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Major and trace element geochemistry of neutral and acidic thermal springs at El Chichón volcano, Mexico Implications for monitoring of the volcanic activity
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
2/178(2008)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
224–236
Issued date
July 7, 2008
Alternative Location
Abstract
Four groups of thermal springs with temperatures from 50 to 80 °C are located on the S–SW–W slopes of El Chichón volcano, a composite dome-tephra edifice, which exploded in 1982 with a 1 km wide, 160 m deep crater left. Very dynamic thermal activity inside the crater (variations in chemistry and migration of pools and fumaroles, drastic changes in the crater lake volume and chemistry) contrasts with the stable behavior of the flank hot springs during the time of observations (1974–2005). All known groups of hot springs are located on the contact of the basement and volcanic edifice, and only on the W–SW–S slopes of the volcano at almost same elevations 600–650 m asl and less than 3 km of direct distance from the crater. Three groups of near-neutral (pH≈6) springs at SW–S slopes have the total thermal water outflow rate higher than 300 l/s and are similar in composition. The fourth and farthest group on the western slope discharges acidic (pH≈2) saline (10 g/kg of Cl) water with a much lower outflow rate (b10 l/s).
Water–rock interaction modeling of main types of the El Chichón thermal waters using regular log Q/K graphs (saturation indices vs temperature) showed maximum equilibrium temperature slightly higher than 200 °C. Acidic waters are equilibrated with some clay minerals at about 120 °C.
Three main sources of the salinity of thermal water are suggested on the basis of mixing plots and isotopic data: a magmatic source for CO2, boron, sulfur and a limited part of Cl; volcanic rock source for the major cations and trace elements; the oil-bearing evaporitic basement source (oil-field brine?) for NaCl, Br, a part of Ca and some trace elements. All flank thermal springs end up in the river Rio Magdalena that has a variable seasonal flow rates from 4 to 20 m3/s. Any changes in the chemistry of springs must notably change the composition of the streams draining hot springs and eventually, Rio Magdalena. A monthly geochemical monitoring of Rio Magdalena and streams draining main hot springs would be a useful tool for surveying the activity of the volcano.
Water–rock interaction modeling of main types of the El Chichón thermal waters using regular log Q/K graphs (saturation indices vs temperature) showed maximum equilibrium temperature slightly higher than 200 °C. Acidic waters are equilibrated with some clay minerals at about 120 °C.
Three main sources of the salinity of thermal water are suggested on the basis of mixing plots and isotopic data: a magmatic source for CO2, boron, sulfur and a limited part of Cl; volcanic rock source for the major cations and trace elements; the oil-bearing evaporitic basement source (oil-field brine?) for NaCl, Br, a part of Ca and some trace elements. All flank thermal springs end up in the river Rio Magdalena that has a variable seasonal flow rates from 4 to 20 m3/s. Any changes in the chemistry of springs must notably change the composition of the streams draining hot springs and eventually, Rio Magdalena. A monthly geochemical monitoring of Rio Magdalena and streams draining main hot springs would be a useful tool for surveying the activity of the volcano.
References
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Bernard, A., Mazot, A., 2004. Geochemical evolution of the young crater lake of Kelud
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Balkema, pp. 87–90.
Cañul, R.F., Rocha, V.L., 1981. Informe geológico de la zona geotérmica de “El Chichonal”.
Chiapas. Com. Fed. de Electr., Morelia, México. Informe 32–81, 38 p.
Capaccioni, B., Taran, Y., Tassi, F., Vaselli, O., Mangani, G., Macías, J.L., 2004. Source
conditions and degradation processes of light hydrocarbons in volcanic gases: an
example from El Chichón volcano (Chiapas State, Mexico). J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
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Casadevall, T.J., De la Cruz-Reyna, S., Rose, W.I., Bagley, S., Finnegan, D.L., Zoller, W.H.,
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Damon, P., Montesinos, E., 1978. Late Cenozoic Volcanism and metallogenesis over an
active Benioff Zone in Chiapas, Mexico. Ariz. Geol. Soc. Dig. 11, 155–168.
