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Integrated calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy from the uppermost marine Eocene deposits of the southeastern Pyrenean foreland basin: evidences for marine Priabonian deposition
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
1-2 / 7 (2009)
Publisher
INST CIENCIES TERRA JAUME ALMERA-CSIC
Pages (printed)
215-227
Issued date
March 2009
Abstract
An integrated magneto-biostratigraphic study, based on calcareous nannofossils, was carried out on the Eocene
uppermost marine deposits of the southeastern Pyrenean foreland basin. The study was performed along six sections
of the upper portion of Igualada Formation, cropping out in the Vic area. Common late Middle/Upper
Eocene nannofossil assemblages allow recognizing, within a normal magnetozone or immediately below, the
FO of Istmolithus recurvus, which identifies the base of NP19 Zone, in the Priabonian. This event occurs within
C16n.2n magnetozone in several oceanic and Mediterranean sections, which allows the correlation of the normal
magnetozone in the Vic area to chron C16n.2n. This challenges previous magnetostratigraphic interpretations
in the Vic area that correlated the uppermost marine sediments to chron C17n. The estimated age for the
FO of I. recurvus is 36 Ma and collectively with the magnetostratigraphic data indicates that the uppermost
marine sediments in the basin are of Priabonian age. The new results indicate that the entire chronology of the
marine strata needs reassessment. The thickness of chron C16n.2n varies from 45 m in the Collsuspina area
(southern sector) to about 270-290 m in the Sant Bartomeu del Grau area (northern sector), which is indicative
of a marked asymmetry in the basin deposition.
uppermost marine deposits of the southeastern Pyrenean foreland basin. The study was performed along six sections
of the upper portion of Igualada Formation, cropping out in the Vic area. Common late Middle/Upper
Eocene nannofossil assemblages allow recognizing, within a normal magnetozone or immediately below, the
FO of Istmolithus recurvus, which identifies the base of NP19 Zone, in the Priabonian. This event occurs within
C16n.2n magnetozone in several oceanic and Mediterranean sections, which allows the correlation of the normal
magnetozone in the Vic area to chron C16n.2n. This challenges previous magnetostratigraphic interpretations
in the Vic area that correlated the uppermost marine sediments to chron C17n. The estimated age for the
FO of I. recurvus is 36 Ma and collectively with the magnetostratigraphic data indicates that the uppermost
marine sediments in the basin are of Priabonian age. The new results indicate that the entire chronology of the
marine strata needs reassessment. The thickness of chron C16n.2n varies from 45 m in the Collsuspina area
(southern sector) to about 270-290 m in the Sant Bartomeu del Grau area (northern sector), which is indicative
of a marked asymmetry in the basin deposition.
References
Anadón, P., Feist, M., Hartenberger J-L., Muller, C., de Villalta-
Comella, J., 1983. Un exemple de corrélation biostratigraphique
entre échelles marines et continentales dans
l’Eocène: la coupe de Pontils (bassin de l’Ebre, Espagne).
Bulletin Société Géologique France, 25(5), 747-755.
Aubry, M.P., 1992. Late Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton
evolution: a tale of climatic deterioration. In: Prothero, D.
R., and Berggren, W. A. (eds.). Eocene-Oligocene climatic
and biotic evolution. Princeton, Princeton University Press,
272-309.
Aubry, M.P., 1999. Handbook of Cenozoic calcareous nannoplankton.
Book 2: Ortholithae (Holococcoliths, Ceratoliths,
Ortoliths, and others). American Museum of Natural History,
New York, Micropaleontological Press, 368 pp.
Berggren,W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C.III, Aubry M.P., 1995.
A revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy.
In: Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Aubry M.P. and Handerbol,
J. (ed.). Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic
correlation. Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists,
Special Publication, 54, 129-212.
Blow, W. H., 1969. Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic
foraminiferal biostratigraphy. In: Bronnimann, P.R., Renz,
H.H. (eds.). Proceeding of the First International Conference
on Planktonic microfossils, Geneva, 1, 199-421.
Bown, P.R., 1998. Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy.
British Micropaleontological Society Publications Series,
London, ed. Kluwer Academic Press, 315 pp.
Burbank, D.W., Puigdefàbregas, C., Muñoz, J.A., 1992. The
chronology of the Eocene tectonic and stratigraphic development
of the eastern Pyrenean Foreland Basin, NE Spain.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 1101-1120.
Canudo, J.I., Molina, E., Riveline, J., Sucunza, M., 1988. Les
événements biostratigraphiques de la zone prépyrénéenne
d’Aragon (Espagne), de l’Eocène moyen à l’Oligocène
inféreur. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 31, 15-29.
