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Observations of Mt. Etna volcanic ash plumes in 2006: an integrated approach from ground-based and polar satellite NOAA-AVHRR monitoring system
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
/180 (2009)
ISSN
0377-0273
Electronic ISSN
1872-6097
Publisher
Elsevier Science Limited
Pages (printed)
135–147
Issued date
2009
Abstract
Mt. Etna, in Sicily (Italy), is one of the world’s most frequent emitters of volcanic plumes. During the last ten years, Etna has produced copious tephra emission and fallout that have damaged the inhabited and cultivated areas on its slopes and created serious hazards to air traffic. Recurrent closures of the Catania International airport have often been necessary, causing great losses to the local economy. Recently, frequent episodes of ash emission, lasting from a few hours to days, occurred from July to December 2006, necessitating a look at additional monitoring techniques, such as remote sensing. The combination of a ground monitoring system, with polar satellite data represents a novel approach to monitor Etna’s eruptive activity and makes Etna one of the few volcanoes for which this surveillance combination is routinely available.
In this work, ash emission information derived from an integrated approach, based on comparing ground and NOAA-AVHRR polar satellite observations, is presented. This approach permits us to define the utility of real time satellite monitoring systems for both sporadic and continuous ash emissions. Using field data (visible observations, collection of tephra samples and accounts by local inhabitants), the duration and intensity of most of the tephra fallout events were evaluated in detail and, in some cases, the order of magnitude of the erupted volume was estimated. The ground data vs. satellite data comparison allowed us to define five different categories of Etna volcanic plumes according to their extension and length, while taking into account plume height and wind intensity. Using frequent and good quality satellite data in real time, this classification scheme could prove helpful for investigations into a possible correlation between eruptive intensity and the presence and concentration of ash in the volcanic plume. The development and improvement of this approach may constitute a powerful warning system for Civil Protection, thus preventing unnecessary airport closures.
In this work, ash emission information derived from an integrated approach, based on comparing ground and NOAA-AVHRR polar satellite observations, is presented. This approach permits us to define the utility of real time satellite monitoring systems for both sporadic and continuous ash emissions. Using field data (visible observations, collection of tephra samples and accounts by local inhabitants), the duration and intensity of most of the tephra fallout events were evaluated in detail and, in some cases, the order of magnitude of the erupted volume was estimated. The ground data vs. satellite data comparison allowed us to define five different categories of Etna volcanic plumes according to their extension and length, while taking into account plume height and wind intensity. Using frequent and good quality satellite data in real time, this classification scheme could prove helpful for investigations into a possible correlation between eruptive intensity and the presence and concentration of ash in the volcanic plume. The development and improvement of this approach may constitute a powerful warning system for Civil Protection, thus preventing unnecessary airport closures.
Sponsors
FIRB B5 Italian project “Sviluppo Nuove Tecnologie per la Protezione e Difesa del Territorio dai Rischi Naturali” funded by MIUR
References
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Alparone, S., Andronico, D., Lodato, L., Sgroi, T., 2003. Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000. J. Geophys. Res. 108(B5), 2241, doi:10.1029/2002JB001866.
Alparone, S., Andronico, D., Sgroi, T., Ferrari, F., Lodato, L., Reitano, D., 2007. Alert System to Mitigate Tephra Fallout Hazards at Mt. Etna Volcano, Italy. Natural Hazards 43: 333-350.
Andò, B., Pecora, E., 2006. An advanced video-based system for monitoring active volcanoes. Computers & Geosciences 32 (1): 85-91.
Andronico, D., A. Cristaldi, Del Carlo, P., Taddeucci, J., 2003. Monitoring the ashes from the 2002-2003 flank eruption of Mount Etna (Italy). EAE03-A-06783, EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly abstract.
