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The influence of conduit processes on changes in style of basaltic Plinian eruptions: Tarawera 1886 and Etna 122 BC
Author(s)
Language
English
Status
Published
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
1-3/137(2004)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
1-14
Issued date
September 30, 2004
Abstract
Basaltic volcanism is most typically thought to produce effusion of lava, with the most explosive manifestations ranging from mild Strombolian activity to more energetic fire fountain eruptions. However, some basaltic eruptions are now recognized as extremely violent, i.e., generating widespread phreatomagmatic, subplinian and Plinian fall deposits. We focus here on the influence of conduit processes, especially partial open-system degassing, in triggering abrupt changes in style and intensity that occurred during two examples of basaltic Plinian volcanism. We use the 1886 eruption of Tarawera, New Zealand, the youngest known basaltic Plinian eruption and the only one for which there are detailed written eyewitness accounts, and the well-documented 122 BC eruption of Mount Etna, Italy, and present new grain size and vesicularity data from the proximal deposits. These data show that even during extremely powerful basaltic eruptions, conduit processes play a critical role in modifying the form of the eruptions. Even with very high discharge, and presumably ascent, rates, partial open-system behaviour of basaltic melts becomes a critical factor that leads to development of domains of largely stagnant and outgassed melt that restricts the effective radius of the conduit. The exact path taken in the waning stages of the eruptions varied, in response to factors which included conduit geometry, efficiency and extent of outgassing and availability of ground water, but a relatively abrupt cessation to sustained high-intensity discharge was an inevitable consequence of the degassing processes.
References
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Alessi, G., "Storia critica delle eruzioni dell' Etna", Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, Volume: 4, (1830), pp. 23-74
Barberi, F., Cioni R., Rosi M., Santacroce R., Sbrana A., Vecci R., "Magmatic and phreatomagmatic phases in explosive eruptions of Vesuvius as deduced by grain size and component analysis of the pyroclastic deposits", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 38, (1989), pp. 287-307 CrossRef
Bice, D.C., "Quaternary volcanic stratigraphy of Managua, Nicaragua: correlation and source assignment for multiple overlapping plinian deposits", Geological Society of America Bulletin, Volume: 96, (1985), pp. 553-566 CrossRef
Bursik, M.I., Sparks R.S.J., Gilbert J.S., Carey S.N., "Sedimentation of tephra by volcanic plumes: I. Theory and its comparison with a study of the Fogo A plinian deposit, Sao Miguel (Azores)", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 54, (1992), pp. 329-344 CrossRef
Carey, S.N., Sparks R.S.J., "Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 48, (1986), pp. 109-125 CrossRef
Cashman, K.V., Mangan M.T., "Physical aspects of magmatic degassing: 2. Constraints on vesiculation processes from textural studies of eruptive products, volatiles in magmas", Reviews in Mineralogy, (1994), pp. 447-478
Cashman, K., Pinkerton H., Stephenson J., "Introduction to special section: long lava flows", Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Volume: 103, Issue: B11 (1998), pp. 27281-27289
Coltelli, M., Del Carlo P., Vezzoli L., "Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna volcano, Italy", Geology, Volume: 26, Issue: 12 (1998), pp. 1095-1098
Coltelli, M., Del Carlo P., Vezzoli L., "Stratigraphic constrains for explosive activity in the last 100 ka at Etna volcano, Italy", International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume: 89, Issue: 3 (2000), pp. 665-677 CrossRef
Denlinger, R.P., Hoblitt R.P., "Cyclic eruptive behavior of silicic volcanoes", Geology, Volume: 27, Issue: 5 (1999), pp. 459-462
Dingwell, D.B., "The glass transition in hydrous granitic melts", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Volume: 107, Issue: 1–3 (1998), pp. 1-8 Bibliographic Page Full text
Dingwell, D.B., Webb S.L., "Relaxation in silicate melts", European Journal of Mineralogy, Volume: 2, Issue: 4 (1990), pp. 427-449
Dzurisin, D., Lockwood J.P., Casadevall T.J., Rubin M., "The Uwekahuna ash member of the Puna basalt: product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, between 2800 and 2100 14c years ago", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 66, (1995), pp. 163-184 Bibliographic Page Full text
Ernst, G.G.J., Sparks R.S.J., Carey S.N., Bursik M.I., "Sedimentation from turbulent jets and plumes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume: 101, (1996), pp. 5575-5589
Ferrara, F., "Sopra l'eruzione dell'Etna segnata da Orosio nel 122 innanzi GC", Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, Volume: 10, (1835), pp. 477-492