Catanzariti, R., Rio, D., Martelli, L., 1997. Late Eocene to
Oligocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy in Northern
Apennines: the Ranzano Sandsone. Memorie di Scienze
Geologiche, 49, 207-253.
Ferrer, J., 1971. El Paleoceno y Eoceno del borde suroriental de
la Depresion del Ebro (Catalana). Mémoires suisses de
Paléntologie, 90, 70 pp.
Fornaciari, E., Catanzariti, R., Rio, D., Agnini, C., Bolla, E.M.,
Valvasoni, E., 2006. Improving resolution of calcareous
nannofossil biostratigraphy at the Middle to Late Eocene
transition. Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene, Bilbao,
Volume of Abstracts, 44.
Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A., 2004. A Geological Timescale
2004. New York, Cambridge University Press, 589 pp.
Jovane, L., Sprovieri, M., Florindo, F., Acton, G.D., Coccioni,
R., Dall’Antonia, B., Dinarès-Turell, J., 2007. Eocene-
Oligocene paleoceanographic changes in the stratotype section,
Massignano, Italy: clues from rock magnetism and stable
isotopes. Journal Geophysical Research, 112, B11101,
doi:10.1029/ 2007JB004963.
Kirschvink J.L., 1980. The least-squares line and plane and the
analysis of palaeomagnetic data, Geophys. Journal Royal
Astronomical Society 62, 699–718.
Luciani, V., Negri, A., Bassi, D., 2002. The Bartonian-Priabonian
transition in the Mossano section (Colli Berici, northeastern
Italy): a tentative correlation between calcareous
plankton and shallow-water benthic zonations. Geobios,
Mémoire special, 24, 140-149.
Luterbacher, H., 1998. Sequence stratigraphy and the limitations
of biostratigraphy in the marine Paleogene Strata of the
Tremp basin (central part of the Southern Pyrenean foreland
basin, Spain). In: Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R. (eds).
Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of European
basin. Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists,
Special Publication, 60, 303-309.
Marino, M., Flores, J.-A., 2002. Middle Eocene to Early
Oligocene calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy at Leg 177
Site 1090. Marine Micropaleontology, 45, 383-398.
Martini, E., 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous
nannoplankton zonation. In: Farinacci, A. (ed.). Proceedings
of the Second Planktonic Conference Roma 1970. Roma,
Edizioni Tecnoscienza, 2, 739-785.
McFadden, P.L., McElhinny, M.W., 1990. Classification of the
reversal test in paleomagnetism. Geophysical Journal International,
103, 725-729.
Nocchi, M., Parisi, G., Monaco, P., Monechi, S., Madile, M.,
1988. Eocene and Early Oligocene micropaleontology and paleoenvironments in SE Umbria, Italy. Palaeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 67, 181-244.
Okada, H., Bukry, D., 1980. Supplementary modification and
introduction of code numbers to the low-latitutde coccolith
biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975). Marine
Micropaleontology, 5, 321-325.
Papazzoni, C.A., Sirotti, A., 1995. Nummulite biostratigraphy at
Middle/Upper Eocene boundary in the Northern Mediterranean
area. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,
101, 63-80.
Persico, D., Villa, G., 2004. Eocene-Oligocene calcareous nannofossils
from Maud Rise and Kerguelen Plateau (Antartica):
paleoecological and paleoceanographic implications.
Marine Micropaleontology, 52, 153-179.
Perch-Nielsen, K., 1985. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossili. In:
Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., Perch-Nielsen, K. (eds.). Plankton
Stratigraphy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
427-554.
Pisera, A., Busquets, P., 2002. Eocene siliceous sponges from
the Ebro Basin (Catalonia, Spain). Geobios, 35, 321.
Reguant, S., 1967. El Eoceno Marino de Vic (Barcelona). Memorias
del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 68, 350 pp.
Riba, O., 1967. Resultados de un estudio sobre el Terciario continental
de la parte Este de la depresión central catalana.
Acta Geologica Hispanica, 2(1), 3-8.
Riba, O., 1975. Le Bassin tertiaire Catalan Espagnol et les gisements
de potasse. Ixe. Congrès International de Sédimentologie,
Nice. Exursión Guidebook nº 20, 9-13.
