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Airborne FTIR Measurements over the Mt. Etna Volcano. First Results from the 2003 FASA Campaign
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
17/28 (2007)
Publisher
Taylor and Francis
Pages (printed)
3871-3893
Issued date
2007
Abstract
From 16 to 26 July 2003 a wide field campaign was carried out around Mt. Etna (Sicily) by different research units. During the campaign a new airborne system named FASA (Fire Airborne Spectral Analyzer) was tested. FASA is a system devoted to high temperature events study. The payload on the airborne consists of the Advanced BIRD Airborne Simulator (ABAS), which is an imager, and a high resolution Michelson Interferometer with ROtating Retroreflector (MIROR) operating in the nominal infrared 600-3000 cm-1 range. The spectra calibration has been carried out by computing the instrumental response function and the instrumental offset by using two black body sources at different temperature. In this paper we describe the MIROR in flight calibration and some preliminary results from its data-set. In particular the surface
temperature, the hyperspectral emissivity and gas detection from radiance spectra collected on Mount Etna are shown. The atmospheric corrections terms, needed for the retrieval procedures, have been computed using MODTRAN radiative transfer code considering the atmospheric profiles measured in situ during the field campaign. The results are compared with ASTER satellite and experimental data.
temperature, the hyperspectral emissivity and gas detection from radiance spectra collected on Mount Etna are shown. The atmospheric corrections terms, needed for the retrieval procedures, have been computed using MODTRAN radiative transfer code considering the atmospheric profiles measured in situ during the field campaign. The results are compared with ASTER satellite and experimental data.
References
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at: http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/documents/documents.htm (accessed January 2005).
ANDERSON, G.P., KNEIZYS, F.X., CHETWYND, J.H., WANG, J., HOKE, M.L., RITHMAN, L.S., KIMBALL, L.M.,
MCCLATCHEY, R.A., SHETTLE, E.P., CLOUGHT, S.A., GALLERY, W.O., ABREU, L.W., SELBY, J.E., 1995, A.,
\FAS-CODE/MODTRAN/LOWTRAN: Past/Present/Future", 18 th Annual Review Conference on
Atmospheric Transimission Models, 6-8 June, 1995.
ANDRES, R.J., and KASGNOC A.D., 1998, A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulphur emissions. Journal
of Geophysical Research 103 (D19), 25251-25261.
BARNET, C.D., BLAISDELL, J.M., SUSSKIND, J., 2000, Practical method for rapid and accurate computation of
interferometric spectra for remote sensing applications. IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38,
169-183.
BEER, R., GLAVICH, T.A., and RIDER, D.M., 2001, Tropospheric emission spectrometer for the Earth Observing
Systems Aura satellite, Appl. Opt. 40, 2356-2367.
BERK, A., BERNSTEIN, L.S., and ROBERTSON, D.C., 1989, MODTRAN: a moderate resolution model for
Lowtran 7. GL-TR-89-0122, AFG Lab., Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731-5000, USA.
BUONGIORNO, M.F., ROMEO, G., DI STEFANO, G., PIPPI, I., 2001, Test aereo per la simulazione e validazione dei
dati del MS-FS (Main-Sensor Fourier Spectrometer) del sistema FOCUS (ISS external payload)
mediante adattamento del sensore MIROR (del DLR) su piattaforma aerea. Workshop Nazionale ASI
:La Scienza e la Tecnologia sulla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale (ISS) Torino.