Delfin Jr., F.G., Villarosa,H.G., Layugan, D.B., Clemente, V., Candelaria,M.R., Ruaya, J.R.,1996.
Geothermalexploration of the pre-1991 Mount Pinatubo hydrothermal system. In:
Newhall, C.G., Punongbayan, S. (Eds.), Fire and Mud. University of Washington Press,
pp. 197–212.
Delmelle, P.,Bernard,A.,1994. geochemistry,mineralogy, andchemicalmodellingof the acid
crater lake of Kawa Ijen volcano, Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2445–2460.
Duffield, W.A., Tilling, R.I., Cañul, R., 1984. Geology of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas,
Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 20, 117–132.
Egeberg, P.C., Aagaard, P., 1989. Origin and evolution of formation waters from oil fields
on the Norvegian shelf. Appl. Geochem. 4, 131–142.
Espíndola, J.M., Macías, J.L., Tilling, R.I., Sheridan, M.F., 2000. Volcanic history of El
Chichón Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico) during the Holocene, and its impact on human
activity. Bull. Volcanol. 62, 90–104.
Fournier, R.O., 1981. Application of water chemistry to geothermal exploration and
reservoir engineering. In: Rybach, L., Muffler, L.J.P. (Eds.), Geothermal Systems,
Principles and Case Histories. Wiley, pp. 109–140.
García-Palomo, A., Macias, J.L., Espindola, J.M., 2004. Strike-slip faults and K-alkaline
volcanism at El Chichón volcano, southeastern Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
136, 247–268.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1974. The chemistry of Crater Lake, Mt. Ruapehu (New Zealand)
during and after the 1971 active period. N.Z.J. Sci. 17, 33–45.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1988. Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na–K–Mg–Ca
geoindicators. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 2749–2765.
Giggenbach,W.F.,1992. isotopic shift inwaters fromgeothermal andvolcanic systems along
convergent plate boundaries and their origin. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 113, 495–510.
Inbar, M., Reyes Enriquez, A., and Graniel Graniel, J.H. 2001. Morphological changes and
erosion processes following the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano, Chiapas,
Mexico. Geomorphologie: relief, processes, environment. N3, 175-184.
Jimenez, Z., Espindola, V.H., Espindola, J.M., 1999. Evolution of the seismicity from the
1982 eruption of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. Bull. Volcanol. 61, 411–422.
Kempter, K.A., Rowe, G.L., 2000. Leakage of Active Crater Lake brine through the north
flank at Rincón de la Vieja volcano, northwest Costa Rica, and implications for crater
collapse. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 143–159.
Kikawada, Y., Oi, T., Honda, T., Ossaka, T., Kakihana, H., 1993. Lantanoid abundances of
acidic hot springs and crater lake waters in the Kusatsu-shirane volcano region.
Geochem. J. 27, 19–33.
Kirsanova, T.P., Vergasova, L.P., Yurova, L.M., Taran, Y.A., 1983. Fumarolic activity of
Shiveluch and Kizimenvolcanoes, Kamchatka, in 1978–79.Volcanol. Seismol. 2, 34–51.
Kusakabe, M., Komoda, Y., Takano, B., Abiko, T., 2000. Sulfur isotopic effect in the
disproportionation reaction of sulphur dioxide in hydrothermal fluids: implications
for the δ34S variations of dissolved bisulfate and elemental sulfur from active crater
lakes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 287–307.
Luhr, J.F., Carmichael, I.S.E., Varekamp, J.C., 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichón
volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: mineralogy and petrology of the anhydrite-bearing
pumices. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 23, 69–108.
Macías, J.L., Sheridan, M.F., Espíndola, J.M., 1997. Reappraisal of the 1982 eruptions of El
Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: new data from proximal deposits. Bull.