Rio, D., Premoli-Silva, I., Agnini, C., Brinkhuis, H., Fornaciari,
E., Giusberti L., Grandesso, P., Lanci, L., Lucani, V., Mattoni,
G., Stefani, C., Villa, I., 2006. The Alano di Piave, section
(Venetian Southern Alps, NE Italy). A potential GSSP
of the Priabonian stage (Upper Eocene). Climate and Biota
of the Early Paleogene, Bilbao, Volume of Abstract, 109.
Romero, J., Caus, E., 2000. Eventos Neríticos en el límite
Eoceno Medio-Eoceno Superior en el extremo oriental de la
depresión del Ebro (NE de España). Revista de la Sociedad
Geológica de España, 13(2), 301-321.
Serra- Kiel, J., Busquets, P., Travé, A., Mató, E., Saula, E.,
Tosquella, J., Samsó, J.M., Ferràndez, C., Barnolas, A.,
Àlvarez-Pérez, G., Franquès, F., Romero, J., 1997. Field
Trip Guide. 2nd Meeting IGCP 393 Neritic Events at the
Middle-Upper Eocene Boundary, 51 pp.
Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferràndez,
C., Jauhri, A.K., Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samsó,
J.M., Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y.,
Tosquella, J., Zakrevskaya, E., 1998. Larger Foraminiferal
Biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bulletin
de la Societé Géeologique de France, 169(2), 281-299.
Serra-Kiel, J., Travé, A., Mató, E., Saula, E., Ferràndez-
Cañadell, C., Busquets, P., Tosquella, J., Vergés, J., 2003a.
Marine and transitional Middle/Upper Eocene Units of the
Southern Pyrenean Foreland Basin (NE Spain). Geologica
Acta, 1(2), 177-200.
Serra-Kiel, J., Mató, E., Saula, E., Travé, A., Ferràndez-
Cañadell, C., Busquets, P., Samsó, J.M., Tosquella, J.,
Vergés, J., Barnolas, A., Àlvarez-Pérez, G., Franquès, J.,
Romero, J., 2003b. An inventory of the marine and transitional
Middle/Upper Eocene deposits of the Southeastern
Pyrenean Foreland Basin (NE Spain). Geologica Acta,
1(2), 177-200.
Serra-Kiel, J., Ferràndez-Cañadell, C., Cabrera, L., Marzo, M.,
Busquets, P., Colombo, F., Reguant, S., 2003c. Discussion
and replay: Basin infill architecture and evolution from
magnetostratigraphy cross-basin correlations in the southeastern
Pyrenean foreland basin. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 15, 249-252.
Taberner, C., Dinarès-Turell, J., Giménez, J., Docherty, C.,
1999. Basin infill architecture and evolution from magnetostratigraphy
cross-basin correlations in the southeastern
Pyrenean foreland basin. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 11, 1155-1174.
Taberner, C., Dinarès-Turell, J., Giménez, J., Docherty, C.,
2003. Discussion and replay: Basin infill architecture and
evolution from magnetostratigraphy cross-basin correlations
in the southeastern Pyrenean foreland basin. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 15, 253-256.
Varol, O., 1998. Palaeogene. In: Bown, P.R., (ed.). Calcareous
Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. British Micropaleontological
Society Publications Series, London, ed. Kluwer Academic
Press, 315 pp.
Verducci, M., Nocchi, M., 2004. Middle to Late Eocene main
planktonic foraminiferal events in the Central Mediterranean
area (Umbria-Marche basin) related to paleoclimatic
changes. Neus Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paleontologie
Abhandlungen, 234(1-3), 361-413.
Zijderveld, J.D.A., 1967. AC demagnetization of rock: analysis
of results. In: Collinson, D.W., Creer, K.M., Runcorn, S.K.
(eds.). Methods in palaeomagnetism. Amsterdam, Elsevier,
pp. 254-286.
Comella, J., 1983. Un exemple de corrélation biostratigraphique
entre échelles marines et continentales dans
l’Eocène: la coupe de Pontils (bassin de l’Ebre, Espagne).
Bulletin Société Géologique France, 25(5), 747-755.
Aubry, M.P., 1992. Late Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton
evolution: a tale of climatic deterioration. In: Prothero, D.
R., and Berggren, W. A. (eds.). Eocene-Oligocene climatic
and biotic evolution. Princeton, Princeton University Press,
272-309.
Aubry, M.P., 1999. Handbook of Cenozoic calcareous nannoplankton.
Book 2: Ortholithae (Holococcoliths, Ceratoliths,
Ortoliths, and others). American Museum of Natural History,
New York, Micropaleontological Press, 368 pp.
Berggren,W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C.III, Aubry M.P., 1995.
A revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy.
