[13]Lichtenberger M. Regional stress field as determined from electromagnetic
radiation in a tunnel. J Struct Geol 2005;
27(12):2150–8.
[14]Lichtenberger M. Underground measurements of electromagnetic radiation
related to stress-induced fractures in the Odenwald Mountains(Germany).
Pure Appl Geophys 2006;163:1661–77.
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