Volcanol. 58, 459–471.
Macías, J.L., Arce, J.L., Mora, J.C., Espíndola, J.M., Saucedo, R., 2003. A 550-year-old Plinian
eruption at El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: explosive volcanism linked to
reheating of the magma reservoir. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B12).
Manea, M., Manea, V., 2008. On the origin of El Chichon volcano and subduction of
Tehuantepec Ridge: a geodynamical perspective. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
doi:10.1016/j/jvolgeores.2008.02.028.
Molina Berbeyer, R., 1974. Informe preliminar geoquímico de los fluidos geotérmicos del
volcán del Chichonál, Chiapas. Unpublished report. Comisión Federal de Electricidad,
Mexico. Informe 27–74, 24 p.
Mulleried, F.K.G., 1933. El Chichón, único volcán en actividad en el sureste de México,
Revista Instituto de Geología, UNAM. México 33, 156–170.
Pang, Z.H., Reed, M.,1998. Theoretical chemical geothermometry on geothermalwaters:
Problems and methods. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1083–1091.
Palandri, J.L., Reed, M.H., 2001. Reconstruction in situ composition of sedimentary
formation waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 1741–1767.
Pasternack, G.B., Varekamp, J.C., 1994. The geochemistry of the Keli Mutu crater lakes,
Flores, Indonesia. Geochem. J. 28, 243–262.
Reed, M.H., 1982. Calculation of multicomponent chemical equilibria and reaction
processes in systems involving minerals, gases and an aqueous phase. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta 46, 513–528.
Rouwet, D., Taran, Y.A., Varley, N.R., 2004. Dynamics and mass balance of El Chichón
crater lake, Mexico. Geofísica Internacional 43 (3), 427–434.
Rouwet,D., Taran,Y.A, Inguaggiato, S.,Varley,N., Santiago Santiago, J.A., 2008.Hydrochemical
dynamics of the "lake-spring" system in the crater of El Chichon volcano (Chiapas,
Mexico). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.178, 237–248 doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.026.
Rowe, G.L., Brantley, S.L., Fernández, J.F., Borgia, A., 1995. The chemical and hydrologic
structure of Poás Volcano, Costa Rica. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 64, 233–267.
Ruaya, J.R., Ramos, M.N., Gonfiantini, R., 1992. Assessment of magmatic components of
the fluids at Mt.Pinatubo volcanic-geothermal system, Philippines from chemical
and isotopic data. Reports of Geol. Surv. Japan, vol. 279, pp. 141–151.
Schminke, H.U., 2004. Volcanism. Springer Verlag. 540 p.
Stimac, J.A., Goff, F., Counce, D., Larocque, A.C.L., Hilton, D.R., Morgenstern, U., 2004. The
crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: evolution in
the decade after the eruption. Bull. Volcanol. 66, 149–167.
Symonds, R.B., Rose, W.I., Reed, M.H., Lichte, F.E., Finnegan, D.L., 1987. Volatilization,
transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in hightemperature
gases at Merapi volcano, Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51,
2083–2101.
Taran, Y.A., Pokrovsky, B.G., Dubik, Y.M., 1989. Isotopic composition and origin of water
from andesitic magmas. Doklady (Earth Sci.) 304, 440–443.
Taran, Y.A., Hedenquist, J.W., Korzhinsky, M.A., Tkachenko, S.I., Shmulovich, K.I., 1995.
Geochemistry of magmatic gases from Kudryavy volcano, Iturup, Kuril Islands.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1749–1761.
Taran, Y.A., Znamensky, V.S., Yurova, L.M., 1996. Geochemical model of hydrothermal
system of Baransky volcano, Iturup, Kuril Islands. Volcanol. Seismol. 17, 471–496.
Taran, Y., Fischer, T.P., Pokrovsky, B., Sano, Y., Armienta, M.A., Macías, J.L., 1998.