In: Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Aubry M.P. and Handerbol,
J. (ed.). Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic
correlation. Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists,
Special Publication, 54, 129-212.
Blow, W. H., 1969. Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic
foraminiferal biostratigraphy. In: Bronnimann, P.R., Renz,
H.H. (eds.). Proceeding of the First International Conference
on Planktonic microfossils, Geneva, 1, 199-421.
Bown, P.R., 1998. Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy.
British Micropaleontological Society Publications Series,
London, ed. Kluwer Academic Press, 315 pp.
Burbank, D.W., Puigdefàbregas, C., Muñoz, J.A., 1992. The
chronology of the Eocene tectonic and stratigraphic development
of the eastern Pyrenean Foreland Basin, NE Spain.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 1101-1120.
Canudo, J.I., Molina, E., Riveline, J., Sucunza, M., 1988. Les
événements biostratigraphiques de la zone prépyrénéenne
d’Aragon (Espagne), de l’Eocène moyen à l’Oligocène
inféreur. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 31, 15-29.
Catanzariti, R., Rio, D., Martelli, L., 1997. Late Eocene to
Oligocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy in Northern
Apennines: the Ranzano Sandsone. Memorie di Scienze
Geologiche, 49, 207-253.
Ferrer, J., 1971. El Paleoceno y Eoceno del borde suroriental de
la Depresion del Ebro (Catalana). Mémoires suisses de
Paléntologie, 90, 70 pp.
Fornaciari, E., Catanzariti, R., Rio, D., Agnini, C., Bolla, E.M.,
Valvasoni, E., 2006. Improving resolution of calcareous
nannofossil biostratigraphy at the Middle to Late Eocene
transition. Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene, Bilbao,
Volume of Abstracts, 44.
Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A., 2004. A Geological Timescale
2004. New York, Cambridge University Press, 589 pp.
Jovane, L., Sprovieri, M., Florindo, F., Acton, G.D., Coccioni,
R., Dall’Antonia, B., Dinarès-Turell, J., 2007. Eocene-
Oligocene paleoceanographic changes in the stratotype section,
Massignano, Italy: clues from rock magnetism and stable
isotopes. Journal Geophysical Research, 112, B11101,
doi:10.1029/ 2007JB004963.
Kirschvink J.L., 1980. The least-squares line and plane and the
analysis of palaeomagnetic data, Geophys. Journal Royal
Astronomical Society 62, 699–718.
Luciani, V., Negri, A., Bassi, D., 2002. The Bartonian-Priabonian
transition in the Mossano section (Colli Berici, northeastern
Italy): a tentative correlation between calcareous
plankton and shallow-water benthic zonations. Geobios,
Mémoire special, 24, 140-149.
Luterbacher, H., 1998. Sequence stratigraphy and the limitations
of biostratigraphy in the marine Paleogene Strata of the
Tremp basin (central part of the Southern Pyrenean foreland
basin, Spain). In: Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T., Vail, P.R. (eds).
Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of European
basin. Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists,
Special Publication, 60, 303-309.
Marino, M., Flores, J.-A., 2002. Middle Eocene to Early
Oligocene calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy at Leg 177
Site 1090. Marine Micropaleontology, 45, 383-398.
Martini, E., 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous
nannoplankton zonation. In: Farinacci, A. (ed.). Proceedings
of the Second Planktonic Conference Roma 1970. Roma,
Edizioni Tecnoscienza, 2, 739-785.
McFadden, P.L., McElhinny, M.W., 1990. Classification of the
reversal test in paleomagnetism. Geophysical Journal International,
103, 725-729.
Nocchi, M., Parisi, G., Monaco, P., Monechi, S., Madile, M.,
1988. Eocene and Early Oligocene micropaleontology and paleoenvironments in SE Umbria, Italy. Palaeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 67, 181-244.
Okada, H., Bukry, D., 1980. Supplementary modification and
introduction of code numbers to the low-latitutde coccolith
biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975). Marine
Micropaleontology, 5, 321-325.
Papazzoni, C.A., Sirotti, A., 1995. Nummulite biostratigraphy at
Middle/Upper Eocene boundary in the Northern Mediterranean
area. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,
101, 63-80.
Persico, D., Villa, G., 2004. Eocene-Oligocene calcareous nannofossils
from Maud Rise and Kerguelen Plateau (Antartica):
paleoecological and paleoceanographic implications.
Marine Micropaleontology, 52, 153-179.
Perch-Nielsen, K., 1985. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossili. In:
Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., Perch-Nielsen, K. (eds.). Plankton
Stratigraphy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
427-554.
