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Active EM sounding for early warning of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
Language
English
Status
Published
JCR Journal
JCR Journal
Peer review journal
Yes
Title of the book
Issue/vol(year)
3-4 / 139 (2003)
Publisher
Elsevier
Pages (printed)
187-195
Issued date
October 31, 2003
Abstract
Strong earthquakes (EQs) and dramatic volcanic eruptions (VEs) have a great impact on social and industrial communities. In spite of long-term studies, the problem of reliable predictions of EQs or VEs has not yet been solved. Proposed here is an
active method for electromagnetic (EM) sounding of the Earth crust in ULF band. It is based on the use of a source of EM field
such as a long linear cable, and a magnetometric monitoring part that can be placed in a seismoactive zone or volcanic area. After initial compensation of the primary field, the small detected deviations of conductivity and structure in crustal region caused by stresses before EQs or magma movements before VEs change the picture of the magnetic field observed at the surface. The main parameters of the active EM sounding are estimated and it is shown that the method has good perspective for EQs and VEs prediction.
active method for electromagnetic (EM) sounding of the Earth crust in ULF band. It is based on the use of a source of EM field
such as a long linear cable, and a magnetometric monitoring part that can be placed in a seismoactive zone or volcanic area. After initial compensation of the primary field, the small detected deviations of conductivity and structure in crustal region caused by stresses before EQs or magma movements before VEs change the picture of the magnetic field observed at the surface. The main parameters of the active EM sounding are estimated and it is shown that the method has good perspective for EQs and VEs prediction.
References
Abramowitz, M., Stegun, I.A., 1972. Handbook of Mathematical
Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables.
Dover, New York, NY.
Asada, T., Baba, H., Kawazone, M., Sigiuro, M., 2001. An
attempt to delineate very low frequency electromagnetic signals
associated with earthquakes. Earth Planet Space 53 (1), 55–62.
Båth, M., 1966. Earthquake energy and magnitude. In: Ahrens,
L.H., Press, F., Runcorn, S.K. (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry
of the Earth. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 115–165.
Beranzoli, L., De Santis, A., Etiope, G., Favali, P., Frugoni, F.,
Smriglio, G., Gasparoni, F., Marigo, A., 1998. GEOSTAR: a
geophysical and oceanographic station for abyssal research.
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 108 (2), 175–183.
Beresnev, I., Atkinson, G., 2001. Subevent structure of large
earthquakes—a ground-motion perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett.
28 (1), 53–56.
Bhattacharya, P.K., Patra, H.P., 1968. Direct Current Geoelectric
Sounding: Principles and Interpretation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Campbell, W.H., 1966. A review of the equatorial studies of rapid
fluctuations in the Earth’s magnetic field. Ann. Geophys. 22,
492–501.
Constable, S.C., 1991. Marine EM induction studies. Geophysics
11, 303–327.
Contadakis, M.E., Asteriadis, G., 2001. Hydrologic changes as
possible earthquake precursor in Greece. Nat. Hazards 23 (1),
29–47.
Descloitres, M., Guerin, R., Albouy, Y., Tabbagh, A., Ritz,
M., 2000. Improvement in TDEM sounding interpretation in
presence of induced polarization. A case study in resistive rock
of the Fogo volcano, Cape Verde Islands. J. Appl. Geophys.
45, 1–18.
Dudkin, F.L., De Santis, A., 2001. Active EM sounding for
studying volcanoes and seismoactive regions. In: Proceedings
of the Stephan Mueller Topical Conference of the EGS on
Quantitative Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard Assessment:
New Integrated Approaches for Environmental Management,
Balatonfured, Hungary, 22–26 September 2001, pp. 14–15
(Abstract).
Evans, R.L., Constable, S.C., Sinha, M.C., Cox, C.S., Unsworth,
M.J., 1991. Upper crustal resistivity structure of the East Pacific
rise near 13◦N. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 (10), 1917–1920.
Everett, M.E., Edwards, R.N., 1989. Electromagnetic expression of
axial magma chamber. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (9), 1003–1006.
Fraser-Smith, A.C., Bernardi, A., McGill, P.R., Ladd, M.E.,
Helliwell, R.A., Villard Jr., O.G., 1990. Low-frequency
magnetic field measurements near the epicentre of the MS 7.1
Loma Prieta Earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 (9), 1465–
1468.
Fujita, E., Ida, Y., 1999. Low attenuation resonance of a spherical
magma chamber: source mechanism of monotonic volcanic
tremor at Asama Volcano, Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (21),
3221–3224.
