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Accurate measurement of volcanic SO2 flux: Determination of plume transport speed and integrated SO2 concentration with a single device
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
1/6(2005)
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
Pages (printed)
Q02003
Issued date
February 9, 2005
Alternative Location
Subjects
Keywords
Abstract
Ground-based measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide fluxes are important indicators of volcanic
activity, with application in hazard assessment, and understanding the impacts of volcanic emissions upon the environment and climate. These data are obtained by making traverses underneath the volcanic plume a few kilometers from source with an ultraviolet spectrometer, measuring integrated SO2 concentrations across the plume’s cross section, and multiplying by the plume’s transport speed. However, plume velocities are usually derived from ground-based anemometers, located many kilometers from the traverse route and hundreds of meters below plume altitude, complicating the experimental design and introducing large flux (can be >100%) errors. Here we present the first report of a single instrument capable of (accurate) volcanic SO2 flux measurements. This device records integrated SO2 concentrations and plume heights during traverses. Between traverses, two in-plume SO2 time series are measured from underneath
the plume with the instrument, corresponding to zenith and inclined (user-specified angle from vertical in the direction of the volcano) fields of view, respectively. The distance between the points of intersection of the two views with the plume is found on the basis of the determined plume height, and the two signals are cross-correlated to determine the lag between them, enabling accurate derivation of the wind speed. We present flux data (with errors ±12%) obtained in this way at Mt. Etna during July 2004.
activity, with application in hazard assessment, and understanding the impacts of volcanic emissions upon the environment and climate. These data are obtained by making traverses underneath the volcanic plume a few kilometers from source with an ultraviolet spectrometer, measuring integrated SO2 concentrations across the plume’s cross section, and multiplying by the plume’s transport speed. However, plume velocities are usually derived from ground-based anemometers, located many kilometers from the traverse route and hundreds of meters below plume altitude, complicating the experimental design and introducing large flux (can be >100%) errors. Here we present the first report of a single instrument capable of (accurate) volcanic SO2 flux measurements. This device records integrated SO2 concentrations and plume heights during traverses. Between traverses, two in-plume SO2 time series are measured from underneath
the plume with the instrument, corresponding to zenith and inclined (user-specified angle from vertical in the direction of the volcano) fields of view, respectively. The distance between the points of intersection of the two views with the plume is found on the basis of the determined plume height, and the two signals are cross-correlated to determine the lag between them, enabling accurate derivation of the wind speed. We present flux data (with errors ±12%) obtained in this way at Mt. Etna during July 2004.
References
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Archer, C. L., and M. Z. Jacobson (2003), Spatial and temporal distributions of U.S. winds and wind power at 80 m derived from measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4289,doi:10.1029/2002JD002076.
Beychok, M. R. (1995), Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion, 3rd ed., 201 pp., Milton R. Beychok, Irvine, Calif.Bobrowski, N., G. Ho¨nninger, B. Galle, and U. Platt (2003),Detection of bromine monoxide in a volcanic plume, Nature, 423, 273–276, doi:10.1038/nature01625.
Caltabiano, T., R. Romano, and G. Budetta (1994), SO2 flux measurements at Mount Etna (Sicily), J. Geophys. Res., 99,12,809–12,819.
Edmonds, M., R. A. Herd, B. Galle, and C. M. Oppenheimer (2003), Automated, high time-resolution measurements of SO2 flux at Soufrie`re Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Bull. Volcanol.,
65, 578–586, doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0286-x.
Favalli, M., F. Mazzarini, M. T. Pareschi, and E. Boschi (2004), Role of local wind circulation in plume monitoring at Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily): Insights from a mesoscale numerical model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09105,doi:10.1029/2003GL019281.
Galle, B., C. Oppenheimer, A. Geyer, A. J. S. McGonigle, M. Edmonds, and L. A. Horrocks (2003), A miniaturised UV spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: A new tool for volcano surveillance, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
119, 241–254, doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00356-6.
Gerlach, T. M., K. A. McGee, A. J. Sutton, and T. Elias (1998), Rates of volcanic CO2 degassing from airborne determinations of SO2, emission rates and plume CO2/SO2: Test study at Pu’u ’O’o cone, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 25, 2675–2678.
Horton, K., G. Williams-Jones, H. Garbeil, A. J. Sutton, T. Elias, and S. Clegg (2005), FLYSPEC: Validation of a robust and versatile ultraviolet correlation spectrometer for the real-time measurements of volcanic SO2 emissions, Bull.
Volcanol., in press.
McGonigle, A. J. S., C. Oppenheimer, B. Galle, T. A. Mather, and D. M. Pyle (2002), Walking traverse and scanning DOAS measurements of volcanic gas emission rates, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 29(20), 1985, oi:10.1029/2002GL015827.
McGonigle, A. J. S., C. Oppenheimer, A. R. Hayes, B. Galle, M. Edmonds, T. Caltabiano, G. Salerno, M. Burton, and T. A. Mather (2003), Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Mount Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli measured with an automated scanning ultraviolet spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(B9), 2455, doi:10.1029/2002JB002261.
McGonigle, A. J. S., C. Oppenheimer, V. I. Tsanev, S. Saunders, K. Mulina, S. Tohui, J. Bosco, J. Nahou, J. Kuduon, and F. Taranu (2004), Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Papua New Guinea’s volcanoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08606,
doi:10.1029/2004GL019568.
Oppenheimer, C., A. J. S. McGonigle, P. Allard, M. J.Wooster, and V. Tsanev (2004), Sulfur, heat, and magma budget for Erta ’Ale lava lake, Ethiopia, Geology, 32, 509–512, doi:10.1130/G20281.
