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SINTA - SImulations of climate chaNge in the mediTerranean Area - Final scientific report
Author(s)
Sponsors
INGV
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
Status
Unpublished
Peer review journal
No
Issued date
October 2008
Keywords
Abstract
This SINTA Project establish a scientific cooperation
between the Italian Scientific Institution INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) and the Serbian Scientific Institutions such as the Republic HydroMeteorological Service (RHMSS) and the University of Belgrade (UB). INGV contributes the global models, University of Belgrade and RHMSS contribute their expertise on regional models, parameterization ofphysical processes and numerical schemes. In particular, the main objectives of this Project are:
1) Perform a set of global simulations with a Global Climate Model (GCM) available at INGV;
2) Perform a set of regional simulations with the UB Regional Climate Model (RCM) forced by boundary conditions from the GCM simulations;
3) Test the convection parameterization developed at UB in the INGV global model;
4) Training and visit exchanges of Serbian scientists in Italy.
between the Italian Scientific Institution INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) and the Serbian Scientific Institutions such as the Republic HydroMeteorological Service (RHMSS) and the University of Belgrade (UB). INGV contributes the global models, University of Belgrade and RHMSS contribute their expertise on regional models, parameterization ofphysical processes and numerical schemes. In particular, the main objectives of this Project are:
1) Perform a set of global simulations with a Global Climate Model (GCM) available at INGV;
2) Perform a set of regional simulations with the UB Regional Climate Model (RCM) forced by boundary conditions from the GCM simulations;
3) Test the convection parameterization developed at UB in the INGV global model;
4) Training and visit exchanges of Serbian scientists in Italy.
References
Arakawa, A., and V. Lamb (1977), Computational design of the basic dynamical processes
of the UCLA general circulation model. in Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 17, pp.
174–265, Academic Press.
Baldwin, M.E., and T.L. Black, 1996: Precipitation forecasting experiments in the western
U.S. with NCEP's mesoscale Eta model. Preprints, 11th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS,
Norfolk, VA. Aug, 1996
Behera S.K., J.J. Luo JJ, S. Masson, P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, A. Navarra, T. Yamagata,
2005: Paramount impact of the Indian Ocean dipole on the East African short rains: A
CGCM study. {\it J. of Clim.}, {\bf 18}, 4514--4530.
Betts, A.K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and
theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-691.
Betts, A.K., and M.J. Miller, 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single
column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, and arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 112, 693-709.
Blanke B., P. Delecluse, 1993: Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean
simulated by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics. {\it J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
{\bf 23}, 1363--1388.
Blanke B., P. Delecluse, 1993: Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean
simulated by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics. {\it J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
{\bf 23}, 1363--1388.
Blumberg, A., and G. Mellor (1987), Description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean
circulation model., in Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, 4, edited by N. Heaps, p.
208p, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Brasseur, P., Brankart, J-M., Shomnenauen, R. and Beckers, J-M, 1996,
Seasonal Temperature and Salinity Fields in the Mediterranean Sea : Climatological
Analyses of an Historical Data Set, 43, deep sea research, 159-192,
Carlos Pérez, Slobodan Ničković, Goran Pejanović , José María Baldasano and Emin
Özsoy ,2006: Interactive dust-radiation modeling: A step to improve weather forecasts
Journal of Geophysical Research,, VOL. 111, D16206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006717, 2006
Ekman AML, Rodhe H (2003) Regional temperature response due to indirect sulfate
aerosol forcing: impact of model resolution. Clim Dynam 21:1–10
Fels, S. B., and M. D. Schwarzkopf (1975), The simplified exchange approximation: A new
method for radiative transfer calculations, J,of the Atm. Sci., 32, 1475–1488.
Giorgi, F., X. Bi , J. S. Pa, 2004:l Mean, interannual variability and trends in a regional
climate change experiment over Europe. I. Present-day climate (1961–1990) Climate
Dynamics (2004) 22: 733–756
Giorgi, F., Xi Xunqiang Bi , Jeremy Pal, 2004: Mean, interannual variability and trends in a
regional climate change experiment over Europe. II: climate change scenarios
(2071–2100), Climate Dynamics (2004) 23: 839–858
Giorgi. F. and M.R. Marimicci. 1996a: An investigation of the sensitivity of simulated
precipitation to model resolution and its implications for climate studies. Man. Wea. rev.,
124, 118-166.