Andronico, D., Branca, S., Calvari, S., Burton, M.R., Caltabiano, T., Corsaro, R.A., Del Carlo, P., Garfì, G., Lodato, L., Miraglia, L., Murè, F., Neri, M., Pecora, E., Pompilio, M., Salerno, G., Spampinato, L., 2005. A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: Insights for a complex plumbing system. Bull. Volcanol. 67: 314-330.
Andronico, D., Scollo, S., 2006. Attività esplosiva al Cratere di SE - 8 novembre. Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/WKRVGCEN20061108.pdf.
Andronico, D., Spinetti, C., Cristaldi, A., Buongiorno, M. F., 2007a. Mt. Etna ash plume during 2006 eruptions: integrated approach from satellite remote sensing and ground-based monitoring system. EGU2007-A-09585 Session GMPV7, EGU Conference abstract.
Andronico, D., Scollo, S., Cristaldi, A., Ferrari, F., 2007b. Monitoring the ash emission episodes at Mt. Etna: the 16 November 2006 case study, this volume.
Branca, S., Consoli S., 2006. Rapporto eruzione Etna (15 Luglio 2006, aggiornamento ore 05:00 locali). Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/WKRVG20060715.pdf.
Branca, S., Polacci, M., 2006. Aggiornamento attività eruttiva dell’Etna (04 Ottobre 2006, ore 14:00 locali). Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/WKRVGREP20061004_1400.pdf.
Bruno, N., Caltabiano, T., Giammanco, S., Romano, R., 2001. Degassing of SO2 and CO2 at Mount Etna (Sicily) as indicator of pre-eruptive ascent and shallow emplacement of magma. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 110:137-153.
Casadevall, T., J. (ed.), 1994. Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2047: 450.
Calvari, S., 2006. Comunicato Etna del 26 ottobre 2006 aggiornamento alle ore 10:00. Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/20061026-1000.pdf.
Calvari, S., Lodato, L., 2006. Aggiornamento dell’attività eruttiva dell’Etna al 5 settembre 2006 – ore 9:30. Internal report n° UFVG2006/103 at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/20060905-0930.pdf.
Cristaldi, A., Scollo, S., 2006. Rapporto sull’emissione di cenere all’Etna nei giorni 29 e 31 ottobre 2006. Internal report n. UFVG2006/128 at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/rptvgcenere20061102.pdf.
FAA (U.S.A.) Aviation Weather Directorate, 2001. User Needs Analysis Document: Volcanic Activity. Version 1.0, 5 Sept 2001.
Gary, D., 2007. History of the NOAA satellite program. J. Appl. Rem. Sens. 1 (012504).
Filizzola C., Lacava T., Marchese F., Pergola N., Scaffidi, I., Tramutoli, V., 2007. Assessing RAT (Robust AVHRR Techniques) performances for volcanic ash cloud detection and monitoring in near real-time: The 2002 eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy). Rem. Sens. Environ. 107: 440–454.
Fiocco, G., Fuà, D., Visconti G., 1994. The Mount Pinatubo Eruption Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate. NATO ASI Series. Series 1: Global Environmental Change 42.
Francis, P., Rothery, D., 2000. Remote Sensing of active volcanoes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 81-106. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.81.
Hufford, G. L., Salinas, L. J., Simpson, J. J., Barske, E. G., Pieri, D. C., 2000. Operational implications or airborne volcanic ash. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 81 (4):745−755.
Haulet, R., Zettwoog, P., Sabroux, P.C., 1977. Sulphur dioxide discharge from Mount Etna. Nature. 268: 715-717.
Holasek, R. E., Self, S., Woods, A. W., 1996. Satellite observations and interpretation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption plumes. J. Geophys. Res. 101: 27635-27665.
ICAO, 2004. International Civil Aviation Organisation International Handbook on the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) - Operational procedures and contact list. ICAO Document 9766-AN/968, Second Edition-2004.
INGV-Staff, Sezione di Catania, 2001. Multidisciplinary Approach Yields Insight into Mt. Etna 2001 Eruption. EOS Trans. AGU, 82 (52): 653-656.