Sparks, R. S. J. (2003), Dynamics of magma degassing, in Volcanic Degassing, edited by C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 213, 5–22.
Stoiber, R. E., L. L. Malinconico Jr., and S. N. Williams (1983), Use of the Correlation Spectrometer at volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events, edited by H. Tazieff and J. C. Sabroux, pp. 425–444, Elsevier,New York.
Stoiber, R. E., S. N. Williams, and B. Huebert (1987), Annual contribution of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by volcanoes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 33, 1–8.
Sutton, A. J., T. Elias, T. M. Gerlach, and J. B. Stokes (2001), Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulfur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii, 1979–1997, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 108,283–302.
Wardell, L. J., P. R. Kyle, N. Dunbar, and B. Christenson (2001), White Island volcano, New Zealand: Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emission rates and melt inclusion studies,
Chem. Geol., 177, 187–200.
Williams-Jones, G., K. Horton, H. Garbeil, P. J. Mouginis-Mark, A. J. L. Harris, A. J. Sutton, and T. Elias(2005), Accurately measuring volcanic plume velocities with multiple UV spectrometers, Bull. Volcanol., in press.
Archer, C. L., and M. Z. Jacobson (2003), Spatial and temporal distributions of U.S. winds and wind power at 80 m derived from measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4289,doi:10.1029/2002JD002076.
Beychok, M. R. (1995), Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion, 3rd ed., 201 pp., Milton R. Beychok, Irvine, Calif.Bobrowski, N., G. Ho¨nninger, B. Galle, and U. Platt (2003),Detection of bromine monoxide in a volcanic plume, Nature, 423, 273–276, doi:10.1038/nature01625.
Caltabiano, T., R. Romano, and G. Budetta (1994), SO2 flux measurements at Mount Etna (Sicily), J. Geophys. Res., 99,12,809–12,819.
Edmonds, M., R. A. Herd, B. Galle, and C. M. Oppenheimer (2003), Automated, high time-resolution measurements of SO2 flux at Soufrie`re Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Bull. Volcanol.,
65, 578–586, doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0286-x.
Favalli, M., F. Mazzarini, M. T. Pareschi, and E. Boschi (2004), Role of local wind circulation in plume monitoring at Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily): Insights from a mesoscale numerical model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09105,doi:10.1029/2003GL019281.
Galle, B., C. Oppenheimer, A. Geyer, A. J. S. McGonigle, M. Edmonds, and L. A. Horrocks (2003), A miniaturised UV spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: A new tool for volcano surveillance, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
119, 241–254, doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00356-6.
Gerlach, T. M., K. A. McGee, A. J. Sutton, and T. Elias (1998), Rates of volcanic CO2 degassing from airborne determinations of SO2, emission rates and plume CO2/SO2: Test study at Pu’u ’O’o cone, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 25, 2675–2678.
Horton, K., G. Williams-Jones, H. Garbeil, A. J. Sutton, T. Elias, and S. Clegg (2005), FLYSPEC: Validation of a robust and versatile ultraviolet correlation spectrometer for the real-time measurements of volcanic SO2 emissions, Bull.
Volcanol., in press.
McGonigle, A. J. S., C. Oppenheimer, B. Galle, T. A. Mather, and D. M. Pyle (2002), Walking traverse and scanning DOAS measurements of volcanic gas emission rates, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 29(20), 1985, oi:10.1029/2002GL015827.
McGonigle, A. J. S., C. Oppenheimer, A. R. Hayes, B. Galle, M. Edmonds, T. Caltabiano, G. Salerno, M. Burton, and T. A. Mather (2003), Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Mount Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli measured with an automated scanning ultraviolet spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(B9), 2455, doi:10.1029/2002JB002261.
McGonigle, A. J. S., C. Oppenheimer, V. I. Tsanev, S. Saunders, K. Mulina, S. Tohui, J. Bosco, J. Nahou, J. Kuduon, and F. Taranu (2004), Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Papua New Guinea’s volcanoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08606,
doi:10.1029/2004GL019568.
Oppenheimer, C., A. J. S. McGonigle, P. Allard, M. J.Wooster, and V. Tsanev (2004), Sulfur, heat, and magma budget for Erta ’Ale lava lake, Ethiopia, Geology, 32, 509–512, doi:10.1130/G20281.
Sparks, R. S. J. (2003), Dynamics of magma degassing, in Volcanic Degassing, edited by C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 213, 5–22.
Stoiber, R. E., L. L. Malinconico Jr., and S. N. Williams (1983), Use of the Correlation Spectrometer at volcanoes, in Forecasting Volcanic Events, edited by H. Tazieff and J. C. Sabroux, pp. 425–444, Elsevier,New York.
Stoiber, R. E., S. N. Williams, and B. Huebert (1987), Annual contribution of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by volcanoes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 33, 1–8.
Sutton, A. J., T. Elias, T. M. Gerlach, and J. B. Stokes (2001), Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulfur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii, 1979–1997, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 108,283–302.
Wardell, L. J., P. R. Kyle, N. Dunbar, and B. Christenson (2001), White Island volcano, New Zealand: Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emission rates and melt inclusion studies,
Chem. Geol., 177, 187–200.
Williams-Jones, G., K. Horton, H. Garbeil, P. J. Mouginis-Mark, A. J. L. Harris, A. J. Sutton, and T. Elias(2005), Accurately measuring volcanic plume velocities with multiple UV spectrometers, Bull. Volcanol., in press.
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