BUONGIORNO, M.F., MUSACCHIO, M., MERUCCI, L., SPINETTI, C, AMICI, S., COLINI, L., LOMBARDO, V., DOUMAZ,
F., DI STEFANO, G., PANNACCIONE APA, M.I., CALTABIANO, T., BURTON, M., SALERNO, G., BRUNO, N.,
LONGO, V., MURÈ, F., BEHNCKE, B., NERI, M, GIAMMANCO, S., BADALAMENTI, B., DI LIBERTO, I.S., LOTTA,
M., MADONIA., P., PUGNAGLI, S., CORRADINI, S., REMITTI, M., GUERRIERI, L., LOMBROSO, L., BOCCOLARI,
M., TEGGI, S., GOBBI, G.P., BARNABA, F., SGAVETTI, M., POMPILIO, L., TRAMUTOLI, V., LANORTE, V.,
PERGOLA, N., MARCHESE, F., DI BELLO, G., CANDELA, O., LINDERMEIER, E., HASCHBERGER, P., TANK, V.,
OERTEL, D., KICK, H., SANTANTONIO, N., MANNARELLA, M., BOGLIOLO, M.P., 2005, Etna 2003 Field
Campaign: Calibration and Validation of Spaceborne and Airborne Instruments for Volcanic
Applications. Quaderni di Geofisica, INGV publication (IN PRESS).
CALTABIANO, T., ROMANO, R. AND BUDETTTA, G., 1994, SO2 Flux measurements at Mt. Etna. J. Geophys. Res.
D6, 12809-12819.
CASADEVALL, T. J. et al., 1987, In Volcanism in Hawaii US Geol. Soc. Prof. Paper 1350, 771-780 (US Geol.
Soc., Washington DC).
CASADEVALL, T.J., 1994, Volcanic ash and aviation safety. US Geological Survey Bulletin 2047, 1–6.
CLOUTIS, E.A., 2002, Pyroxene reflectance spectra: minor absorption bands and effects of elemental substitutions:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, 1-12.
DISTEFANO, G., BUONGIORNO, M. F., HASCHBERGER, P., AMICI, S., LINDERMEIR, E., TANK, V., BADIALI, L. and
PIPPI, I.., 2003: Fire Airbone Spectral Analysis project (FASA) and the development of a calibration
system for the FTIR, Workshop on Airborne Remote Sensing for Geophysical and Environmental
Applications April, 14 2003 Rome.
DUUTON E.G., CHRISTY J.R., 1992. Solar radiative forcing at selected locations and evidence for global lower
tropospheric cooling following the eruptions of El Chichon and Pinatubo. Geophys Res Lett 19, 2313-
2316
FRANCIS, P., BURTON, M.R. and OPPENHEIMER, C., 1998, Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions
by solar occultation spectroscopy. Nature 396, 567-570
GERLACH, T. M., GRAEBER, E. J., 1985, Volatile budget of Kilauea volcano. Nature 313, 273-277.
GILLESPIE, A., ROKUGAVA, S., MATSUNAGA, T., COTHERN, J.S., HOOK, S. AND KAHLE, A.,1998, A temperature
and emissivity separation algorithm for advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer
(ASTER) images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing, 36(4), 1113-1126.
HALMER, M.M., SCHMINCKE, H.U. AND GRAF, H.F., 2002, The annual volcanic gas input into the atmosphere, in
particular into the stratosphere: a global data set for the past 100 years. J. of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 115, 511-528.
HORROCKS, L.A., OPPENHEIMER, C., BURTON, M.R., DUFFELL, H.J., DAVIES, N.M., MARTIN, N.A. and BELL, W.,
2001, Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of SO2: An empirical error budget analysis,
with implications for volcano monitoring, J. Geophys. Res., 106, D21, 27647-27659.
HUNT, G.R., 1980, Electromagnetic radiation: the communication link in Remote sensing, in: B.S. Siegal and
A.R. Gillespie, rds., Remote sensing in Geology, Wiley & Sons, New York, 5-45.
JOHNSON, J.R., CHRISTENSEN, P.R. and LUCEY, p.g., 2002, Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for
thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107, E6, 163-182.
KING, T.V.V., and RIDLEY, W.L., 1987, Relation of the spectroscopic reflectance of olivine to mineral chemistry
and some remote sensing implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 11457-11469.
KORB, A.R., DYBWAD, P., WADSWORTH, W. and SALISBURY, J.W., 1996, Portable Fourier transform infrared
spectroradiometer for field measurements of radiance and emissivity, Applied Optics, Vol. 35,.N. 10,
1679-1692.