Matsushima, N., Shinohara, H., 2006. Visible and invisible plumes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L24309, doi:10.1029/2006GL026506.
Miller, T. P., Casadevall, T. J., 2000. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation. In: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Sigurdsson, H. (ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 915-930.
NOAA, 2000. NOAA KLM User's Guide. Available at http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/intro.htm.
Norini, G., De Beni, E., Andronico, D., Polacci, M., Burton, M., Zucca, F., 2008. The 16 November 2006 flank collapse of South-East Crater at Mount Etna, Italy: study of the deposit and hazard assessment. J. Geophys. Res., in revision.
Pergola, N., Tramutoli, V., Marchese, F., Scaffidi, I., Lacava, T., 2004. Improving volcanic ash cloud detection by a robust satellite technique. Rem. Sens. Environ. 90: 1−22.
Pieri, D., Ma, C., Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Grindle, T., Grove, C., 2002. Analyses of in-situ airborne volcanic ash from the February 2000 eruption of Hekla Volcano, Iceland. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29: 19-1−19-4.
Prata, A. J., 1989a. Observations of volcanic ash clouds in the 10–12 μm window using AVHRR/2 data. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 10 (4-5): 751-761.
Prata, A. J., 1989b. Infrared Radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (11): 1293-1296.
Prata A. J., Grant, I. F., 2001. Determination of mass loadings and plume 1 heights of volcanic ash clouds from satellite data. CSIRO Atmosph. Res. Tech. Pap. 48, Commonw. Sci. and Ind. res. Organ., Melburne, Victoria, Australia, pp. 39.
Prata, A. J., Bluth, G. J. S., Rose, W. I., Schneider, D. J., Tupper, A. C., 2001. Comments on “Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique”. Rem. Sens. Environ. 78: 341−346.
Schneider, D. J., Rose, W. I., Kelley, L., 1995. Tracking of 1992 eruption clouds from Crater Peak of Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, using AVHRR. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. (Spurr Eruption, edited by T. Keith) 2139: 27−36.
Scollo, S., Del Carlo, P., Coltelli, M., 2007. Tephra fallout of 2001 Etna flank eruption: Analysis of the deposit and plume dispersion. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 160: 147-164.
Self, S., Holasek, R. E., 1995. GOES weather satellite observations and measurements of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens eruption. J. Geophys Res. 100 (B5): 8469–8488.
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., Berg, J. S., 2000. Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique. Remote Sens. Environ. 72: 191−217.
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., Berg, J. S., 2001. Response to “Comments of Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique”. Remote Sens. Environ. 78: 347−357.
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., Servranckx, R., Berg, J., Bauer, C., 2002. The February 2001 eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case study of an aviation hazard. Weath. Forecas. 17: 691−704.
Sparks, R. S. J., Bursik, M., Carey, S., Gilbert, J., Glaze, L., Sigurdsson, H., Woods, A. W., 1997. Volcanic Plume, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., England, pp. 574.
Spinetti C., Buongiorno, M. F., Lombardo V., Merucci, L., 2003. Retrieval Aerosol Optical Thickness of Volcanic Plumes by means of the Airborne Multispectral Image Spectrometer (MIVIS): a case study from Mt. Etna Sicily, June 1997. Annals of Geophysics 6 (2): 439-449.
Spinetti C., Buongiorno M. F., 2007. Volcanic Aerosol Optical Characteristics of Mt. Etna Tropospheric Plume Retrieved by Means of Airborne Multispectral Images. J. Atm. Sol. Ter. Phys. 69 (9): 981-994, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.03.014.
Spinetti, C., Andronico, D., Taddeucci J., Cristaldi, A., Buongiorno, M. F., 2007. Ash plumes at MT. Etna during the 2006 eruption: observations from satellite to microscope. Paper presented at the IUGG Conference, Session VS015.
Spinetti C., Corradini, S., Merucci, L., Silvestri, M., Musacchio, M., Buongiorno, M. F., 2008. Volcanic ash plume at Mt. Etna using polar and geostationary satellite data: the 24 November 2006 eruption event. Paper presented at the IAVCEI Conference, Session VS015.
