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Vertical-axis rotation of a foreland fold and implications for orogenic curvature: an example from the Southern Pyrenees, Spain
Author(s)
Language
English
Obiettivo Specifico
2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3-4 / 218 (2004)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
435-449
Issued date
February 15, 2004
Abstract
In curved orogenic systems where thrusting and vertical-axis rotations have been documented, it is possible to determine whether the curvature is secondary or progressive based on the timing between the two motions. The South-Central Unit of the Southern Pyrenees provides an opportunity to investigate relationships between thrusting,
folding, and vertical-axis rotation because of unusual preservation of Tertiary synorogenic sedimentary strata. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from 51 sites in the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene continental synorogenic strata of the Oliana anticline, a foreland fold along the eastern margin of the South-Central Unit. Site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions were determined from 17 sites through thermal demagnetization and principal component analysis. In addition, 72 samples were collected from 39 stratigraphic levels spanning the Upper Eocene marine marls and treated with thermal and alternating field demagnetization techniques. Of these, 53 samples yielded demagnetization trajectories that further constrained the rotation. Comparison of the observed mean paleomagnetic direction from the Oliana anticline with the expected direction indicates a counterclockwise rotation (R ± ΔR) of 20.3° ± 10.9°. Based on the stratigraphic horizons recording the rotation, the age of the rotation is younger than ~34 Ma (after deposition of Unit 3). Data covering the Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene time interval
indicate a similar magnitude of rotation, suggesting that late stage emplacement of thrust sheets hinterlandward of the Oliana anticline controlled the rotation, with rotation accommodated along regionally extensive evaporites. The well-constrained
timing relationships between thrusting and rotation and the regional and local transport directions, suggest that the South-Central Unit is a progressive curve that formed through distributed shortening.
folding, and vertical-axis rotation because of unusual preservation of Tertiary synorogenic sedimentary strata. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from 51 sites in the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene continental synorogenic strata of the Oliana anticline, a foreland fold along the eastern margin of the South-Central Unit. Site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions were determined from 17 sites through thermal demagnetization and principal component analysis. In addition, 72 samples were collected from 39 stratigraphic levels spanning the Upper Eocene marine marls and treated with thermal and alternating field demagnetization techniques. Of these, 53 samples yielded demagnetization trajectories that further constrained the rotation. Comparison of the observed mean paleomagnetic direction from the Oliana anticline with the expected direction indicates a counterclockwise rotation (R ± ΔR) of 20.3° ± 10.9°. Based on the stratigraphic horizons recording the rotation, the age of the rotation is younger than ~34 Ma (after deposition of Unit 3). Data covering the Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene time interval
indicate a similar magnitude of rotation, suggesting that late stage emplacement of thrust sheets hinterlandward of the Oliana anticline controlled the rotation, with rotation accommodated along regionally extensive evaporites. The well-constrained
timing relationships between thrusting and rotation and the regional and local transport directions, suggest that the South-Central Unit is a progressive curve that formed through distributed shortening.
References
[1] D.L. Miser, Oklahoma structural salient of the Ouachita
Mountains, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 43 (1932) 1-38.
[2] E. Suess, The Face of the Earth, translated from Ferman
by H.B.C. Sollas and H.J. Sollas, Clarendon, Oxford,
1909, 672 pp.
[3] W.H. Hobbs, Mechanics of formation of arcuate mountain
belts, J. Geol. 22 (1914) 72-90.
[4] S.W. Carey, The orocline concept in geotectonics, Proc.
R. Soc. Tasmania 89 (1955) 255-288.
[5] D. Elliott, The motion of thrust sheets, J. Geophys. Res.
81 (1976) 949-963.
[6] D.J. Sanderson, Models of strain variation in nappes and
thrust sheets; a review, Tectonophysics 88 (1982) 201-
233.
[7] S. Marshak, Kinematics of orocline and arc formation in
thin-skinned orogens, Tectonics 7 (1988) 73-86.
[8] M.S. Wilkerson, Di¡erential transport and continuity of
thrust sheets, J. Struct. Geol. 14 (1992) 749-775.
[9] H. Hindle, M. Burkhard, Strain, displacement and rotation
associated with the formation of curvature on fold
belts; the example of the Jura arc, J. Struct. Geol. 21
(1999) 1089-1101.