Geochemistry of the volcano–hydrothermal system of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas,
Mexico. Bull. Volcanol. 59, 436–449.
Tassi, F., Vaselli, O., Capaccioni, B., Macías, J.L., Nencetti, A., Montegrossi, G., Magro, G.,
2003. Chemical composition of fumarolic gases and spring discharges from El
Chichón volcano, Mexico: causes and implications of the changes detected over the
period 1998–2000. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123, 105–121.
Templos, L.A., Munguia Bracamontes, F., Barrera, V.M. 1981. Observaciones geoquímicas
en la zona geotérmica del Chichonál, Chiapas, Mexico. Unpublished report.
Comisión Federal de Electricidad, Mexico. Informe 33–81, 32 p.
Valdez, C., Martinez, A., Ramos, S., Morquecho, C., 2005. Sismicidad en el volcán
Chichón, Chiapas, de mayo 2003 a marzo 2005. Abstracts EOS (Unión Geofísica
Mexicana), p. 198.
Varekamp, J.C., Luhr, J.F., Prestegaard, K.L., 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichón
Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico): character of the eruptions, ash-fall deposits, and
gasphase. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 23, 39–68.
Wood, S., 2003. The geochemistry of rare earth elements and yttrium in geothermal
waters. Soc. Economic Geologist Spec. Publications, vol. 10, pp. 133–158.
Mexico.
Bernard, A., Mazot, A., 2004. Geochemical evolution of the young crater lake of Kelud
volcano in Indonesia. In: Wanty, R.B., SealII II, R.R. (Eds.), Water–Rock Interaction.
Balkema, pp. 87–90.
Cañul, R.F., Rocha, V.L., 1981. Informe geológico de la zona geotérmica de “El Chichonal”.
Chiapas. Com. Fed. de Electr., Morelia, México. Informe 32–81, 38 p.
Capaccioni, B., Taran, Y., Tassi, F., Vaselli, O., Mangani, G., Macías, J.L., 2004. Source
conditions and degradation processes of light hydrocarbons in volcanic gases: an
example from El Chichón volcano (Chiapas State, Mexico). J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res. 206, 81–96.
Casadevall, T.J., De la Cruz-Reyna, S., Rose, W.I., Bagley, S., Finnegan, D.L., Zoller, W.H.,
1984. Crater lake and post-eruption hydrothermal activity, El Chichón Volcano,
Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 23, 169–191.
Damon, P., Montesinos, E., 1978. Late Cenozoic Volcanism and metallogenesis over an
active Benioff Zone in Chiapas, Mexico. Ariz. Geol. Soc. Dig. 11, 155–168.
Delfin Jr., F.G., Villarosa,H.G., Layugan, D.B., Clemente, V., Candelaria,M.R., Ruaya, J.R.,1996.
Geothermalexploration of the pre-1991 Mount Pinatubo hydrothermal system. In:
Newhall, C.G., Punongbayan, S. (Eds.), Fire and Mud. University of Washington Press,
pp. 197–212.
Delmelle, P.,Bernard,A.,1994. geochemistry,mineralogy, andchemicalmodellingof the acid
crater lake of Kawa Ijen volcano, Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2445–2460.
Duffield, W.A., Tilling, R.I., Cañul, R., 1984. Geology of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas,
Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 20, 117–132.
Egeberg, P.C., Aagaard, P., 1989. Origin and evolution of formation waters from oil fields
on the Norvegian shelf. Appl. Geochem. 4, 131–142.
Espíndola, J.M., Macías, J.L., Tilling, R.I., Sheridan, M.F., 2000. Volcanic history of El
Chichón Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico) during the Holocene, and its impact on human
activity. Bull. Volcanol. 62, 90–104.
Fournier, R.O., 1981. Application of water chemistry to geothermal exploration and
reservoir engineering. In: Rybach, L., Muffler, L.J.P. (Eds.), Geothermal Systems,
Principles and Case Histories. Wiley, pp. 109–140.