Giorgi F. and M.R. Marinucci, 1996b: Improvements in the simulation of surface climatology
over the European region with a nested modeling system. Geophysical Research Letters,
23. 27:3 276.
Giorgi. F.. 1995: Perspectives for regional earth system modeling. Global and Planetary
Change, 10, 23-42.
Giorgi. F., C. Shields Brodeur. and G.T. Bates. 1994: Regional climate change scenarios
over the United States produced with a nested regional climate model. Journal of Climate,
7, 375-399.
Giorgi. F.. M.R. Marinucci, and G.T. Bates. 1993a: Development of a second generation
regional climate model (REGCM2). Part I: Boundary layer and radiative transfer processes.
Monthly Weather Review, 121. 2794-2813.
Giorgi. F., M.R. Marinucci, G. De Canio and G.T. Bates, 1993b: Development of a second
generation regional climate model (R.EGCM2). Part TT: Cumulus cloud and assimilation of
lateral boundary conditions. Monthly Weather Review. 121, 2811-2832.
Giorgi. F.. and L.O. Mearns, 1991: Approaches to regional climate change simulation: A
review. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 191-216.
Giorgi. F., and M.R. Marimicci. 1991: Validation of a regional atmospheric model over
Europe: Sensitivity of wintertime and summertime simulations to selected physics
parameteriza.tions and lower boundary conditions. Quarterly Journal, of the Royal
Meteorological Society, 117, 1171-1207. 27
Giorgi. F., 1990: On the simulation of regional climate using a limited area modelnested in
a general circulation model. Journal of Climate., 3, 941 963.
Giorgi. F.. M.R. Marinucci, and G. Visconti, 1990: Use of a limited area model nested in a
general circulation model for regional climate simulation over Europe. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 95. 18,413 18.4:31.
Giorgi. F., and G. T. Bates, 1989: On the climatological skill of a regional model over
complex terrain. Monthly Weather Review, 117; 2325-23-17.
Gualdi, S., A. Navarra, E. Guilyardi, and P. Delecluse, 2003a: Assessment of the tropical
Indo-Pacific climate in the SINTEX CGCM, {\it Ann. Geophysics}, {\bf 46}, 1--26.
Gualdi, S., E. Guilyardi, A. Navarra, S. Masina, and P. Delecluse, 2003b: The interannual
variability in the tropical Indian Ocean as simulated by a CGCM. {\it Clim. Dyn.}, {\bf 20},
567--582.
Guilyardi, E., P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, and A. Navarra, 2003: Mechanisms for ENSO phase
change in a coupled GCM, {\it J. of Clim.}, {\bf 16}, 1141--1158.
Huntingford, C., R. G. Jones, C. Prudhomme, R. Lamb and J. H. C. Gash, 2003: Regional
climate model predictions of extreme rainfall for a changing climate. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
129:1607-1621
Janjic, Z. I. (1996), The surface layer parameterization in NCEP Eta model, pp. 4.16–4.17,
WMO, Geneva, CAS/C WGNE, 4.16-4.17.
Janjić, Z.I.,(1994), The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the
convection, viscous sub-layer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122,
927-945
Janjić, Z. I. (1990), Physical package for step-mountain, eta coordinate model., Mon. 272
Wea. Rev., 118, 1429–1443.
Janjić, Z. (1984), Non-linear advection schemes and energy cascade on semistaggered
grids, Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1234–1245.
Janjić, Z. I. (1979), Forward-backward scheme modified to prevent two-grid-interval noise
and its application in sigma coordinate models., Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 52, 69–84.
Janjić, Z. I. (1977), Pressure gradient force and advection scheme used for forecasting
with steep and small scale topography., Contrib. Atmos. Phys.,, 50, 186–199.
Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa. 2006: Global and hemispheric
temperature anomalies--land and marine instrumental records. In Trends: A Compendium
of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Jones RG, Murphy JM, Noguer M, Keen M (1997) Simulation of climate change over
Europe using a nested regional climate model. I: comparison of driving and regional model
responses to a doubling of carbon dioxide. Q J R Meteorol Soc 123:265–292
Kuo, H.-L., 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus
convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.
Kalnay et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77,
437-470, 1996.
Lazić, L., 1993: Eta model forecasts of tropical cyclones from Australian Monsoon
Experiment: The model sensitivity. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 52, 113-127
Luo, J.-J., S. Masson, S. Behera, P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, A. Navarra, and T. Yamagata,
2003: South Pacific origin of the decadal ENSO-like variation as simulated by a coupled
GCM. Geop[hys. Res. Lett., 30, 2250, doi:10.1029/2003GL018649.
Madec, G., P. Delecluse, M. Imbard, and C. Levy, 1999: OPA 8.1 Ocean General
Circulation Model reference manual, Internal Rep. 11, Inst. Pierre--Simon Laplace, Paris,
France.
Masson S., Impact of barrier layer on winter--spring variability of the southeastern Arabian
Sea. {\it Geophys. Res. Lett.}, 32, L07703, doi:10.1029/2004GL021980.
Mesinger, F., 1984: A blocking technique for representation of mountains in atmospheric
models. Riv. Meteor. Aeronaut., 44, 195-202
Mesinger, F., Z. Janjić, S. Nicković, D. Gavrilov, and D. Daven (1988), The step mountain
coordinate: model description and performance for cases of alpine lee cyclogenesis and for
a case of an Appalachian redevelopment, Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1493–1518.
Mellor, G., and T. Yamada (1974), A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for the
planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791–1806.
Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982.), Development of a turbulence closure model for
geophysical problems., Rev. Geophys and Space Phys., 20(4), 851–875.
Mellor, G. L. (Ed.) (2002), Users guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation,
numerical ocean model, Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, NJ 08544-0710.
Mocrette J.J., 1991: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European centre for
medium range weather forecasts forecasting system. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121--9132.
New, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P.D., 1999: Representing twentieth century space-time
climate variability. Part 1: development of a 1961-90 means monthly terrestrial climatology.
Journal of Climate 12, 829-856
New, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P.D., 2000: Representing twentieth century space-time
climate variability. Part 2: development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface
climate. Journal of Climate 13, 2217-2238
New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. and Makin, I., 2002: A high-resolution data set of surface
climate over global land areas. Climate Research 21
Nordeng T.E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parametrization scheme at
ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the Tropics.
ECMWF Research Department, Technical Memorandum No. 206, October 1994, European
Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 41 pp.
Räisänen J, Hansson U, Ullerstig A, Döscher R, Graham LP, Jones C, Meier HEM,
Samuelsson P, Willen U, (2004), European climate in the late twenty-.rst century: regional
simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios. Clim Dynam
22:13–31
Roeckner E, and Coauthors (1996) The atmospheric general circulation model Echam-4:
model description and simulation of present-day climate. Max-Planck-Institut fur
Meteorologie, Rep. No 218, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp.
Ronald B, Stull 1988: Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Pub.,
ISBN: 9027727686
Tiedtke, M., 1983: The sensitivity of the time-mean large-scale flow to cumulus convection
in the ECMWF model. ECMWF Workshop on Convection in large-scale Models, 28 Nov.-1
Dec. 1983, Reading, England, 297-316.
Tiedtke M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parametrization in
large--scale models. Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779--1800.
Tiedtke, M, 1993: Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121,
3040-3061.
Timmermann R., H. Goosse, G. Madec, T. Fichefet, C Ethe and V. Duliere, On the
representation of high latitude processes in the ORCALIM global coupled sea ice-ocean
model, Ocean Modell., 8, 175-201, 2005. Winninghoff., F. J. (1968), On the adjustment
toward the geostrophic balance in a simple primitive equation model with application to the
problems of initialization and objective analysis., Ph.D. Thesis, UCLA.