Hayakawa, M. (Ed.), 1999. Atmospheric and Ionospheric
Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.
Terra Scientific Publishers and Co., Tokyo.
Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, O.A., Kadama, T., 1998. NASDA’s
Earthquake Remote Sensing Frontier Project. In: Proceedings
of the RIKEN/NASDA Workshop on Seismo-ULF Emissions,
14–16 December, Tokyo, Japan (Abstracts).
Hill, D.A., Wait, J.R., 1973. The electromagnetic response of a
buried sphere for buried-dipole excitation. Radio Sci. 8 (8–9),
813–818.
Housner, G.W., Chung, R.M., 2000. What the INDR has meant
to the earthquake community. Nat. Hazards Rev., 61–64.
Ikeya, M., Matsumoto, H., Huang, Q.H., 1998. Alignment
silkworms as seismic animal anomalous behavior (SAAB) and
electromagnetic model of a fault: a theory and laboratory
experiment. Acta Seismol. Sinica 11 (3), 365–374.
Johnston, M.J.S., 1997. Review of electric and magnetic fields
accompanying seismic and volcanic activity. Surv. Geophys.
18, 441–475.
Karnik, V., 1969. Seismicity of the European Area, Part I. D.
Reidel & Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Korepanov, V., Negoda, O., Lizunov, G., Alleyne, H., Balikhin,
M., Blecki, J., Dudkin, F., Fedorov, A., Juchnewicz, J., Klimov,
S., Krassnoselskikh, V., Lefeuvre, F., 2000. Project VARIANT:
current and field measurements on board SICH-1M satellite.
Adv. Space Res. 25 (7–8), 1337–1342.
Lighthill, J. (Ed.) 1996. A Critical Review of VAN (Earthquake
Prediction from Seismo Electrical Signals). World Scientific,
London.
Liperovsky, V.A., Pokhotelov, O.A., Liperovskaya, E.V., Parrot, M.,
Meister, C.-V., Alimov, O.A., 2000. Modification of sporadic
E-layer caused by seismic activity. Surv. Geophys. 21, 449–486.
Liu, L.Y., Chen, Y.I., Chuo, Y.J., Tsai, H.F., 2001. Variations
of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi
earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (7), 1383–1386.
Mueller, R.J., Johnston, M.J.S., 1990. Seismomagnetic effect
generated by the October 18, 1989, ML 7.1 Loma Prieta,
California, earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 (8), 1231–1234.
Nagao, T., Orihara, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Takahashi, I., Hattori, K.,
Noda, Y., Sayanagi, K., Uyeda, S., 2000. Coseismic geoelectric
potential changes observed in Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett.
27 (10), 1535–1538.
Ogawa, T., Utada, H., 2000. Coseismic piezoelectric effects due
to a dislocation. 1. An analytic far and early-time field solution
in a homogeneous whole space. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 121,
273–288.
Olson, R.A., Olson, R.S., 2001. Socioeconomic reverberation of
earthquake prediction: snapshot in time, Peru 1979–1981. Nat.
Hazards Rev. 2 (3), 124–131.
Park, S.K., Johnston, M.J.S., Madden, T.R., Morgan, F.D.,
Morrison, H.F., 1993. Electromagnetic precursors to
earthquakes in the ULF band: a review of observations and
mechanisms. Rev. Geophys. 31 (2), 117–132.
Parkinson, W.D., Hutton, V.R.S., 1989. The electrical conductivity
of the earth. In: Jacobs J. (Ed.), Geomagnetism, vol. 3.
Academic Press, New York, pp. 261–321.
Parrot, M., Achache, J., Berthelier, J.J., Blanc, E., Deschamps, A.,
Lefevre, F., Menvielle, M., Plantet, J.L., Tarits, P., Villain, J.P.,
1993. High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects. Phys.
Earth Planet. Inter. 77, 65–83.
Patra, H.P., Mallick, K., 1980. Geosounding principles, vol. 2. In:
Time-Varying Geoelectric Sounding. Elsevier, New York.
Rikitake, T., 1976. Earthquake Predictions. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Rymer, H., Williams-Jones, G., 2000. Volcanic eruption prediction:
magma chamber physics from gravity and deformation
measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 (16), 2389–2392.
Strack, K.-M., 1992. Exploration with Deep Transient
Electromagnetics. Elsevier, New York.
Tilling, R.I., 1989. Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: progress
and problems. Rev. Geophys. 27, 237–269.