[10] W. Lowrie, A.M. Hirt, Paleomagnetism in arcuate mountain belts, in: F.C. Wezel (Ed.), The Origin of Arcs, Developments
in Geotectonics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986,
pp. 141-158.
[11] R. Van der Voo, J.A. Stamatakos, J.M. Pares, Kinematic
constraints on thrust-belt curvature from syndeformational
magnetizations in the Lagos del Valle Syncline in the
Cantabrian Arc, Spain, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (1997) 105-
120.
[12] A.B. Weil, R. Van der Voo, B.A. van der Pluijm, J. Pares,
The formation of an orocline by multiphase deformation;
a paleomagnetic investigation of the Cantabria Asturias
Arc (northern Spain), J. Struct. Geol. 22 (2000) 735-756.
[13] A.B. Weil, R. Van der Voo, B.A. van der Pluijm, Oroclinal
bending and evidence against the Pangea megashear;
the Cantabria-Asturias Arc (northern Spain), Geology 29
(2001) 991-994.
[14] R.F. Butler, D.R. Richards, T. Sempere, L.G. Marshall,
Paleomagnetic determinations of vertical-axis tectonic rotations
from Late Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of Bolivia,
Geology 23 (1995) 799-802.
[15] P. Roperch, M. Fornari, G. He¤rail, G.V. Parraguez, Tectonic
rotations within the Bolivian Altiplano: Implications
for the geodynamic evolution of the central Andes
during the late Tertiary, J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 795-
820.
[16] K.L. Grubbs, R. Van der Voo, Structural deformation of
the Idaho - Wyoming overthrust belt (U.S.A.), as determined
by Triassic paleomagnetism, Tectonophysics 33
(1976) 321-336.
[17] S.Y. Schwartz, R. Van der Voo, Paleomagnetic study of
thrust sheet rotation during foreland impingement in the
Wyoming - Idaho overthrust belt, J. Geophys. Res. 89
(1984) 10077-10086.
[18] S. Eldredge, R. Van der Voo, Paleomagnetic study of
thrust sheet rotations in the Helena and Wyoming salients
of the northern Rocky Mountains, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.
171 (1988) 319-332.
[19] S.Y. Schwartz, R. Van der Voo, Paleomagnetic evaluation
of the orocline hypothesis in the central and southern
Appalachians, Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 (1983) 505-508.
[20] D.V. Kent, Further paleomagnetic evidence for oroclinal
rotation in the central folded Appalachians from the
Bloomsburg and Mauch Chunk Formations, Tectonics 7
(1988) 749-759.
[21] J. Stamatakos, A.M. Hirt, Paleomagnetic considerations
of the development of the Pennsylvania salient in the central
Appalachians, Tectonophysics 231 (1994) 237-255.
[22] J. Stamatakos, A.M. Hirt, W. Lowrie, The age and timing
of folding in the central Appalachians from paleomagnetic
results, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108 (1996) 815-829.
[23] M.B. Gray, J. Stamatakos, New model for evolution of
fold and thrust belt curvature based on integrated structural
and paleomagnetic results from the Pennsylvania
Salient, Geology 25 (1997) 12-15.
[24] J. Vergés, J.A. Munoz, Thrust sequence in the southern
central Pyrenees, Bull. Soc. Geol. France 6 (1990) 265-
271.
[25] D.W. Burbank, C. Puigdefabregas, J.A. Muñoz, The
chronology of the Eocene tectonic and stratigraphic development
of the eastern Pyrenean foreland basin, northeast
Spain, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 104 (1992) 1101-1120.
[26] D.W. Burbank, J. Vergés, J.A. Muñoz, P. Bentham, Coeval
hindward- and foreward-imbricating thrusting in the
south-central Pyrenees, Spain: Timing and rates of shortening
and deposition, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 104 (1992)
3-17.
[27] D.W. Burbank, J. Vergés, Reconstruction of topography
and related depositional systems during active thrusting,
J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 2021-20297.
[28] A.J. Meigs, J. Vergés, D.W. Burbank, Ten-million-year
history of a thrust sheet, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108
(1996) 1608-1625.
[29] A.J. Meigs, Sequential development of selected Pyrenean
thrust faults, J. Struct. Geol. 19 (1997) 481-502.
[30] G. Boillot, Comparison between the Galicia and Aquitaine
margins, Tectonophysics 129 (1986) 243-255.