KRUEGER, A.J., 1983, Sighting of El Chichon sulphur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping
spectrometer. Science 220, 1377– 1379.
KRUEGER, AJ, WALTER, LS, SCHNETZLER, CC and DOIRON, SD, 1990, TOMS measurement of the sulphur
dioxide emitted during the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruptions. J Volcan. Geotherm Res 41:7-15
LACIS, A., HANSEN, J. and SATO, M., 1992, Climate forcing by stratospheric aerosols. Geophysical Research
Letters 19, 1607– 1610.
LINDERMEIR, E., HASCHBERGER, P., TANK, V. and DIETI, H., 1992, Calibration of a Fourier transform
spectrometer using three black body sources. Applied Optics, Vol. 31, N. 22, 4527-4533.
MALINCONICO JR., L.l ., 1979, Fluctuations in SO2 emission during recent eruptions of Etna. Nature 278, 43–45.
MALINCONICO JR L .L., 1987, On the variation of SO2 emission from volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 33: 231-237.
OERTEL, D., BRIESS, K., HALLE, W., NEIDHARDT, M., LORENZ, E., SANDAU, R., SCHRANDT, F., SKRBEK, W.,
VENUS, H., WALTER, I., ZENDER, B., ZHUKOV, B., GOLDAMMER, J.G., HELD, A.C., HILLE, M.,
BRUEGGEMANN, h., 2003, Airborne forest fire mapping with an adaptive infrared sensor. International
Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 24, 3663 – 3682.
PUGNAGHI, S., TEGGI, S., CORRADINI, S., BUONGIORNO, M.F., MERUCCI, L., BOGLIOLO, M.P., 2002, Estimation of
SO 2 abundance in the eruption plume of Mt. Etna using two MIVIS thermal infrared channels: a case
study from the Sicily-1997 Campaign. Bull Volcanol 64, 328-337.
RAMSEY, M.S., and CHRISTENSENS, P.R., 1998, Minela abundance determination: Quantitative deconvolution of
thermal emission spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 577-596.
REALMUTO, V.J., 1990, Separating the effects of temperature and emissivity: emissivity spectrum
normalization. 2nd thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) workshop. In: Abbot EA (ed)
Proceedings of the Second TIMS Workshop. JPL Publication 90-55, Pasadena, 310-316.
REALMUTO, V.J., ABRAMS, M.J., BUONGIORNO, m.f. and PIERI, d.c., 1994, The use of multispectral thermal
infrared image data to estimate the sulphur dioxide flux from volcanoes: a case study from Mount Etna,
Sicily, July 29, 1986. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (B1), 481– 488.
REVERCOMB, H. E., H. BUIJS, H. B. HOWELL, D. D. LAPORTE, W. L. SMITH, and L. A. SROMOVSKY, 1988
Radiometric calibration of IR Fourier transform spectrometers: solution to a problem with the High-
Resolution Interferometer Sounder. Appl. Opt., 27, 3210-3218
ROSE W.I., 1977, Scavenging of volcanic aerosol by ash: atmospheric and volcanological implications.
Geology 5:621–624.
SALVAGGIO, C, and MILLER, C.J., 2001, Comparison of field and laboratory collected midwave and longwave
infrared emissivity spectra / data reduction techniques. SPIE, Image Exploitation and Target Recognition,
Algorithms for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery VII, Volume 4381, 549-558.
STRAUB, D.W., BURNS, R.G., and PRATT, S.F., 1991, Spectral signature of oxidized pyroxenes: implications to
remote sensing of terrestrial planets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 18819-18830.
TEGGI, S., BOGLIOLO, M.P., BUONGIORNO, M.F., PUGNAGHI, S. and STERNI, A., 1999, Evaluation of SO2 emission
from Mount Etna diurnal and nocturnal multispectral IR and visible imaging spectrometer thermal IR
remote sensing images and radiative transfer models. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (B9), 20069-
20079.