Willmott CJ, Matsuura K (2001) Terrestrial air temperature and precipitation:
monthly and annual time series (1950–1999) (version 1.02). Center for Climate
Research University of Delaware, Newark, N.J., USA
Winninghoff., F. J. (1968), On the adjustment toward the geostrophic balance in a simple
primitive equation model with application to the problems of initialization and objective
analysis., Ph.D. Thesis, UCLA.
Winninghoff., F. J. (1968), On the adjustment toward the geostrophic balance in a simple
primitive equation model with application to the problems of initialization and objective
analysis., Ph.D. Thesis, UCLA.
Y. Kurihara “A Scheme of Moist Convective Adjustment” Monthly Weather Review, Vol.
101, No. 7, Jul. 1973, pp. 547-553
of the UCLA general circulation model. in Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 17, pp.
174–265, Academic Press.
Baldwin, M.E., and T.L. Black, 1996: Precipitation forecasting experiments in the western
U.S. with NCEP's mesoscale Eta model. Preprints, 11th Conf. on Num. Wea. Pred., AMS,
Norfolk, VA. Aug, 1996
Behera S.K., J.J. Luo JJ, S. Masson, P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, A. Navarra, T. Yamagata,
2005: Paramount impact of the Indian Ocean dipole on the East African short rains: A
CGCM study. {\it J. of Clim.}, {\bf 18}, 4514--4530.
Betts, A.K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and
theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-691.
Betts, A.K., and M.J. Miller, 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single
column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, and arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 112, 693-709.
Blanke B., P. Delecluse, 1993: Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean
simulated by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics. {\it J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
{\bf 23}, 1363--1388.
Blanke B., P. Delecluse, 1993: Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean
simulated by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics. {\it J. Phys. Oceanogr.},
{\bf 23}, 1363--1388.
Blumberg, A., and G. Mellor (1987), Description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean
circulation model., in Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, 4, edited by N. Heaps, p.
208p, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Brasseur, P., Brankart, J-M., Shomnenauen, R. and Beckers, J-M, 1996,
Seasonal Temperature and Salinity Fields in the Mediterranean Sea : Climatological
Analyses of an Historical Data Set, 43, deep sea research, 159-192,
Carlos Pérez, Slobodan Ničković, Goran Pejanović , José María Baldasano and Emin
Özsoy ,2006: Interactive dust-radiation modeling: A step to improve weather forecasts
Journal of Geophysical Research,, VOL. 111, D16206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006717, 2006
Ekman AML, Rodhe H (2003) Regional temperature response due to indirect sulfate
aerosol forcing: impact of model resolution. Clim Dynam 21:1–10
Fels, S. B., and M. D. Schwarzkopf (1975), The simplified exchange approximation: A new
method for radiative transfer calculations, J,of the Atm. Sci., 32, 1475–1488.
Giorgi, F., X. Bi , J. S. Pa, 2004:l Mean, interannual variability and trends in a regional
climate change experiment over Europe. I. Present-day climate (1961–1990) Climate
Dynamics (2004) 22: 733–756
Giorgi, F., Xi Xunqiang Bi , Jeremy Pal, 2004: Mean, interannual variability and trends in a
regional climate change experiment over Europe. II: climate change scenarios
(2071–2100), Climate Dynamics (2004) 23: 839–858
Giorgi. F. and M.R. Marimicci. 1996a: An investigation of the sensitivity of simulated
precipitation to model resolution and its implications for climate studies. Man. Wea. rev.,
124, 118-166.
Giorgi F. and M.R. Marinucci, 1996b: Improvements in the simulation of surface climatology
over the European region with a nested modeling system. Geophysical Research Letters,
23. 27:3 276.
Giorgi. F.. 1995: Perspectives for regional earth system modeling. Global and Planetary
Change, 10, 23-42.
Giorgi. F., C. Shields Brodeur. and G.T. Bates. 1994: Regional climate change scenarios
over the United States produced with a nested regional climate model. Journal of Climate,
7, 375-399.