Gardner, J.E., Thomas R.M.E., Jaupart C., Tait S., "Fragmentation of magma during Plinian volcanic eruptions", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 58, (1996), pp. 144-162 Bibliographic Page
Geschwind, C.H., Rutherford M.J., "Crystallization of microlites during magma ascent: the fluid mechanics of 1980–1986 eruptions at Mount St. Helens", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 57, (1995), pp. 356-370 CrossRef
Hess, K.U., Dingwell D.B., "Viscosities of hydrous leucogranitic melts: a non-Arrhenian model", American Mineralogist, Volume: 81, (1996), pp. 297-304
Houghton, B.F., Wilson C.J.N., "A vesicularity index for pyroclastic deposits", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 51, (1989), pp. 451-462 CrossRef
Houghton, B.F., Wilson C.J.N., "Fire and water: physical roles of water in large eruptions at Taupo and Okataina calderas", Arehart G.B., Hulston J.R., (Ed.) Water–Rock Interaction. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Water–Rock Interaction, Taupo, New Zealand, 1998, (1998), pp. 25-30 AA Balkema, Rotterdam.
Houghton, B.F., Wilson C.J.N., Pyle D.M., "Pyroclastic fall deposits", Sigurdsson H., Houghton B.F., McNutt S., Rhymer H., Stix J., (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of Volcanoes, (1999), pp. 555-570 Academic Press, San Diego.
Jaupart, C., "Gas loss from magmas through conduit walls during eruption", Gilbert J.S., Sparks R.S.J., (Ed.) The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, Geological Society of London Publication, Volume: vol. 145, (1998), pp. 73-90
Klug, C., Cashman K.V., "Vesiculation of May 18, 1980, Mount St-Helens Magma", Geology, Volume: 22, Issue: 5 (1994), pp. 468-472
Klug, C., Cashman K.V., "Permeability development in vesiculating magmas: implications for fragmentation", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 58, (1996), pp. 87-100 Bibliographic Page
Koyaguchi, T., "Grain-size variations of the tephra derived from umbrella clouds", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 56, (1994), pp. 1-9 CrossRef
McBirney, A.R., "Factors governing the intensity of explosive andesitic eruptions", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 37, (1973), pp. 443-453
McBirney, A.R., Murase T., "Factors governing the formation of pyroclastic rocks", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 34, (1970), pp. 372-384
Mader, H.M., "Conduit flow and fragmentation", Gilbert G.S., Sparks R.S.J., (Ed.) The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, (1998), pp. 51-71 Geological Society, London.
Manga, M., Castro J., Cashman K.V., Loewenberg M., "Rheology of bubble-bearing magmas", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 87, (1998), pp. 15-28 Bibliographic Page Full text
Mangan, M.T., Cashman K.V., "The structure of basaltic scoria and reticulite and inferences for vesiculation, foam formation, and fragmentation in lava fountains", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 73, Issue: 1–2 (1996), pp. 1-18 Bibliographic Page Full text
Mangan, M.T., Cashman K.V., Newman S., "Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption", Geology, Volume: 21, Issue: 2 (1993), pp. 157-160
Mastin, L.G., "Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii", Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume: 102, Issue: B9 (1997), pp. 20093-20109
McPhie, J., Walker G.P.L., Christiansen R.L., "Phreatomagmatic and phreatic fall and surge deposits from explosions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1790 A.D.: Keanakakoi ash member", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 52, (1990), pp. 334-354 CrossRef
Nairn, I.A., "Rotomahana–Waimangu eruption, 1886: base surge and basalt magma", New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, Volume: 22, (1979), pp. 363-378
Papale, P., Neri A., Macedonio G., "The role of magma composition and water content in explosive eruptions: 1. Conduit ascent dynamics", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 87, (1998), pp. 75-93 Bibliographic Page Full text
Pinkerton, H., Stevenson R.J., "Methods of determining the rheological properties of magmas at sub-liquidus temperatures", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 53, (1992), pp. 47-66 CrossRef
Pyle, D.M., "The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 51, (1989), pp. 1-15 CrossRef
Sparks, R.S.J., "The dimensions and dynamics of volcanic eruption columns", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 48, (1986), pp. 3-15 CrossRef
Sparks, R.S.J., Carey S.N., Sigurdsson H., "Sedimentation from gravity currents generated by turbulent plumes", Sedimentology, Volume: 38, (1991), pp. 839-856
Sparks, R.S.J., Bursik M.I., Ablay G.J., Thomas R.M.E., Carey S.N., "Sedimentation of tephra by volcanic plumes: Part 2. Controls on thickness and grain size variations of tephra fall deposits", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 54, (1992), pp. 685-695 CrossRef
Sparks, R.S.J., Bursik M.I., Carey S.N., Gilbert J.S., Glaze L.S., Sigurdsson H., Woods A.W., "Volcanic Plumes", (1997), John Wiley, Chichester.