Tupper A., Kinoshita K., Kanagaki C., Iino N., Kamada Y., 2003. Observations of volcanic cloud heights and ash-atmosphere interactions. Proc of WMO/ICAO Third International Workshop on Volcanic Ash, Toulouse, France, September 29 -October 3, 2003.
Tupper, A., Carn, S., Davey, J., Kamada, Y., Potts, R., Prata, F., 2004. An evaluation of volcanic cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruption in the western ‘Ring of Fire’. Remote Sens. Environ. 91: 27−46.
Tupper, A., Davey, J., Stewart P., Stunder, B., Servranckx, R., Prata, F., 2006. Aircraft encounters with volcanic clouds over Micronesia, Oceania, 2002-03. Australian Meteorological Magazine 55: 289-299.
Young, T. L., 2006. TeraScan 0.46m/0.61m/1.2m/1.5m Polar Satellite Tracking Antenna O&M Manual. Seaspace, January 2006.
Yu, T., Rose, W., Prata, A. J., 2002. Atmospheric correction for satellite-based volcanic ash mapping and retrievals using ‘‘split window’’ IR data from GOES and AVHRR. J. Geophys Res. 107 (16), doi:10.1029/2001JD000706.
Wen, S., Rose, W. I., 1994. Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D3): 5421-5431.
Alparone, S., Andronico, D., Lodato, L., Sgroi, T., 2003. Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000. J. Geophys. Res. 108(B5), 2241, doi:10.1029/2002JB001866.
Alparone, S., Andronico, D., Sgroi, T., Ferrari, F., Lodato, L., Reitano, D., 2007. Alert System to Mitigate Tephra Fallout Hazards at Mt. Etna Volcano, Italy. Natural Hazards 43: 333-350.
Andò, B., Pecora, E., 2006. An advanced video-based system for monitoring active volcanoes. Computers & Geosciences 32 (1): 85-91.
Andronico, D., A. Cristaldi, Del Carlo, P., Taddeucci, J., 2003. Monitoring the ashes from the 2002-2003 flank eruption of Mount Etna (Italy). EAE03-A-06783, EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly abstract.
Andronico, D., Branca, S., Calvari, S., Burton, M.R., Caltabiano, T., Corsaro, R.A., Del Carlo, P., Garfì, G., Lodato, L., Miraglia, L., Murè, F., Neri, M., Pecora, E., Pompilio, M., Salerno, G., Spampinato, L., 2005. A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002–03 Etna eruption: Insights for a complex plumbing system. Bull. Volcanol. 67: 314-330.
Andronico, D., Scollo, S., 2006. Attività esplosiva al Cratere di SE - 8 novembre. Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/WKRVGCEN20061108.pdf.
Andronico, D., Spinetti, C., Cristaldi, A., Buongiorno, M. F., 2007a. Mt. Etna ash plume during 2006 eruptions: integrated approach from satellite remote sensing and ground-based monitoring system. EGU2007-A-09585 Session GMPV7, EGU Conference abstract.
Andronico, D., Scollo, S., Cristaldi, A., Ferrari, F., 2007b. Monitoring the ash emission episodes at Mt. Etna: the 16 November 2006 case study, this volume.
Branca, S., Consoli S., 2006. Rapporto eruzione Etna (15 Luglio 2006, aggiornamento ore 05:00 locali). Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/WKRVG20060715.pdf.
Branca, S., Polacci, M., 2006. Aggiornamento attività eruttiva dell’Etna (04 Ottobre 2006, ore 14:00 locali). Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/WKRVGREP20061004_1400.pdf.
Bruno, N., Caltabiano, T., Giammanco, S., Romano, R., 2001. Degassing of SO2 and CO2 at Mount Etna (Sicily) as indicator of pre-eruptive ascent and shallow emplacement of magma. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 110:137-153.