Pisera, A., Busquets, P., 2002. Eocene siliceous sponges from
the Ebro Basin (Catalonia, Spain). Geobios, 35, 321.
Reguant, S., 1967. El Eoceno Marino de Vic (Barcelona). Memorias
del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 68, 350 pp.
Riba, O., 1967. Resultados de un estudio sobre el Terciario continental
de la parte Este de la depresión central catalana.
Acta Geologica Hispanica, 2(1), 3-8.
Riba, O., 1975. Le Bassin tertiaire Catalan Espagnol et les gisements
de potasse. Ixe. Congrès International de Sédimentologie,
Nice. Exursión Guidebook nº 20, 9-13.
Rio, D., Premoli-Silva, I., Agnini, C., Brinkhuis, H., Fornaciari,
E., Giusberti L., Grandesso, P., Lanci, L., Lucani, V., Mattoni,
G., Stefani, C., Villa, I., 2006. The Alano di Piave, section
(Venetian Southern Alps, NE Italy). A potential GSSP
of the Priabonian stage (Upper Eocene). Climate and Biota
of the Early Paleogene, Bilbao, Volume of Abstract, 109.
Romero, J., Caus, E., 2000. Eventos Neríticos en el límite
Eoceno Medio-Eoceno Superior en el extremo oriental de la
depresión del Ebro (NE de España). Revista de la Sociedad
Geológica de España, 13(2), 301-321.
Serra- Kiel, J., Busquets, P., Travé, A., Mató, E., Saula, E.,
Tosquella, J., Samsó, J.M., Ferràndez, C., Barnolas, A.,
Àlvarez-Pérez, G., Franquès, F., Romero, J., 1997. Field
Trip Guide. 2nd Meeting IGCP 393 Neritic Events at the
Middle-Upper Eocene Boundary, 51 pp.
Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferràndez,
C., Jauhri, A.K., Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samsó,
J.M., Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y.,
Tosquella, J., Zakrevskaya, E., 1998. Larger Foraminiferal
Biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bulletin
de la Societé Géeologique de France, 169(2), 281-299.
Serra-Kiel, J., Travé, A., Mató, E., Saula, E., Ferràndez-
Cañadell, C., Busquets, P., Tosquella, J., Vergés, J., 2003a.
Marine and transitional Middle/Upper Eocene Units of the
Southern Pyrenean Foreland Basin (NE Spain). Geologica
Acta, 1(2), 177-200.
Serra-Kiel, J., Mató, E., Saula, E., Travé, A., Ferràndez-
Cañadell, C., Busquets, P., Samsó, J.M., Tosquella, J.,
Vergés, J., Barnolas, A., Àlvarez-Pérez, G., Franquès, J.,
Romero, J., 2003b. An inventory of the marine and transitional
Middle/Upper Eocene deposits of the Southeastern
Pyrenean Foreland Basin (NE Spain). Geologica Acta,
1(2), 177-200.
Serra-Kiel, J., Ferràndez-Cañadell, C., Cabrera, L., Marzo, M.,
Busquets, P., Colombo, F., Reguant, S., 2003c. Discussion
and replay: Basin infill architecture and evolution from
magnetostratigraphy cross-basin correlations in the southeastern
Pyrenean foreland basin. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 15, 249-252.
Taberner, C., Dinarès-Turell, J., Giménez, J., Docherty, C.,
1999. Basin infill architecture and evolution from magnetostratigraphy
cross-basin correlations in the southeastern
Pyrenean foreland basin. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 11, 1155-1174.
Taberner, C., Dinarès-Turell, J., Giménez, J., Docherty, C.,
2003. Discussion and replay: Basin infill architecture and
evolution from magnetostratigraphy cross-basin correlations
in the southeastern Pyrenean foreland basin. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 15, 253-256.
Varol, O., 1998. Palaeogene. In: Bown, P.R., (ed.). Calcareous
Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. British Micropaleontological
Society Publications Series, London, ed. Kluwer Academic
Press, 315 pp.
Verducci, M., Nocchi, M., 2004. Middle to Late Eocene main
planktonic foraminiferal events in the Central Mediterranean
area (Umbria-Marche basin) related to paleoclimatic
changes. Neus Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paleontologie
Abhandlungen, 234(1-3), 361-413.
Zijderveld, J.D.A., 1967. AC demagnetization of rock: analysis
of results. In: Collinson, D.W., Creer, K.M., Runcorn, S.K.
(eds.). Methods in palaeomagnetism. Amsterdam, Elsevier,
pp. 254-286.
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