[31] J.A. Muñoz, Evolution of a continental collision belt:
ECORS-Pyrenees crustal balanced cross-section, in:
K.R. McClay (Ed.), Thrust Tectonics, Chapman and
Hall, London, 1992, pp. 235-246.
[32] M. Segueret, Etude tectonique des nappes et séries décollé
es de la partoed centrale du versant sud des Pyrenées,
Publ. USTELA Geol. Struct. 2 (1972) 155.
[33] A. Simo, Carbonate platform depositional sequences,
Upper Cretaceous, south-central Pyrenees (Spain), Tectonophysics
129 (1986) 205-231.
[34] E. Mutti, J. Rosell, G.P. Allen, F. Fonnesu, M. Sgavetti,
The Eocene Bartonia tide dominated delta-shelf system in
the Ager basin, Guidebook for the 6th European Regional
Meeting, Lerida, Spain, 1985, pp. 579-600.
[35] C. Puigdefàbregas, J.A. Munoz, M. Marzo, Thrust belt
development in the eastern Pyrenees and related depositional
sequences in the southern foreland basin, in: P.A.
Allen, P. Homewood (Eds.), Foreland Basins, Blackwell,
Oxford, 1986, pp. 229-246.
[36] E. Caus, Aportaciones al conocimiento del Eoceno dell
anticlinal de Oliana (Prov. Del Lerida), Acta Geol.
Hisp. 8 (1973) 7-10.
[37] A. Saez, Estratigrafia y sedimentologia de las formaciones
lacustres del transito Eoceo-Oligoceo de NE de la cuenca
del Ebro, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Barcelona,
Barcelona, 1972, 352 pp.
[38] D.J. Anastasio, Structural evolution of the External Sierra,
southern Pyrenees, Spain, in: S. Mitra, G.W. Fisher
(Eds.), Structural Geology of Fold-and-Thrust Belts,
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1992,
pp. 239-251.
[39] P.J. Coney, J.A. Muñoz, K.R. McClay, C.A. Evenchick,
Syntectonic burial and post-tectonic exhumation of the
southern Pyrenees foreland fold-thrust belt, J. Geol.
Soc. London 153 (1996) 9-16.
[40] A.J. Meigs, D.W. Burbank, Growth of the South Pyrenean
orogenic wedge, Tectonics 16 (1997) 239-258.
[41] J. Vergés, Estudi tectonic del Vessant sud del Pirineu oriental i central: Evolucio cinematica en 3D, Ph.D. Dissertation,
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 1993, 203 pp.
[42] J. Vergés, D.W. Burbank, Eocene-Oligocene thrusting and
basin configuration in the eastern and central Pyrenees
(Spain), in: P.F. Friend, C.R. Dabrio (Eds.), Tertiary
Basins of Spain: The Stratigraphic Record of Crustal Kinematics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996,
pp. 120-133.
[43] A.J. Sussman, T.M. Curtin, Structural and stratigraphic
controls on the development of joints within the Oliana
Anticline, southern Pyrenees, Spain, Geol. Soc. Am. Ab.
Prog. 34 (2002) 165.
[44] A.J. Sussman, Thrust belt curvature: Structural and paleomagnetic
analyses in the Catalunyan Pyrenees and Sevier
orogen, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The University
of Arizona, 2003, 175 pp.
[45] J.L. Kirschvink, The least-squares line and plane and the
analysis of paleomagnetic data, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc. 62 (1980) 699-718.
[46] R.A. Fisher, Dispersion on a sphere, Proc. R. Soc. London
217A (1953) 295-305.
[47] P.L. McFadden, M.W. McElhinny, Classification of the
reversal test in palaeomagnetism, Geophys. J. Int. 103
(1990) 725-729.
[48] S.C. Cande, D.V. Kent, Revised calibration of the geomagnetic
polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and
Cenozoic, J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 6093-6095.
[49] G.S. Watson, R.J. Enkin, The fold test in paleomagnetism
as a parameter estimation problem, Geophys. Res. Lett.
20 (1993) 2135-2137.
[50] N.I. Fisher, T. Lewis, B.J. Embleton, Statistical Analysis
of Spherical Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1987, 329 pp.
[51] L. Tauxe, Paleomagnetic Principles and Practice, Kluwer
Academic, 1998.