TONOOKA, H., SAKUMA, F., KUDOH, M AND IWAFUNE, K, 2004, ASTER/TIR onboard calibration status and
user-based recalibration. Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5234, 191-198.
URAI, M., 2004, Sulphur dioxide flux estimation from volcanoes using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer—a case study of Miyakejima volcano, Japan.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 134, 1-13.
WATSON, I.M., REALMUTO, V.J., ROSE, W.I., PRATA, A.J., BLUTH, G.J.S., GU, Y., BADER, C.E. and YU, T., 2004,
Thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic emissions using the moderate resolution imaging
spectroradiometer. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 135 75–89.
YAMAGUCHI, Y., KAHLE, A.B., TSU, H., KAWAKAMI, T. and PNIEL, M., 1998, Overview of Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing 36 (4), 1062–1071.
at: http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/documents/documents.htm (accessed January 2005).
ANDERSON, G.P., KNEIZYS, F.X., CHETWYND, J.H., WANG, J., HOKE, M.L., RITHMAN, L.S., KIMBALL, L.M.,
MCCLATCHEY, R.A., SHETTLE, E.P., CLOUGHT, S.A., GALLERY, W.O., ABREU, L.W., SELBY, J.E., 1995, A.,
\FAS-CODE/MODTRAN/LOWTRAN: Past/Present/Future", 18 th Annual Review Conference on
Atmospheric Transimission Models, 6-8 June, 1995.
ANDRES, R.J., and KASGNOC A.D., 1998, A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulphur emissions. Journal
of Geophysical Research 103 (D19), 25251-25261.
BARNET, C.D., BLAISDELL, J.M., SUSSKIND, J., 2000, Practical method for rapid and accurate computation of
interferometric spectra for remote sensing applications. IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38,
169-183.
BEER, R., GLAVICH, T.A., and RIDER, D.M., 2001, Tropospheric emission spectrometer for the Earth Observing
Systems Aura satellite, Appl. Opt. 40, 2356-2367.
BERK, A., BERNSTEIN, L.S., and ROBERTSON, D.C., 1989, MODTRAN: a moderate resolution model for
Lowtran 7. GL-TR-89-0122, AFG Lab., Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731-5000, USA.
BUONGIORNO, M.F., ROMEO, G., DI STEFANO, G., PIPPI, I., 2001, Test aereo per la simulazione e validazione dei
dati del MS-FS (Main-Sensor Fourier Spectrometer) del sistema FOCUS (ISS external payload)
mediante adattamento del sensore MIROR (del DLR) su piattaforma aerea. Workshop Nazionale ASI
:La Scienza e la Tecnologia sulla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale (ISS) Torino.
BUONGIORNO, M.F., MUSACCHIO, M., MERUCCI, L., SPINETTI, C, AMICI, S., COLINI, L., LOMBARDO, V., DOUMAZ,
F., DI STEFANO, G., PANNACCIONE APA, M.I., CALTABIANO, T., BURTON, M., SALERNO, G., BRUNO, N.,
LONGO, V., MURÈ, F., BEHNCKE, B., NERI, M, GIAMMANCO, S., BADALAMENTI, B., DI LIBERTO, I.S., LOTTA,
M., MADONIA., P., PUGNAGLI, S., CORRADINI, S., REMITTI, M., GUERRIERI, L., LOMBROSO, L., BOCCOLARI,
M., TEGGI, S., GOBBI, G.P., BARNABA, F., SGAVETTI, M., POMPILIO, L., TRAMUTOLI, V., LANORTE, V.,
PERGOLA, N., MARCHESE, F., DI BELLO, G., CANDELA, O., LINDERMEIER, E., HASCHBERGER, P., TANK, V.,
OERTEL, D., KICK, H., SANTANTONIO, N., MANNARELLA, M., BOGLIOLO, M.P., 2005, Etna 2003 Field
Campaign: Calibration and Validation of Spaceborne and Airborne Instruments for Volcanic
Applications. Quaderni di Geofisica, INGV publication (IN PRESS).