Stevenson, R.J., Bagdassarov N.S., Dingwell D.B., Romano C., "The influence of trace amounts of water on the viscosity of rhyolites", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 60, (1998), pp. 89-97 Bibliographic Page Full text
Thomas, A.P.W. 1988. Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana. N.Z. George Didsbury, Government Printer, Wellington. 74 pp.
Thomas, N., Jaupart C., Vergniolle S., "On the vesicularity of pumice", Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Volume: 99, Issue: B8 (1994), pp. 15633-15644 CrossRef
Walker, G.P.L., "Grain-size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits", Journal of Geology, Volume: 79, (1971), pp. 696-714
Walker, G.P.L., "Explosive volcanic eruptions: a new classification scheme", Geologische Rundschau, Volume: 62, (1973), pp. 431-446
Walker, G.P.L., Croasdale R., "Characteristics of some basaltic pyroclastics", Bulletin Volcanologique, Volume: 35, (1972), pp. 303-317
Walker, G.P.L., Self S., Wilson L., "Tarawera, 1886, New Zealand—a basaltic Plinian fissure eruption", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 21, (1984), pp. 61-78 CrossRef
Westrich, H.R., Stockman H.W., Eichelberger J.C., "Degassing of rhyolitic magma during ascent and emplacement", Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets, Volume: 93, Issue: B6 (1988), pp. 6503-6511
Wilson, L., Parfitt E.A., Head J.W., "Explosive volcanic eruptions: VIII. The role of magma recycling in controlling the behaviour of Hawaiian-style lava fountains", Geophysical Journal International, Volume: 121, (1995), pp. 215-225
Williams, S.N., "Plinian air-fall deposits of basaltic composition", Geology, Volume: 11, (1983), pp. 211-214 CrossRef
Woods, A.W., "Observations and models of volcanic eruption columns", Special Publication-Geological Society of London, Volume: 145, (1998), pp. 91-114
Wolf, K.J., Eichelberger J.C., "Syneruptive mixing, degassing, and crystallization at Redoubt Volcano, eruption of December, 1989 to May 1990", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 75, (1997), pp. 19-37
Alessi, G., "Storia critica delle eruzioni dell' Etna", Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, Volume: 4, (1830), pp. 23-74
Barberi, F., Cioni R., Rosi M., Santacroce R., Sbrana A., Vecci R., "Magmatic and phreatomagmatic phases in explosive eruptions of Vesuvius as deduced by grain size and component analysis of the pyroclastic deposits", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 38, (1989), pp. 287-307 CrossRef
Bice, D.C., "Quaternary volcanic stratigraphy of Managua, Nicaragua: correlation and source assignment for multiple overlapping plinian deposits", Geological Society of America Bulletin, Volume: 96, (1985), pp. 553-566 CrossRef
Bursik, M.I., Sparks R.S.J., Gilbert J.S., Carey S.N., "Sedimentation of tephra by volcanic plumes: I. Theory and its comparison with a study of the Fogo A plinian deposit, Sao Miguel (Azores)", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 54, (1992), pp. 329-344 CrossRef
Carey, S.N., Sparks R.S.J., "Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 48, (1986), pp. 109-125 CrossRef
Cashman, K.V., Mangan M.T., "Physical aspects of magmatic degassing: 2. Constraints on vesiculation processes from textural studies of eruptive products, volatiles in magmas", Reviews in Mineralogy, (1994), pp. 447-478
Cashman, K., Pinkerton H., Stephenson J., "Introduction to special section: long lava flows", Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Volume: 103, Issue: B11 (1998), pp. 27281-27289
Coltelli, M., Del Carlo P., Vezzoli L., "Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna volcano, Italy", Geology, Volume: 26, Issue: 12 (1998), pp. 1095-1098