Wait, J.R., 1960. On the electromagnetic response of a conducting
sphere to a dipole field. Geophysics 25 (3), 649–658.
Wait, J.R., 1982. Geoelectromagnetism. Academic Press, New
York.
Wait, J.R., 1996. Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media. IEEE
Press, New York.
Wait, J.R., Spies, K.P., 1971. Subsurface electromagnetic fields of
a line source on a conducting half-space. Radio Sci. 6 (8–9),
781–786.
Wait, J.R., Spies, K.P., 1973. Subsurface electromagnetic fields of
a line source on a two-layer earth. Radio Sci. 8 (8–9), 805–
810.
Wyss, M., 1991. Evaluation of Proposed Earthquake Precursors.
American Geophysics Union, Washington, DC.
Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables.
Dover, New York, NY.
Asada, T., Baba, H., Kawazone, M., Sigiuro, M., 2001. An
attempt to delineate very low frequency electromagnetic signals
associated with earthquakes. Earth Planet Space 53 (1), 55–62.
Båth, M., 1966. Earthquake energy and magnitude. In: Ahrens,
L.H., Press, F., Runcorn, S.K. (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry
of the Earth. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 115–165.
Beranzoli, L., De Santis, A., Etiope, G., Favali, P., Frugoni, F.,
Smriglio, G., Gasparoni, F., Marigo, A., 1998. GEOSTAR: a
geophysical and oceanographic station for abyssal research.
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 108 (2), 175–183.
Beresnev, I., Atkinson, G., 2001. Subevent structure of large
earthquakes—a ground-motion perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett.
28 (1), 53–56.
Bhattacharya, P.K., Patra, H.P., 1968. Direct Current Geoelectric
Sounding: Principles and Interpretation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Campbell, W.H., 1966. A review of the equatorial studies of rapid
fluctuations in the Earth’s magnetic field. Ann. Geophys. 22,
492–501.
Constable, S.C., 1991. Marine EM induction studies. Geophysics
11, 303–327.
Contadakis, M.E., Asteriadis, G., 2001. Hydrologic changes as
possible earthquake precursor in Greece. Nat. Hazards 23 (1),
29–47.
Descloitres, M., Guerin, R., Albouy, Y., Tabbagh, A., Ritz,
M., 2000. Improvement in TDEM sounding interpretation in
presence of induced polarization. A case study in resistive rock
of the Fogo volcano, Cape Verde Islands. J. Appl. Geophys.
45, 1–18.
Dudkin, F.L., De Santis, A., 2001. Active EM sounding for
studying volcanoes and seismoactive regions. In: Proceedings
of the Stephan Mueller Topical Conference of the EGS on
Quantitative Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard Assessment:
New Integrated Approaches for Environmental Management,
Balatonfured, Hungary, 22–26 September 2001, pp. 14–15
(Abstract).
Evans, R.L., Constable, S.C., Sinha, M.C., Cox, C.S., Unsworth,
M.J., 1991. Upper crustal resistivity structure of the East Pacific
rise near 13◦N. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 (10), 1917–1920.
Everett, M.E., Edwards, R.N., 1989. Electromagnetic expression of
axial magma chamber. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (9), 1003–1006.
Fraser-Smith, A.C., Bernardi, A., McGill, P.R., Ladd, M.E.,
Helliwell, R.A., Villard Jr., O.G., 1990. Low-frequency
magnetic field measurements near the epicentre of the MS 7.1
Loma Prieta Earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 (9), 1465–
1468.
Fujita, E., Ida, Y., 1999. Low attenuation resonance of a spherical
magma chamber: source mechanism of monotonic volcanic
tremor at Asama Volcano, Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (21),
3221–3224.
Hayakawa, M. (Ed.), 1999. Atmospheric and Ionospheric
Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.
Terra Scientific Publishers and Co., Tokyo.
Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, O.A., Kadama, T., 1998. NASDA’s
Earthquake Remote Sensing Frontier Project. In: Proceedings
of the RIKEN/NASDA Workshop on Seismo-ULF Emissions,
14–16 December, Tokyo, Japan (Abstracts).
Hill, D.A., Wait, J.R., 1973. The electromagnetic response of a
buried sphere for buried-dipole excitation. Radio Sci. 8 (8–9),
813–818.
Housner, G.W., Chung, R.M., 2000. What the INDR has meant
to the earthquake community. Nat. Hazards Rev., 61–64.