CALTABIANO, T., ROMANO, R. AND BUDETTTA, G., 1994, SO2 Flux measurements at Mt. Etna. J. Geophys. Res.
D6, 12809-12819.
CASADEVALL, T. J. et al., 1987, In Volcanism in Hawaii US Geol. Soc. Prof. Paper 1350, 771-780 (US Geol.
Soc., Washington DC).
CASADEVALL, T.J., 1994, Volcanic ash and aviation safety. US Geological Survey Bulletin 2047, 1–6.
CLOUTIS, E.A., 2002, Pyroxene reflectance spectra: minor absorption bands and effects of elemental substitutions:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, 1-12.
DISTEFANO, G., BUONGIORNO, M. F., HASCHBERGER, P., AMICI, S., LINDERMEIR, E., TANK, V., BADIALI, L. and
PIPPI, I.., 2003: Fire Airbone Spectral Analysis project (FASA) and the development of a calibration
system for the FTIR, Workshop on Airborne Remote Sensing for Geophysical and Environmental
Applications April, 14 2003 Rome.
DUUTON E.G., CHRISTY J.R., 1992. Solar radiative forcing at selected locations and evidence for global lower
tropospheric cooling following the eruptions of El Chichon and Pinatubo. Geophys Res Lett 19, 2313-
2316
FRANCIS, P., BURTON, M.R. and OPPENHEIMER, C., 1998, Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions
by solar occultation spectroscopy. Nature 396, 567-570
GERLACH, T. M., GRAEBER, E. J., 1985, Volatile budget of Kilauea volcano. Nature 313, 273-277.
GILLESPIE, A., ROKUGAVA, S., MATSUNAGA, T., COTHERN, J.S., HOOK, S. AND KAHLE, A.,1998, A temperature
and emissivity separation algorithm for advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer
(ASTER) images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing, 36(4), 1113-1126.
HALMER, M.M., SCHMINCKE, H.U. AND GRAF, H.F., 2002, The annual volcanic gas input into the atmosphere, in
particular into the stratosphere: a global data set for the past 100 years. J. of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 115, 511-528.
HORROCKS, L.A., OPPENHEIMER, C., BURTON, M.R., DUFFELL, H.J., DAVIES, N.M., MARTIN, N.A. and BELL, W.,
2001, Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of SO2: An empirical error budget analysis,
with implications for volcano monitoring, J. Geophys. Res., 106, D21, 27647-27659.
HUNT, G.R., 1980, Electromagnetic radiation: the communication link in Remote sensing, in: B.S. Siegal and
A.R. Gillespie, rds., Remote sensing in Geology, Wiley & Sons, New York, 5-45.
JOHNSON, J.R., CHRISTENSEN, P.R. and LUCEY, p.g., 2002, Dust coatings on basaltic rocks and implications for
thermal infrared spectroscopy of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107, E6, 163-182.
KING, T.V.V., and RIDLEY, W.L., 1987, Relation of the spectroscopic reflectance of olivine to mineral chemistry
and some remote sensing implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 11457-11469.
KORB, A.R., DYBWAD, P., WADSWORTH, W. and SALISBURY, J.W., 1996, Portable Fourier transform infrared
spectroradiometer for field measurements of radiance and emissivity, Applied Optics, Vol. 35,.N. 10,
1679-1692.
KRUEGER, A.J., 1983, Sighting of El Chichon sulphur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping
spectrometer. Science 220, 1377– 1379.
KRUEGER, AJ, WALTER, LS, SCHNETZLER, CC and DOIRON, SD, 1990, TOMS measurement of the sulphur
dioxide emitted during the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruptions. J Volcan. Geotherm Res 41:7-15
LACIS, A., HANSEN, J. and SATO, M., 1992, Climate forcing by stratospheric aerosols. Geophysical Research
Letters 19, 1607– 1610.
LINDERMEIR, E., HASCHBERGER, P., TANK, V. and DIETI, H., 1992, Calibration of a Fourier transform
spectrometer using three black body sources. Applied Optics, Vol. 31, N. 22, 4527-4533.