Coltelli, M., Del Carlo P., Vezzoli L., "Stratigraphic constrains for explosive activity in the last 100 ka at Etna volcano, Italy", International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume: 89, Issue: 3 (2000), pp. 665-677 CrossRef
Denlinger, R.P., Hoblitt R.P., "Cyclic eruptive behavior of silicic volcanoes", Geology, Volume: 27, Issue: 5 (1999), pp. 459-462
Dingwell, D.B., "The glass transition in hydrous granitic melts", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Volume: 107, Issue: 1–3 (1998), pp. 1-8 Bibliographic Page Full text
Dingwell, D.B., Webb S.L., "Relaxation in silicate melts", European Journal of Mineralogy, Volume: 2, Issue: 4 (1990), pp. 427-449
Dzurisin, D., Lockwood J.P., Casadevall T.J., Rubin M., "The Uwekahuna ash member of the Puna basalt: product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, between 2800 and 2100 14c years ago", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 66, (1995), pp. 163-184 Bibliographic Page Full text
Ernst, G.G.J., Sparks R.S.J., Carey S.N., Bursik M.I., "Sedimentation from turbulent jets and plumes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume: 101, (1996), pp. 5575-5589
Ferrara, F., "Sopra l'eruzione dell'Etna segnata da Orosio nel 122 innanzi GC", Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania, Volume: 10, (1835), pp. 477-492
Gardner, J.E., Thomas R.M.E., Jaupart C., Tait S., "Fragmentation of magma during Plinian volcanic eruptions", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 58, (1996), pp. 144-162 Bibliographic Page
Geschwind, C.H., Rutherford M.J., "Crystallization of microlites during magma ascent: the fluid mechanics of 1980–1986 eruptions at Mount St. Helens", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 57, (1995), pp. 356-370 CrossRef
Hess, K.U., Dingwell D.B., "Viscosities of hydrous leucogranitic melts: a non-Arrhenian model", American Mineralogist, Volume: 81, (1996), pp. 297-304
Houghton, B.F., Wilson C.J.N., "A vesicularity index for pyroclastic deposits", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 51, (1989), pp. 451-462 CrossRef
Houghton, B.F., Wilson C.J.N., "Fire and water: physical roles of water in large eruptions at Taupo and Okataina calderas", Arehart G.B., Hulston J.R., (Ed.) Water–Rock Interaction. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Water–Rock Interaction, Taupo, New Zealand, 1998, (1998), pp. 25-30 AA Balkema, Rotterdam.
Houghton, B.F., Wilson C.J.N., Pyle D.M., "Pyroclastic fall deposits", Sigurdsson H., Houghton B.F., McNutt S., Rhymer H., Stix J., (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of Volcanoes, (1999), pp. 555-570 Academic Press, San Diego.
Jaupart, C., "Gas loss from magmas through conduit walls during eruption", Gilbert J.S., Sparks R.S.J., (Ed.) The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, Geological Society of London Publication, Volume: vol. 145, (1998), pp. 73-90
Klug, C., Cashman K.V., "Vesiculation of May 18, 1980, Mount St-Helens Magma", Geology, Volume: 22, Issue: 5 (1994), pp. 468-472
Klug, C., Cashman K.V., "Permeability development in vesiculating magmas: implications for fragmentation", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 58, (1996), pp. 87-100 Bibliographic Page
Koyaguchi, T., "Grain-size variations of the tephra derived from umbrella clouds", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 56, (1994), pp. 1-9 CrossRef
McBirney, A.R., "Factors governing the intensity of explosive andesitic eruptions", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 37, (1973), pp. 443-453
McBirney, A.R., Murase T., "Factors governing the formation of pyroclastic rocks", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 34, (1970), pp. 372-384
Mader, H.M., "Conduit flow and fragmentation", Gilbert G.S., Sparks R.S.J., (Ed.) The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, (1998), pp. 51-71 Geological Society, London.