[52] J. Dinare's, Paleomagnetic study of the Southpyrenean
Upper Thrust Sheets: tectonic implications, unpublished
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
1992, 461 pp.
[53] E.M. Gomis, J. Parés, L. Cabrera, Nuevos datos magnetostratigrafi
cos del transito Oligocene-Miocene en el sector
SE de la Cuence del Ebro (provincias de Lleida, Zaragoza
y Huesca, NE de España), Acta Geol. Hisp. 32
(1997) 185-199.
[54] M.E. Beck, Paleomagnetic record of plate-margin tectonics
processes along the western edge of North America,
J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 7115-7131.
[55] H.H. Demarest, Error analysis of the determination of
tectonic rotation from paleomagnetic data, J. Geophys.
Res. 88 (1983) 4321-4328.
[56] J. Dinarès, E. McClelland, P. Santanach, Contrasting rotations
within thrust sheets and kinematics of thrust tectonics
as derived from palaeomagnetic data: an example
from the Southern Pyrenees, in: K.R. McClay (Ed.),
Thrust Tectonics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992,
pp. 265-275.
[57] E.L. Pueyo, H. Millan, A. Pocovi, Rotation velocity of a
thrust; a paleomagnetic study in the External Sierras
(southern Pyrenees), Sediment. Geol. 146 (2002) 191-208.
[58] P. Keller, W. Lowrie, A.U. Gehring, Palaeomagnetic evidence
for post-thrusting tectonic rotation in the Southeast
Pyrenees, Spain, Tectonophysics 239 (1994) 29-42.
Mountains, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 43 (1932) 1-38.
[2] E. Suess, The Face of the Earth, translated from Ferman
by H.B.C. Sollas and H.J. Sollas, Clarendon, Oxford,
1909, 672 pp.
[3] W.H. Hobbs, Mechanics of formation of arcuate mountain
belts, J. Geol. 22 (1914) 72-90.
[4] S.W. Carey, The orocline concept in geotectonics, Proc.
R. Soc. Tasmania 89 (1955) 255-288.
[5] D. Elliott, The motion of thrust sheets, J. Geophys. Res.
81 (1976) 949-963.
[6] D.J. Sanderson, Models of strain variation in nappes and
thrust sheets; a review, Tectonophysics 88 (1982) 201-
233.
[7] S. Marshak, Kinematics of orocline and arc formation in
thin-skinned orogens, Tectonics 7 (1988) 73-86.
[8] M.S. Wilkerson, Di¡erential transport and continuity of
thrust sheets, J. Struct. Geol. 14 (1992) 749-775.
[9] H. Hindle, M. Burkhard, Strain, displacement and rotation
associated with the formation of curvature on fold
belts; the example of the Jura arc, J. Struct. Geol. 21
(1999) 1089-1101.
[10] W. Lowrie, A.M. Hirt, Paleomagnetism in arcuate mountain belts, in: F.C. Wezel (Ed.), The Origin of Arcs, Developments
in Geotectonics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986,
pp. 141-158.
[11] R. Van der Voo, J.A. Stamatakos, J.M. Pares, Kinematic
constraints on thrust-belt curvature from syndeformational
magnetizations in the Lagos del Valle Syncline in the
Cantabrian Arc, Spain, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (1997) 105-
120.
[12] A.B. Weil, R. Van der Voo, B.A. van der Pluijm, J. Pares,
The formation of an orocline by multiphase deformation;
a paleomagnetic investigation of the Cantabria Asturias
Arc (northern Spain), J. Struct. Geol. 22 (2000) 735-756.
[13] A.B. Weil, R. Van der Voo, B.A. van der Pluijm, Oroclinal
bending and evidence against the Pangea megashear;
the Cantabria-Asturias Arc (northern Spain), Geology 29
(2001) 991-994.
[14] R.F. Butler, D.R. Richards, T. Sempere, L.G. Marshall,
Paleomagnetic determinations of vertical-axis tectonic rotations
from Late Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of Bolivia,
Geology 23 (1995) 799-802.
[15] P. Roperch, M. Fornari, G. He¤rail, G.V. Parraguez, Tectonic
rotations within the Bolivian Altiplano: Implications
for the geodynamic evolution of the central Andes
during the late Tertiary, J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 795-
820.