Giorgi. F.. M.R. Marinucci, and G.T. Bates. 1993a: Development of a second generation
regional climate model (REGCM2). Part I: Boundary layer and radiative transfer processes.
Monthly Weather Review, 121. 2794-2813.
Giorgi. F., M.R. Marinucci, G. De Canio and G.T. Bates, 1993b: Development of a second
generation regional climate model (R.EGCM2). Part TT: Cumulus cloud and assimilation of
lateral boundary conditions. Monthly Weather Review. 121, 2811-2832.
Giorgi. F.. and L.O. Mearns, 1991: Approaches to regional climate change simulation: A
review. Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 191-216.
Giorgi. F., and M.R. Marimicci. 1991: Validation of a regional atmospheric model over
Europe: Sensitivity of wintertime and summertime simulations to selected physics
parameteriza.tions and lower boundary conditions. Quarterly Journal, of the Royal
Meteorological Society, 117, 1171-1207. 27
Giorgi. F., 1990: On the simulation of regional climate using a limited area modelnested in
a general circulation model. Journal of Climate., 3, 941 963.
Giorgi. F.. M.R. Marinucci, and G. Visconti, 1990: Use of a limited area model nested in a
general circulation model for regional climate simulation over Europe. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 95. 18,413 18.4:31.
Giorgi. F., and G. T. Bates, 1989: On the climatological skill of a regional model over
complex terrain. Monthly Weather Review, 117; 2325-23-17.
Gualdi, S., A. Navarra, E. Guilyardi, and P. Delecluse, 2003a: Assessment of the tropical
Indo-Pacific climate in the SINTEX CGCM, {\it Ann. Geophysics}, {\bf 46}, 1--26.
Gualdi, S., E. Guilyardi, A. Navarra, S. Masina, and P. Delecluse, 2003b: The interannual
variability in the tropical Indian Ocean as simulated by a CGCM. {\it Clim. Dyn.}, {\bf 20},
567--582.
Guilyardi, E., P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, and A. Navarra, 2003: Mechanisms for ENSO phase
change in a coupled GCM, {\it J. of Clim.}, {\bf 16}, 1141--1158.
Huntingford, C., R. G. Jones, C. Prudhomme, R. Lamb and J. H. C. Gash, 2003: Regional
climate model predictions of extreme rainfall for a changing climate. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
129:1607-1621
Janjic, Z. I. (1996), The surface layer parameterization in NCEP Eta model, pp. 4.16–4.17,
WMO, Geneva, CAS/C WGNE, 4.16-4.17.
Janjić, Z.I.,(1994), The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the
convection, viscous sub-layer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122,
927-945
Janjić, Z. I. (1990), Physical package for step-mountain, eta coordinate model., Mon. 272
Wea. Rev., 118, 1429–1443.
Janjić, Z. (1984), Non-linear advection schemes and energy cascade on semistaggered
grids, Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1234–1245.
Janjić, Z. I. (1979), Forward-backward scheme modified to prevent two-grid-interval noise
and its application in sigma coordinate models., Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 52, 69–84.
Janjić, Z. I. (1977), Pressure gradient force and advection scheme used for forecasting
with steep and small scale topography., Contrib. Atmos. Phys.,, 50, 186–199.
Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa. 2006: Global and hemispheric
temperature anomalies--land and marine instrumental records. In Trends: A Compendium
of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Jones RG, Murphy JM, Noguer M, Keen M (1997) Simulation of climate change over
Europe using a nested regional climate model. I: comparison of driving and regional model
responses to a doubling of carbon dioxide. Q J R Meteorol Soc 123:265–292
Kuo, H.-L., 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus
convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.
Kalnay et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77,
437-470, 1996.
Lazić, L., 1993: Eta model forecasts of tropical cyclones from Australian Monsoon
Experiment: The model sensitivity. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 52, 113-127
Luo, J.-J., S. Masson, S. Behera, P. Delecluse, S. Gualdi, A. Navarra, and T. Yamagata,
2003: South Pacific origin of the decadal ENSO-like variation as simulated by a coupled
GCM. Geop[hys. Res. Lett., 30, 2250, doi:10.1029/2003GL018649.