Manga, M., Castro J., Cashman K.V., Loewenberg M., "Rheology of bubble-bearing magmas", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 87, (1998), pp. 15-28 Bibliographic Page Full text
Mangan, M.T., Cashman K.V., "The structure of basaltic scoria and reticulite and inferences for vesiculation, foam formation, and fragmentation in lava fountains", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 73, Issue: 1–2 (1996), pp. 1-18 Bibliographic Page Full text
Mangan, M.T., Cashman K.V., Newman S., "Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption", Geology, Volume: 21, Issue: 2 (1993), pp. 157-160
Mastin, L.G., "Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii", Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume: 102, Issue: B9 (1997), pp. 20093-20109
McPhie, J., Walker G.P.L., Christiansen R.L., "Phreatomagmatic and phreatic fall and surge deposits from explosions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1790 A.D.: Keanakakoi ash member", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 52, (1990), pp. 334-354 CrossRef
Nairn, I.A., "Rotomahana–Waimangu eruption, 1886: base surge and basalt magma", New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, Volume: 22, (1979), pp. 363-378
Papale, P., Neri A., Macedonio G., "The role of magma composition and water content in explosive eruptions: 1. Conduit ascent dynamics", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 87, (1998), pp. 75-93 Bibliographic Page Full text
Pinkerton, H., Stevenson R.J., "Methods of determining the rheological properties of magmas at sub-liquidus temperatures", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 53, (1992), pp. 47-66 CrossRef
Pyle, D.M., "The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 51, (1989), pp. 1-15 CrossRef
Sparks, R.S.J., "The dimensions and dynamics of volcanic eruption columns", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 48, (1986), pp. 3-15 CrossRef
Sparks, R.S.J., Carey S.N., Sigurdsson H., "Sedimentation from gravity currents generated by turbulent plumes", Sedimentology, Volume: 38, (1991), pp. 839-856
Sparks, R.S.J., Bursik M.I., Ablay G.J., Thomas R.M.E., Carey S.N., "Sedimentation of tephra by volcanic plumes: Part 2. Controls on thickness and grain size variations of tephra fall deposits", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 54, (1992), pp. 685-695 CrossRef
Sparks, R.S.J., Bursik M.I., Carey S.N., Gilbert J.S., Glaze L.S., Sigurdsson H., Woods A.W., "Volcanic Plumes", (1997), John Wiley, Chichester.
Stevenson, R.J., Bagdassarov N.S., Dingwell D.B., Romano C., "The influence of trace amounts of water on the viscosity of rhyolites", Bulletin of Volcanology, Volume: 60, (1998), pp. 89-97 Bibliographic Page Full text
Thomas, A.P.W. 1988. Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana. N.Z. George Didsbury, Government Printer, Wellington. 74 pp.
Thomas, N., Jaupart C., Vergniolle S., "On the vesicularity of pumice", Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Volume: 99, Issue: B8 (1994), pp. 15633-15644 CrossRef
Walker, G.P.L., "Grain-size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits", Journal of Geology, Volume: 79, (1971), pp. 696-714
Walker, G.P.L., "Explosive volcanic eruptions: a new classification scheme", Geologische Rundschau, Volume: 62, (1973), pp. 431-446
Walker, G.P.L., Croasdale R., "Characteristics of some basaltic pyroclastics", Bulletin Volcanologique, Volume: 35, (1972), pp. 303-317
Walker, G.P.L., Self S., Wilson L., "Tarawera, 1886, New Zealand—a basaltic Plinian fissure eruption", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 21, (1984), pp. 61-78 CrossRef
Westrich, H.R., Stockman H.W., Eichelberger J.C., "Degassing of rhyolitic magma during ascent and emplacement", Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets, Volume: 93, Issue: B6 (1988), pp. 6503-6511
Wilson, L., Parfitt E.A., Head J.W., "Explosive volcanic eruptions: VIII. The role of magma recycling in controlling the behaviour of Hawaiian-style lava fountains", Geophysical Journal International, Volume: 121, (1995), pp. 215-225
Williams, S.N., "Plinian air-fall deposits of basaltic composition", Geology, Volume: 11, (1983), pp. 211-214 CrossRef
Woods, A.W., "Observations and models of volcanic eruption columns", Special Publication-Geological Society of London, Volume: 145, (1998), pp. 91-114
Wolf, K.J., Eichelberger J.C., "Syneruptive mixing, degassing, and crystallization at Redoubt Volcano, eruption of December, 1989 to May 1990", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume: 75, (1997), pp. 19-37
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