[16] K.L. Grubbs, R. Van der Voo, Structural deformation of
the Idaho - Wyoming overthrust belt (U.S.A.), as determined
by Triassic paleomagnetism, Tectonophysics 33
(1976) 321-336.
[17] S.Y. Schwartz, R. Van der Voo, Paleomagnetic study of
thrust sheet rotation during foreland impingement in the
Wyoming - Idaho overthrust belt, J. Geophys. Res. 89
(1984) 10077-10086.
[18] S. Eldredge, R. Van der Voo, Paleomagnetic study of
thrust sheet rotations in the Helena and Wyoming salients
of the northern Rocky Mountains, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.
171 (1988) 319-332.
[19] S.Y. Schwartz, R. Van der Voo, Paleomagnetic evaluation
of the orocline hypothesis in the central and southern
Appalachians, Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 (1983) 505-508.
[20] D.V. Kent, Further paleomagnetic evidence for oroclinal
rotation in the central folded Appalachians from the
Bloomsburg and Mauch Chunk Formations, Tectonics 7
(1988) 749-759.
[21] J. Stamatakos, A.M. Hirt, Paleomagnetic considerations
of the development of the Pennsylvania salient in the central
Appalachians, Tectonophysics 231 (1994) 237-255.
[22] J. Stamatakos, A.M. Hirt, W. Lowrie, The age and timing
of folding in the central Appalachians from paleomagnetic
results, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108 (1996) 815-829.
[23] M.B. Gray, J. Stamatakos, New model for evolution of
fold and thrust belt curvature based on integrated structural
and paleomagnetic results from the Pennsylvania
Salient, Geology 25 (1997) 12-15.
[24] J. Vergés, J.A. Munoz, Thrust sequence in the southern
central Pyrenees, Bull. Soc. Geol. France 6 (1990) 265-
271.
[25] D.W. Burbank, C. Puigdefabregas, J.A. Muñoz, The
chronology of the Eocene tectonic and stratigraphic development
of the eastern Pyrenean foreland basin, northeast
Spain, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 104 (1992) 1101-1120.
[26] D.W. Burbank, J. Vergés, J.A. Muñoz, P. Bentham, Coeval
hindward- and foreward-imbricating thrusting in the
south-central Pyrenees, Spain: Timing and rates of shortening
and deposition, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 104 (1992)
3-17.
[27] D.W. Burbank, J. Vergés, Reconstruction of topography
and related depositional systems during active thrusting,
J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 2021-20297.
[28] A.J. Meigs, J. Vergés, D.W. Burbank, Ten-million-year
history of a thrust sheet, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108
(1996) 1608-1625.
[29] A.J. Meigs, Sequential development of selected Pyrenean
thrust faults, J. Struct. Geol. 19 (1997) 481-502.
[30] G. Boillot, Comparison between the Galicia and Aquitaine
margins, Tectonophysics 129 (1986) 243-255.
[31] J.A. Muñoz, Evolution of a continental collision belt:
ECORS-Pyrenees crustal balanced cross-section, in:
K.R. McClay (Ed.), Thrust Tectonics, Chapman and
Hall, London, 1992, pp. 235-246.
[32] M. Segueret, Etude tectonique des nappes et séries décollé
es de la partoed centrale du versant sud des Pyrenées,
Publ. USTELA Geol. Struct. 2 (1972) 155.
[33] A. Simo, Carbonate platform depositional sequences,
Upper Cretaceous, south-central Pyrenees (Spain), Tectonophysics
129 (1986) 205-231.
[34] E. Mutti, J. Rosell, G.P. Allen, F. Fonnesu, M. Sgavetti,
The Eocene Bartonia tide dominated delta-shelf system in
the Ager basin, Guidebook for the 6th European Regional
Meeting, Lerida, Spain, 1985, pp. 579-600.
[35] C. Puigdefàbregas, J.A. Munoz, M. Marzo, Thrust belt
development in the eastern Pyrenees and related depositional
sequences in the southern foreland basin, in: P.A.
Allen, P. Homewood (Eds.), Foreland Basins, Blackwell,
Oxford, 1986, pp. 229-246.
[36] E. Caus, Aportaciones al conocimiento del Eoceno dell
anticlinal de Oliana (Prov. Del Lerida), Acta Geol.
Hisp. 8 (1973) 7-10.