Madec, G., P. Delecluse, M. Imbard, and C. Levy, 1999: OPA 8.1 Ocean General
Circulation Model reference manual, Internal Rep. 11, Inst. Pierre--Simon Laplace, Paris,
France.
Masson S., Impact of barrier layer on winter--spring variability of the southeastern Arabian
Sea. {\it Geophys. Res. Lett.}, 32, L07703, doi:10.1029/2004GL021980.
Mesinger, F., 1984: A blocking technique for representation of mountains in atmospheric
models. Riv. Meteor. Aeronaut., 44, 195-202
Mesinger, F., Z. Janjić, S. Nicković, D. Gavrilov, and D. Daven (1988), The step mountain
coordinate: model description and performance for cases of alpine lee cyclogenesis and for
a case of an Appalachian redevelopment, Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1493–1518.
Mellor, G., and T. Yamada (1974), A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for the
planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791–1806.
Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982.), Development of a turbulence closure model for
geophysical problems., Rev. Geophys and Space Phys., 20(4), 851–875.
Mellor, G. L. (Ed.) (2002), Users guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation,
numerical ocean model, Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, NJ 08544-0710.
Mocrette J.J., 1991: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European centre for
medium range weather forecasts forecasting system. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121--9132.
New, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P.D., 1999: Representing twentieth century space-time
climate variability. Part 1: development of a 1961-90 means monthly terrestrial climatology.
Journal of Climate 12, 829-856
New, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P.D., 2000: Representing twentieth century space-time
climate variability. Part 2: development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface
climate. Journal of Climate 13, 2217-2238
New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. and Makin, I., 2002: A high-resolution data set of surface
climate over global land areas. Climate Research 21
Nordeng T.E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parametrization scheme at
ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the Tropics.
ECMWF Research Department, Technical Memorandum No. 206, October 1994, European
Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 41 pp.
Räisänen J, Hansson U, Ullerstig A, Döscher R, Graham LP, Jones C, Meier HEM,
Samuelsson P, Willen U, (2004), European climate in the late twenty-.rst century: regional
simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios. Clim Dynam
22:13–31
Roeckner E, and Coauthors (1996) The atmospheric general circulation model Echam-4:
model description and simulation of present-day climate. Max-Planck-Institut fur
Meteorologie, Rep. No 218, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp.
Ronald B, Stull 1988: Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Pub.,
ISBN: 9027727686
Tiedtke, M., 1983: The sensitivity of the time-mean large-scale flow to cumulus convection
in the ECMWF model. ECMWF Workshop on Convection in large-scale Models, 28 Nov.-1
Dec. 1983, Reading, England, 297-316.
Tiedtke M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parametrization in
large--scale models. Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779--1800.
Tiedtke, M, 1993: Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121,
3040-3061.
Timmermann R., H. Goosse, G. Madec, T. Fichefet, C Ethe and V. Duliere, On the
representation of high latitude processes in the ORCALIM global coupled sea ice-ocean
model, Ocean Modell., 8, 175-201, 2005. Winninghoff., F. J. (1968), On the adjustment
toward the geostrophic balance in a simple primitive equation model with application to the
problems of initialization and objective analysis., Ph.D. Thesis, UCLA.
Willmott CJ, Matsuura K (2001) Terrestrial air temperature and precipitation:
monthly and annual time series (1950–1999) (version 1.02). Center for Climate
Research University of Delaware, Newark, N.J., USA
Winninghoff., F. J. (1968), On the adjustment toward the geostrophic balance in a simple
primitive equation model with application to the problems of initialization and objective
analysis., Ph.D. Thesis, UCLA.
Winninghoff., F. J. (1968), On the adjustment toward the geostrophic balance in a simple
primitive equation model with application to the problems of initialization and objective
analysis., Ph.D. Thesis, UCLA.
Y. Kurihara “A Scheme of Moist Convective Adjustment” Monthly Weather Review, Vol.
101, No. 7, Jul. 1973, pp. 547-553
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