Casadevall, T., J. (ed.), 1994. Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2047: 450.
Calvari, S., 2006. Comunicato Etna del 26 ottobre 2006 aggiornamento alle ore 10:00. Internal report at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/20061026-1000.pdf.
Calvari, S., Lodato, L., 2006. Aggiornamento dell’attività eruttiva dell’Etna al 5 settembre 2006 – ore 9:30. Internal report n° UFVG2006/103 at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/20060905-0930.pdf.
Cristaldi, A., Scollo, S., 2006. Rapporto sull’emissione di cenere all’Etna nei giorni 29 e 31 ottobre 2006. Internal report n. UFVG2006/128 at http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/rptvgcenere20061102.pdf.
FAA (U.S.A.) Aviation Weather Directorate, 2001. User Needs Analysis Document: Volcanic Activity. Version 1.0, 5 Sept 2001.
Gary, D., 2007. History of the NOAA satellite program. J. Appl. Rem. Sens. 1 (012504).
Filizzola C., Lacava T., Marchese F., Pergola N., Scaffidi, I., Tramutoli, V., 2007. Assessing RAT (Robust AVHRR Techniques) performances for volcanic ash cloud detection and monitoring in near real-time: The 2002 eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy). Rem. Sens. Environ. 107: 440–454.
Fiocco, G., Fuà, D., Visconti G., 1994. The Mount Pinatubo Eruption Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate. NATO ASI Series. Series 1: Global Environmental Change 42.
Francis, P., Rothery, D., 2000. Remote Sensing of active volcanoes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 81-106. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.81.
Hufford, G. L., Salinas, L. J., Simpson, J. J., Barske, E. G., Pieri, D. C., 2000. Operational implications or airborne volcanic ash. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 81 (4):745−755.
Haulet, R., Zettwoog, P., Sabroux, P.C., 1977. Sulphur dioxide discharge from Mount Etna. Nature. 268: 715-717.
Holasek, R. E., Self, S., Woods, A. W., 1996. Satellite observations and interpretation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption plumes. J. Geophys. Res. 101: 27635-27665.
ICAO, 2004. International Civil Aviation Organisation International Handbook on the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) - Operational procedures and contact list. ICAO Document 9766-AN/968, Second Edition-2004.
INGV-Staff, Sezione di Catania, 2001. Multidisciplinary Approach Yields Insight into Mt. Etna 2001 Eruption. EOS Trans. AGU, 82 (52): 653-656.
Matsushima, N., Shinohara, H., 2006. Visible and invisible plumes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L24309, doi:10.1029/2006GL026506.
Miller, T. P., Casadevall, T. J., 2000. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation. In: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Sigurdsson, H. (ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 915-930.
NOAA, 2000. NOAA KLM User's Guide. Available at http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/intro.htm.
Norini, G., De Beni, E., Andronico, D., Polacci, M., Burton, M., Zucca, F., 2008. The 16 November 2006 flank collapse of South-East Crater at Mount Etna, Italy: study of the deposit and hazard assessment. J. Geophys. Res., in revision.
Pergola, N., Tramutoli, V., Marchese, F., Scaffidi, I., Lacava, T., 2004. Improving volcanic ash cloud detection by a robust satellite technique. Rem. Sens. Environ. 90: 1−22.
Pieri, D., Ma, C., Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Grindle, T., Grove, C., 2002. Analyses of in-situ airborne volcanic ash from the February 2000 eruption of Hekla Volcano, Iceland. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29: 19-1−19-4.
Prata, A. J., 1989a. Observations of volcanic ash clouds in the 10–12 μm window using AVHRR/2 data. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 10 (4-5): 751-761.
Prata, A. J., 1989b. Infrared Radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (11): 1293-1296.
Prata A. J., Grant, I. F., 2001. Determination of mass loadings and plume 1 heights of volcanic ash clouds from satellite data. CSIRO Atmosph. Res. Tech. Pap. 48, Commonw. Sci. and Ind. res. Organ., Melburne, Victoria, Australia, pp. 39.