[37] A. Saez, Estratigrafia y sedimentologia de las formaciones
lacustres del transito Eoceo-Oligoceo de NE de la cuenca
del Ebro, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Barcelona,
Barcelona, 1972, 352 pp.
[38] D.J. Anastasio, Structural evolution of the External Sierra,
southern Pyrenees, Spain, in: S. Mitra, G.W. Fisher
(Eds.), Structural Geology of Fold-and-Thrust Belts,
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1992,
pp. 239-251.
[39] P.J. Coney, J.A. Muñoz, K.R. McClay, C.A. Evenchick,
Syntectonic burial and post-tectonic exhumation of the
southern Pyrenees foreland fold-thrust belt, J. Geol.
Soc. London 153 (1996) 9-16.
[40] A.J. Meigs, D.W. Burbank, Growth of the South Pyrenean
orogenic wedge, Tectonics 16 (1997) 239-258.
[41] J. Vergés, Estudi tectonic del Vessant sud del Pirineu oriental i central: Evolucio cinematica en 3D, Ph.D. Dissertation,
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 1993, 203 pp.
[42] J. Vergés, D.W. Burbank, Eocene-Oligocene thrusting and
basin configuration in the eastern and central Pyrenees
(Spain), in: P.F. Friend, C.R. Dabrio (Eds.), Tertiary
Basins of Spain: The Stratigraphic Record of Crustal Kinematics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996,
pp. 120-133.
[43] A.J. Sussman, T.M. Curtin, Structural and stratigraphic
controls on the development of joints within the Oliana
Anticline, southern Pyrenees, Spain, Geol. Soc. Am. Ab.
Prog. 34 (2002) 165.
[44] A.J. Sussman, Thrust belt curvature: Structural and paleomagnetic
analyses in the Catalunyan Pyrenees and Sevier
orogen, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The University
of Arizona, 2003, 175 pp.
[45] J.L. Kirschvink, The least-squares line and plane and the
analysis of paleomagnetic data, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc. 62 (1980) 699-718.
[46] R.A. Fisher, Dispersion on a sphere, Proc. R. Soc. London
217A (1953) 295-305.
[47] P.L. McFadden, M.W. McElhinny, Classification of the
reversal test in palaeomagnetism, Geophys. J. Int. 103
(1990) 725-729.
[48] S.C. Cande, D.V. Kent, Revised calibration of the geomagnetic
polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and
Cenozoic, J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 6093-6095.
[49] G.S. Watson, R.J. Enkin, The fold test in paleomagnetism
as a parameter estimation problem, Geophys. Res. Lett.
20 (1993) 2135-2137.
[50] N.I. Fisher, T. Lewis, B.J. Embleton, Statistical Analysis
of Spherical Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1987, 329 pp.
[51] L. Tauxe, Paleomagnetic Principles and Practice, Kluwer
Academic, 1998.
[52] J. Dinare's, Paleomagnetic study of the Southpyrenean
Upper Thrust Sheets: tectonic implications, unpublished
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
1992, 461 pp.
[53] E.M. Gomis, J. Parés, L. Cabrera, Nuevos datos magnetostratigrafi
cos del transito Oligocene-Miocene en el sector
SE de la Cuence del Ebro (provincias de Lleida, Zaragoza
y Huesca, NE de España), Acta Geol. Hisp. 32
(1997) 185-199.
[54] M.E. Beck, Paleomagnetic record of plate-margin tectonics
processes along the western edge of North America,
J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 7115-7131.
[55] H.H. Demarest, Error analysis of the determination of
tectonic rotation from paleomagnetic data, J. Geophys.
Res. 88 (1983) 4321-4328.
[56] J. Dinarès, E. McClelland, P. Santanach, Contrasting rotations
within thrust sheets and kinematics of thrust tectonics
as derived from palaeomagnetic data: an example
from the Southern Pyrenees, in: K.R. McClay (Ed.),
Thrust Tectonics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992,
pp. 265-275.
[57] E.L. Pueyo, H. Millan, A. Pocovi, Rotation velocity of a
thrust; a paleomagnetic study in the External Sierras
(southern Pyrenees), Sediment. Geol. 146 (2002) 191-208.
[58] P. Keller, W. Lowrie, A.U. Gehring, Palaeomagnetic evidence
for post-thrusting tectonic rotation in the Southeast
Pyrenees, Spain, Tectonophysics 239 (1994) 29-42.
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