MALINCONICO JR., L.l ., 1979, Fluctuations in SO2 emission during recent eruptions of Etna. Nature 278, 43–45.
MALINCONICO JR L .L., 1987, On the variation of SO2 emission from volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 33: 231-237.
OERTEL, D., BRIESS, K., HALLE, W., NEIDHARDT, M., LORENZ, E., SANDAU, R., SCHRANDT, F., SKRBEK, W.,
VENUS, H., WALTER, I., ZENDER, B., ZHUKOV, B., GOLDAMMER, J.G., HELD, A.C., HILLE, M.,
BRUEGGEMANN, h., 2003, Airborne forest fire mapping with an adaptive infrared sensor. International
Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 24, 3663 – 3682.
PUGNAGHI, S., TEGGI, S., CORRADINI, S., BUONGIORNO, M.F., MERUCCI, L., BOGLIOLO, M.P., 2002, Estimation of
SO 2 abundance in the eruption plume of Mt. Etna using two MIVIS thermal infrared channels: a case
study from the Sicily-1997 Campaign. Bull Volcanol 64, 328-337.
RAMSEY, M.S., and CHRISTENSENS, P.R., 1998, Minela abundance determination: Quantitative deconvolution of
thermal emission spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 577-596.
REALMUTO, V.J., 1990, Separating the effects of temperature and emissivity: emissivity spectrum
normalization. 2nd thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) workshop. In: Abbot EA (ed)
Proceedings of the Second TIMS Workshop. JPL Publication 90-55, Pasadena, 310-316.
REALMUTO, V.J., ABRAMS, M.J., BUONGIORNO, m.f. and PIERI, d.c., 1994, The use of multispectral thermal
infrared image data to estimate the sulphur dioxide flux from volcanoes: a case study from Mount Etna,
Sicily, July 29, 1986. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (B1), 481– 488.
REVERCOMB, H. E., H. BUIJS, H. B. HOWELL, D. D. LAPORTE, W. L. SMITH, and L. A. SROMOVSKY, 1988
Radiometric calibration of IR Fourier transform spectrometers: solution to a problem with the High-
Resolution Interferometer Sounder. Appl. Opt., 27, 3210-3218
ROSE W.I., 1977, Scavenging of volcanic aerosol by ash: atmospheric and volcanological implications.
Geology 5:621–624.
SALVAGGIO, C, and MILLER, C.J., 2001, Comparison of field and laboratory collected midwave and longwave
infrared emissivity spectra / data reduction techniques. SPIE, Image Exploitation and Target Recognition,
Algorithms for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery VII, Volume 4381, 549-558.
STRAUB, D.W., BURNS, R.G., and PRATT, S.F., 1991, Spectral signature of oxidized pyroxenes: implications to
remote sensing of terrestrial planets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 18819-18830.
TEGGI, S., BOGLIOLO, M.P., BUONGIORNO, M.F., PUGNAGHI, S. and STERNI, A., 1999, Evaluation of SO2 emission
from Mount Etna diurnal and nocturnal multispectral IR and visible imaging spectrometer thermal IR
remote sensing images and radiative transfer models. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (B9), 20069-
20079.
TONOOKA, H., SAKUMA, F., KUDOH, M AND IWAFUNE, K, 2004, ASTER/TIR onboard calibration status and
user-based recalibration. Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5234, 191-198.
URAI, M., 2004, Sulphur dioxide flux estimation from volcanoes using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer—a case study of Miyakejima volcano, Japan.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 134, 1-13.
WATSON, I.M., REALMUTO, V.J., ROSE, W.I., PRATA, A.J., BLUTH, G.J.S., GU, Y., BADER, C.E. and YU, T., 2004,
Thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic emissions using the moderate resolution imaging
spectroradiometer. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 135 75–89.
YAMAGUCHI, Y., KAHLE, A.B., TSU, H., KAWAKAMI, T. and PNIEL, M., 1998, Overview of Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing 36 (4), 1062–1071.
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