Prata, A. J., Bluth, G. J. S., Rose, W. I., Schneider, D. J., Tupper, A. C., 2001. Comments on “Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique”. Rem. Sens. Environ. 78: 341−346.
Schneider, D. J., Rose, W. I., Kelley, L., 1995. Tracking of 1992 eruption clouds from Crater Peak of Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, using AVHRR. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. (Spurr Eruption, edited by T. Keith) 2139: 27−36.
Scollo, S., Del Carlo, P., Coltelli, M., 2007. Tephra fallout of 2001 Etna flank eruption: Analysis of the deposit and plume dispersion. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 160: 147-164.
Self, S., Holasek, R. E., 1995. GOES weather satellite observations and measurements of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens eruption. J. Geophys Res. 100 (B5): 8469–8488.
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., Berg, J. S., 2000. Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique. Remote Sens. Environ. 72: 191−217.
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., Berg, J. S., 2001. Response to “Comments of Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique”. Remote Sens. Environ. 78: 347−357.
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., Servranckx, R., Berg, J., Bauer, C., 2002. The February 2001 eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case study of an aviation hazard. Weath. Forecas. 17: 691−704.
Sparks, R. S. J., Bursik, M., Carey, S., Gilbert, J., Glaze, L., Sigurdsson, H., Woods, A. W., 1997. Volcanic Plume, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., England, pp. 574.
Spinetti C., Buongiorno, M. F., Lombardo V., Merucci, L., 2003. Retrieval Aerosol Optical Thickness of Volcanic Plumes by means of the Airborne Multispectral Image Spectrometer (MIVIS): a case study from Mt. Etna Sicily, June 1997. Annals of Geophysics 6 (2): 439-449.
Spinetti C., Buongiorno M. F., 2007. Volcanic Aerosol Optical Characteristics of Mt. Etna Tropospheric Plume Retrieved by Means of Airborne Multispectral Images. J. Atm. Sol. Ter. Phys. 69 (9): 981-994, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.03.014.
Spinetti, C., Andronico, D., Taddeucci J., Cristaldi, A., Buongiorno, M. F., 2007. Ash plumes at MT. Etna during the 2006 eruption: observations from satellite to microscope. Paper presented at the IUGG Conference, Session VS015.
Spinetti C., Corradini, S., Merucci, L., Silvestri, M., Musacchio, M., Buongiorno, M. F., 2008. Volcanic ash plume at Mt. Etna using polar and geostationary satellite data: the 24 November 2006 eruption event. Paper presented at the IAVCEI Conference, Session VS015.
Tupper A., Kinoshita K., Kanagaki C., Iino N., Kamada Y., 2003. Observations of volcanic cloud heights and ash-atmosphere interactions. Proc of WMO/ICAO Third International Workshop on Volcanic Ash, Toulouse, France, September 29 -October 3, 2003.
Tupper, A., Carn, S., Davey, J., Kamada, Y., Potts, R., Prata, F., 2004. An evaluation of volcanic cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruption in the western ‘Ring of Fire’. Remote Sens. Environ. 91: 27−46.
Tupper, A., Davey, J., Stewart P., Stunder, B., Servranckx, R., Prata, F., 2006. Aircraft encounters with volcanic clouds over Micronesia, Oceania, 2002-03. Australian Meteorological Magazine 55: 289-299.
Young, T. L., 2006. TeraScan 0.46m/0.61m/1.2m/1.5m Polar Satellite Tracking Antenna O&M Manual. Seaspace, January 2006.
Yu, T., Rose, W., Prata, A. J., 2002. Atmospheric correction for satellite-based volcanic ash mapping and retrievals using ‘‘split window’’ IR data from GOES and AVHRR. J. Geophys Res. 107 (16), doi:10.1029/2001JD000706.
Wen, S., Rose, W. I., 1994. Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (D3): 5421-5431.
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