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TWODEE-2: A shallow layer model for dense gas dispersion on complex topography
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3/35 (2009)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
667-674
Issued date
2009
Abstract
TWODEE-2 is a FORTRAN 90 code based on previous code (TWODEE). It is designed to solve the
shallow water equations for fluid depth, depth-averaged horizontal velocities and
depth-averaged fluid density. The shallow layer approach used by TWODEE-2 is a
compromise between the complexity of CFD models and the simpler integral models. It
can be used for forecasting gas dispersion near the ground and/or for hazard assessment
over complex terrains. The inputs to the model are topography, terrain roughness, wind
measurements from meteorological stations and gas flow rate from the ground sources.
Optionally the model can be coupled with the output of a meteorological processor
which generates a zero-divergence wind field incorporating terrain effects. Model
outputs are gas concentration, depth-averaged velocity, averaged cloud thickness and
dose. The model can be a useful tool for gas hazard assessment by evaluating where and
when lethal concentrations for humans and animals can be reached.
shallow water equations for fluid depth, depth-averaged horizontal velocities and
depth-averaged fluid density. The shallow layer approach used by TWODEE-2 is a
compromise between the complexity of CFD models and the simpler integral models. It
can be used for forecasting gas dispersion near the ground and/or for hazard assessment
over complex terrains. The inputs to the model are topography, terrain roughness, wind
measurements from meteorological stations and gas flow rate from the ground sources.
Optionally the model can be coupled with the output of a meteorological processor
which generates a zero-divergence wind field incorporating terrain effects. Model
outputs are gas concentration, depth-averaged velocity, averaged cloud thickness and
dose. The model can be a useful tool for gas hazard assessment by evaluating where and
when lethal concentrations for humans and animals can be reached.
References
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Costa, A., Macedonio, G., Chiodini, G., 2005. Numerical model of gas
dispersion emitted from volcanic sources. Annals of Geophysics 48,
805–815.
Costa, A., Chiodini, G., Granieri, D., Folch, A., Hankin, R., Caliro, S., Avino,
R., Cardellini, C., 2008. A shallow layer model for heavy gas
dispersion from natural sources: application and hazard assessment
at Caldara di Manziana, Italy. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
9, Q03002, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001762.
Douglas, S., Kessler, R., Carr, L., 1990. User’s Manual for the Diagnostic
Wind Model. Volume III, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Report No. EPA-450/4-90-007C. Systems Applications Inc., San
Rafael, CA.
Dyer, A., 1974. A review of flux-profile relationships. Boundary Layer
Meteorology 7, 363–372.
Ferrari, S., Saleri, F., 2004. A new two-dimensional shallow water model
including pressure effects and slow varying bottom topography.
ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 38,
211–234.
Hankin, R., Britter, R., 1999a. TWODEE: the Health and Safety Laboratory’s
shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 1.
Mathematical basis and physical assumptions. Journal of Hazardous
Materials A 66, 211–226.
Hankin, R., Britter, R., 1999b. TWODEE: the Health and Safety
Laboratory’s shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 2.
Outline and validation of the computational scheme. Journal of
Hazardous Materials A 66, 227–237.
Hankin, R., Britter, R., 1999c. TWODEE: the Health and Safety Laboratory’s
shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 3.
Experimental validation (Thorney island). Journal of Hazardous
Materials A 66, 237–261.
Jacobson, M., 1999. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modelling, first ed.
Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 656.
Louis, J., 1979. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the
atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorology 17, 187–202.
Macedonio, G., Costa, A., 2002. Finite element modeling of gas dispersion
in the atmosphere. In: Buccianti, A., Marini, L., Ottonello, G., Vaselli,
O. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Arezzo Seminar in Fluids Geochemistry.
Pacini Editore, Ospedaletto (Pisa), Italy, pp. 147–159.
Mohan, M., Panwar, T., Singh, M., 1995. Development of dense gas
dispersion model for emergency preparedness. Atmospheric Environment
29, 2075–2087.
Oldenburg, C., Unger, J., 2003. On leakage and seepage from geological
carbon sequestration sites: unsatured zone attenuation. Vadose Zone
Journal 2, 287–296.
Oldenburg, C., Unger, J., 2004. Coupled vadose zone and atmospheric
surface-layer transport of carbon dioxide from geologic carbon
sequestration sites. Vadose Zone Journal 3, 848–857.