García-Palomo, A., Macias, J.L., Espindola, J.M., 2004. Strike-slip faults and K-alkaline
volcanism at El Chichón volcano, southeastern Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
136, 247–268.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1974. The chemistry of Crater Lake, Mt. Ruapehu (New Zealand)
during and after the 1971 active period. N.Z.J. Sci. 17, 33–45.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1988. Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na–K–Mg–Ca
geoindicators. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 2749–2765.
Giggenbach,W.F.,1992. isotopic shift inwaters fromgeothermal andvolcanic systems along
convergent plate boundaries and their origin. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 113, 495–510.
Inbar, M., Reyes Enriquez, A., and Graniel Graniel, J.H. 2001. Morphological changes and
erosion processes following the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano, Chiapas,
Mexico. Geomorphologie: relief, processes, environment. N3, 175-184.
Jimenez, Z., Espindola, V.H., Espindola, J.M., 1999. Evolution of the seismicity from the
1982 eruption of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. Bull. Volcanol. 61, 411–422.
Kempter, K.A., Rowe, G.L., 2000. Leakage of Active Crater Lake brine through the north
flank at Rincón de la Vieja volcano, northwest Costa Rica, and implications for crater
collapse. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 143–159.
Kikawada, Y., Oi, T., Honda, T., Ossaka, T., Kakihana, H., 1993. Lantanoid abundances of
acidic hot springs and crater lake waters in the Kusatsu-shirane volcano region.
Geochem. J. 27, 19–33.
Kirsanova, T.P., Vergasova, L.P., Yurova, L.M., Taran, Y.A., 1983. Fumarolic activity of
Shiveluch and Kizimenvolcanoes, Kamchatka, in 1978–79.Volcanol. Seismol. 2, 34–51.
Kusakabe, M., Komoda, Y., Takano, B., Abiko, T., 2000. Sulfur isotopic effect in the
disproportionation reaction of sulphur dioxide in hydrothermal fluids: implications
for the δ34S variations of dissolved bisulfate and elemental sulfur from active crater
lakes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 97, 287–307.
Luhr, J.F., Carmichael, I.S.E., Varekamp, J.C., 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichón
volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: mineralogy and petrology of the anhydrite-bearing
pumices. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 23, 69–108.
Macías, J.L., Sheridan, M.F., Espíndola, J.M., 1997. Reappraisal of the 1982 eruptions of El
Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: new data from proximal deposits. Bull.
Volcanol. 58, 459–471.
Macías, J.L., Arce, J.L., Mora, J.C., Espíndola, J.M., Saucedo, R., 2003. A 550-year-old Plinian
eruption at El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: explosive volcanism linked to
reheating of the magma reservoir. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B12).
Manea, M., Manea, V., 2008. On the origin of El Chichon volcano and subduction of
Tehuantepec Ridge: a geodynamical perspective. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.
doi:10.1016/j/jvolgeores.2008.02.028.
Molina Berbeyer, R., 1974. Informe preliminar geoquímico de los fluidos geotérmicos del
volcán del Chichonál, Chiapas. Unpublished report. Comisión Federal de Electricidad,
Mexico. Informe 27–74, 24 p.
Mulleried, F.K.G., 1933. El Chichón, único volcán en actividad en el sureste de México,
Revista Instituto de Geología, UNAM. México 33, 156–170.
Pang, Z.H., Reed, M.,1998. Theoretical chemical geothermometry on geothermalwaters:
Problems and methods. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1083–1091.
Palandri, J.L., Reed, M.H., 2001. Reconstruction in situ composition of sedimentary
formation waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 1741–1767.
Pasternack, G.B., Varekamp, J.C., 1994. The geochemistry of the Keli Mutu crater lakes,
Flores, Indonesia. Geochem. J. 28, 243–262.