Ikeya, M., Matsumoto, H., Huang, Q.H., 1998. Alignment
silkworms as seismic animal anomalous behavior (SAAB) and
electromagnetic model of a fault: a theory and laboratory
experiment. Acta Seismol. Sinica 11 (3), 365–374.
Johnston, M.J.S., 1997. Review of electric and magnetic fields
accompanying seismic and volcanic activity. Surv. Geophys.
18, 441–475.
Karnik, V., 1969. Seismicity of the European Area, Part I. D.
Reidel & Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Korepanov, V., Negoda, O., Lizunov, G., Alleyne, H., Balikhin,
M., Blecki, J., Dudkin, F., Fedorov, A., Juchnewicz, J., Klimov,
S., Krassnoselskikh, V., Lefeuvre, F., 2000. Project VARIANT:
current and field measurements on board SICH-1M satellite.
Adv. Space Res. 25 (7–8), 1337–1342.
Lighthill, J. (Ed.) 1996. A Critical Review of VAN (Earthquake
Prediction from Seismo Electrical Signals). World Scientific,
London.
Liperovsky, V.A., Pokhotelov, O.A., Liperovskaya, E.V., Parrot, M.,
Meister, C.-V., Alimov, O.A., 2000. Modification of sporadic
E-layer caused by seismic activity. Surv. Geophys. 21, 449–486.
Liu, L.Y., Chen, Y.I., Chuo, Y.J., Tsai, H.F., 2001. Variations
of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi
earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (7), 1383–1386.
Mueller, R.J., Johnston, M.J.S., 1990. Seismomagnetic effect
generated by the October 18, 1989, ML 7.1 Loma Prieta,
California, earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 (8), 1231–1234.
Nagao, T., Orihara, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Takahashi, I., Hattori, K.,
Noda, Y., Sayanagi, K., Uyeda, S., 2000. Coseismic geoelectric
potential changes observed in Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett.
27 (10), 1535–1538.
Ogawa, T., Utada, H., 2000. Coseismic piezoelectric effects due
to a dislocation. 1. An analytic far and early-time field solution
in a homogeneous whole space. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 121,
273–288.
Olson, R.A., Olson, R.S., 2001. Socioeconomic reverberation of
earthquake prediction: snapshot in time, Peru 1979–1981. Nat.
Hazards Rev. 2 (3), 124–131.
Park, S.K., Johnston, M.J.S., Madden, T.R., Morgan, F.D.,
Morrison, H.F., 1993. Electromagnetic precursors to
earthquakes in the ULF band: a review of observations and
mechanisms. Rev. Geophys. 31 (2), 117–132.
Parkinson, W.D., Hutton, V.R.S., 1989. The electrical conductivity
of the earth. In: Jacobs J. (Ed.), Geomagnetism, vol. 3.
Academic Press, New York, pp. 261–321.
Parrot, M., Achache, J., Berthelier, J.J., Blanc, E., Deschamps, A.,
Lefevre, F., Menvielle, M., Plantet, J.L., Tarits, P., Villain, J.P.,
1993. High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects. Phys.
Earth Planet. Inter. 77, 65–83.
Patra, H.P., Mallick, K., 1980. Geosounding principles, vol. 2. In:
Time-Varying Geoelectric Sounding. Elsevier, New York.
Rikitake, T., 1976. Earthquake Predictions. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Rymer, H., Williams-Jones, G., 2000. Volcanic eruption prediction:
magma chamber physics from gravity and deformation
measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 (16), 2389–2392.
Strack, K.-M., 1992. Exploration with Deep Transient
Electromagnetics. Elsevier, New York.
Tilling, R.I., 1989. Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: progress
and problems. Rev. Geophys. 27, 237–269.
Wait, J.R., 1960. On the electromagnetic response of a conducting
sphere to a dipole field. Geophysics 25 (3), 649–658.
Wait, J.R., 1982. Geoelectromagnetism. Academic Press, New
York.
Wait, J.R., 1996. Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media. IEEE
Press, New York.
Wait, J.R., Spies, K.P., 1971. Subsurface electromagnetic fields of
a line source on a conducting half-space. Radio Sci. 6 (8–9),
781–786.
Wait, J.R., Spies, K.P., 1973. Subsurface electromagnetic fields of
a line source on a two-layer earth. Radio Sci. 8 (8–9), 805–
810.
Wyss, M., 1991. Evaluation of Proposed Earthquake Precursors.
American Geophysics Union, Washington, DC.
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