Rogie, J., Kerrick, D., Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., 2000. Flux measurements of
nonvolcanic CO2 emission from some vents in central Italy. Journal of
Geophysical Research 105 (B4), 8435–8445.
Van Ulden, A., Holstag, A., 1985. Estimation of atmospheric boundary
layer parameters for diffusion applications. Journal of Applied
Meteorology and Climatology 24, 1196–1207.
Venetsanos, A., Bartzis, J.,Wurtz, J., Papailiou, D., 2003. DISPLAY-2: a twodimensional
shallow layer model for dense gas dispersion including
complex features. Journal of Hazardous Materials A 99, 111–144.
Zalesak, S., 1979. Fully multidimensional flux-corrected method transport
for fluid. Journal of Computational Physics 31, 335–362.
Costa, A., Macedonio, G., Chiodini, G., 2005. Numerical model of gas
dispersion emitted from volcanic sources. Annals of Geophysics 48,
805–815.
Costa, A., Chiodini, G., Granieri, D., Folch, A., Hankin, R., Caliro, S., Avino,
R., Cardellini, C., 2008. A shallow layer model for heavy gas
dispersion from natural sources: application and hazard assessment
at Caldara di Manziana, Italy. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
9, Q03002, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001762.
Douglas, S., Kessler, R., Carr, L., 1990. User’s Manual for the Diagnostic
Wind Model. Volume III, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Report No. EPA-450/4-90-007C. Systems Applications Inc., San
Rafael, CA.
Dyer, A., 1974. A review of flux-profile relationships. Boundary Layer
Meteorology 7, 363–372.
Ferrari, S., Saleri, F., 2004. A new two-dimensional shallow water model
including pressure effects and slow varying bottom topography.
ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 38,
211–234.
Hankin, R., Britter, R., 1999a. TWODEE: the Health and Safety Laboratory’s
shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 1.
Mathematical basis and physical assumptions. Journal of Hazardous
Materials A 66, 211–226.
Hankin, R., Britter, R., 1999b. TWODEE: the Health and Safety
Laboratory’s shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 2.
Outline and validation of the computational scheme. Journal of
Hazardous Materials A 66, 227–237.
Hankin, R., Britter, R., 1999c. TWODEE: the Health and Safety Laboratory’s
shallow layer model for heavy gas dispersion. Part 3.
Experimental validation (Thorney island). Journal of Hazardous
Materials A 66, 237–261.
Jacobson, M., 1999. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modelling, first ed.
Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 656.
Louis, J., 1979. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the
atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorology 17, 187–202.
Macedonio, G., Costa, A., 2002. Finite element modeling of gas dispersion
in the atmosphere. In: Buccianti, A., Marini, L., Ottonello, G., Vaselli,
O. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Arezzo Seminar in Fluids Geochemistry.
Pacini Editore, Ospedaletto (Pisa), Italy, pp. 147–159.
Mohan, M., Panwar, T., Singh, M., 1995. Development of dense gas
dispersion model for emergency preparedness. Atmospheric Environment
29, 2075–2087.
Oldenburg, C., Unger, J., 2003. On leakage and seepage from geological
carbon sequestration sites: unsatured zone attenuation. Vadose Zone
Journal 2, 287–296.
Oldenburg, C., Unger, J., 2004. Coupled vadose zone and atmospheric
surface-layer transport of carbon dioxide from geologic carbon
sequestration sites. Vadose Zone Journal 3, 848–857.
Rogie, J., Kerrick, D., Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., 2000. Flux measurements of
nonvolcanic CO2 emission from some vents in central Italy. Journal of
Geophysical Research 105 (B4), 8435–8445.
Van Ulden, A., Holstag, A., 1985. Estimation of atmospheric boundary
layer parameters for diffusion applications. Journal of Applied
Meteorology and Climatology 24, 1196–1207.
Venetsanos, A., Bartzis, J.,Wurtz, J., Papailiou, D., 2003. DISPLAY-2: a twodimensional
shallow layer model for dense gas dispersion including
complex features. Journal of Hazardous Materials A 99, 111–144.
Zalesak, S., 1979. Fully multidimensional flux-corrected method transport
for fluid. Journal of Computational Physics 31, 335–362.
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