Reed, M.H., 1982. Calculation of multicomponent chemical equilibria and reaction
processes in systems involving minerals, gases and an aqueous phase. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta 46, 513–528.
Rouwet, D., Taran, Y.A., Varley, N.R., 2004. Dynamics and mass balance of El Chichón
crater lake, Mexico. Geofísica Internacional 43 (3), 427–434.
Rouwet,D., Taran,Y.A, Inguaggiato, S.,Varley,N., Santiago Santiago, J.A., 2008.Hydrochemical
dynamics of the "lake-spring" system in the crater of El Chichon volcano (Chiapas,
Mexico). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.178, 237–248 doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.026.
Rowe, G.L., Brantley, S.L., Fernández, J.F., Borgia, A., 1995. The chemical and hydrologic
structure of Poás Volcano, Costa Rica. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 64, 233–267.
Ruaya, J.R., Ramos, M.N., Gonfiantini, R., 1992. Assessment of magmatic components of
the fluids at Mt.Pinatubo volcanic-geothermal system, Philippines from chemical
and isotopic data. Reports of Geol. Surv. Japan, vol. 279, pp. 141–151.
Schminke, H.U., 2004. Volcanism. Springer Verlag. 540 p.
Stimac, J.A., Goff, F., Counce, D., Larocque, A.C.L., Hilton, D.R., Morgenstern, U., 2004. The
crater lake and hydrothermal system of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: evolution in
the decade after the eruption. Bull. Volcanol. 66, 149–167.
Symonds, R.B., Rose, W.I., Reed, M.H., Lichte, F.E., Finnegan, D.L., 1987. Volatilization,
transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in hightemperature
gases at Merapi volcano, Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51,
2083–2101.
Taran, Y.A., Pokrovsky, B.G., Dubik, Y.M., 1989. Isotopic composition and origin of water
from andesitic magmas. Doklady (Earth Sci.) 304, 440–443.
Taran, Y.A., Hedenquist, J.W., Korzhinsky, M.A., Tkachenko, S.I., Shmulovich, K.I., 1995.
Geochemistry of magmatic gases from Kudryavy volcano, Iturup, Kuril Islands.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1749–1761.
Taran, Y.A., Znamensky, V.S., Yurova, L.M., 1996. Geochemical model of hydrothermal
system of Baransky volcano, Iturup, Kuril Islands. Volcanol. Seismol. 17, 471–496.
Taran, Y., Fischer, T.P., Pokrovsky, B., Sano, Y., Armienta, M.A., Macías, J.L., 1998.
Geochemistry of the volcano–hydrothermal system of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas,
Mexico. Bull. Volcanol. 59, 436–449.
Tassi, F., Vaselli, O., Capaccioni, B., Macías, J.L., Nencetti, A., Montegrossi, G., Magro, G.,
2003. Chemical composition of fumarolic gases and spring discharges from El
Chichón volcano, Mexico: causes and implications of the changes detected over the
period 1998–2000. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123, 105–121.
Templos, L.A., Munguia Bracamontes, F., Barrera, V.M. 1981. Observaciones geoquímicas
en la zona geotérmica del Chichonál, Chiapas, Mexico. Unpublished report.
Comisión Federal de Electricidad, Mexico. Informe 33–81, 32 p.
Valdez, C., Martinez, A., Ramos, S., Morquecho, C., 2005. Sismicidad en el volcán
Chichón, Chiapas, de mayo 2003 a marzo 2005. Abstracts EOS (Unión Geofísica
Mexicana), p. 198.
Varekamp, J.C., Luhr, J.F., Prestegaard, K.L., 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichón
Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico): character of the eruptions, ash-fall deposits, and
gasphase. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 23, 39–68.
Wood, S., 2003. The geochemistry of rare earth elements and yttrium in geothermal
waters. Soc. Economic Geologist Spec. Publications, vol. 10, pp. 133–158.
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